30:Bayo, Pawley & CIA TILT Against JFK

Shortly after Groundhog Day of 1963, E. Howard Hunt wrote a memorandum about his conversation over lunch with his close friend, Manuel Artime, the Bay of Pigs invasion Brigade 2506 leader. Artime arrived “with a heavy cold and an appearance of dejection." Artime "and others (presumably San Roman and Oliva) had been guests at a luncheon tendered them the day before by the Robert Kennedys at Hickory Hill." While appreciating the Attorney General’s attention, "Artime was upset by the suggestion that Brigade members should consider "joining the U.S. Army" and "continuing their academic careers" which Artime felt "had little to do with overthrowing Fidel Castro. Artime opined that Mr. Hurwitch of State was profoundly hostile to him, for reasons he could not fathom.”1

Two months later, Hunt and Artime would meet again along with “Manolin Hernandez, his one-time deputy in the MRR,” to celebrate Dorothy Hunt’s birthday at Hunt’s home. Artime, who “was wearing the shoes that he had put into the barracks bag when he last packed it in my operational quarters in Coconut Grove” was going to deliver “a message from Luis Somoza for Attorney General Robert Kennedy” and was scheduled to appear on NBC’s Today Show. He then planned to visit Generalissimo Franco in Spain to request support in getting his parents out of Cuba and into Spain which Hunt thought would be a fruitless because Franco was too busy negotiating the renewal of U.S. air bases in Spain which Pawley had originally negotiated with the country’s fascist leader, Franco.

The discussion then turned to the “capture of 17 raiders at Norman Cay ... the exiles restricted to the Dade County area” and “Pedro Diaz Lanz whom we agreed had for some time been so uncontrollable as to raise serious doubts as to his mental stability.” Diaz Lanz, in a speech on November 3, 1963 accused President Kennedy “of being a commie.”2

Hunt then “asked about Jose Perez San Roman and learned from Artime that Pepe had suffered a mental breakdown, that the Robert Kennedys had rented a home for Pepe, his wife and two children in the McLean area and that Artime had been with them during the day when Mrs. Kennedy had come to the San Roman home and seen Artime. Artime learned that the San Roman children were driven to and from school by the Kennedys. (It turns out that the Kennedy children, my three children, and Pepe's two all attend the same parochial school on MacArthur Blvd., so it is not unlikely that Pepe's children will seek mine out as the only other Spanish-speaking children in the school.)”

Pepe’s breakdown was the result of conflicts in his marriage, the U.S. government’s pressure on him “to persuade the Brigade to enlist in the U.S. Army” and his guilt over allowing the Brigade to be captured. San Roman also resented “that his psychiatric bill was being paid by Miro Cardona, regarding it a way of making him indebted to Miro ... I judged Pepe viewed Miro as a symbol of the CRC.”

Manolin Hernandez let Howard Hunt know that Jose Miro Cardona and Jose Ignacio Rasco (MDC) had queried “as to whether I (“Eduardo”) was still in the U.S.” and that Hernandez had not revealed anything to them. By “2 o’clock in the morning,” Hunt, Artime and Hernandez “had downed a fifth of Scotch and we regrouped in the kitchen where I prepared breakfast for all. Before leaving Artime said he would call me after he had seen the Attorney General.”

During the night, Hernandez had asked Hunt about “‘Colonel Earl Brennan’ ... who was moving through the Cuban exile community looking for dark-skinned Cubans to be used in Haiti against Duvalier” which he claimed was supported by Ambassador David Bruce and the White House. A successful coup would make Haiti a great base for activity against Castro, Brennan claimed. Hunt denied knowledge of Brennan’s role in the OSS but acknowledged “that Dave Bruce had been Chief of our operations in the ETO” (European Theater of Operations in World War II).3

Col. Brennan, in fact, was recruited into the OSS by David Bruce and Allen Dulles and served as Chief/SI (Secret Intelligence) in Italy and Albania4 long before becoming “the registered representative of a Haitian political party, the Parti Nationals” which had met multiple times with the CIA to discuss a coup against “Papa Doc” Duvalier—arriving at a target date in May 1963. Individuals in multiple countries supported the move, and Trujillo’s assassination “resulted in the development of an effectively placed action center in Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic)” supported by Juan Bosch.5 Brennan’s coup fizzled out and “Papa Doc” remained in power for eight more years when heart disease and diabetes took his life.

On June 28,1963 the CIA Chief of the Western Hemisphere Division revealed to the “Chiefs, Certain Stations and Bases” that Manuel Artime had moved to Nicaragua as leader of operation AMWORLD—the U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy initiative that launched commando raids on Cuba despite President Kennedy’s American University commencement speech.6

Between William Douglas Pawley’s pro-Goldwater speech about the troubling times and John Fitzgerald Kennedy’s speech of hope for the world, Pawley embarked on his second effort to discredit JFK as the President prepared to run for a second term. 

It would take more than a decade before the American public learned about the Bayo-Pawley Affair (aka Operation Red Cross). Documents declassified decades later showed that the project--as it was happening--was known within the CIA as Operation TILT.

In 1976 the Kingsport Times reported that Francis Ford Coppola's City of San Francisco magazine had published an article in which Pawley in Miami “confirmed that in 1963 he navigated his personal yacht to the Cuban coast with a raiding party bent on spiriting two Soviet missile technicians off the Communist island.” Article authors,Warren Hinckle and William Turner, had begun interviewing people about the operation in 1973, including Pawley, Gerry Patrick Hemming and Robert K. Brown whose Soldier of Fortune magazine provided more details complete with many photos of some of those involved in 1976.  

On board Pawley’s Flying Tiger II was a motley crew of CIA agents, armed Cuban exiles, an organized crime associate, John Martino (left in photo), Eddie Bayo (far right) and a Life magazine Miami reporter, Richard Billings who claimed such raids were commonplace and denied Life was financing the project as Pawley asserted. Loren Hall, after reading Hinckle's article called the author and claimed Chicago mob boss Sam Giancana put up money as well as Tampa Mafia head Santos Trafficante who had spent time in Cuban prison with John Martino. Their release was expedited by Rauol (aka Raul) Villamia, a Cuban-born minor league baseball player whose brother Mario had founded Accion Civica Cuban to support Castro by obtaining weapons along with Howard Davis as Castro was mounting his revolution against Batista. Mario convinced Rauol in 1955 to start fundraising in Tampa for Castro's 26th of July Movement which he did until Castro declared himself a communist.7

Although Pawley denied involvement of CIA agents in the actual TILT raid, members of the CIA hierarchy were not only aware of Pawley’s Flying Tiger II mission, but internal documents showed the CIA financed it along with other “angels” and tracked it from the launch through its mysterious failure—and there is no hint that they attempted to prevent him from causing an international incident or from attempting to discredit the sitting president prior to his upcoming re-election campaign. 

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33: Shockwaves

The Kennedy assassination shook the nation, but one of JFK’s friends took it harder than others. When Edward Grant Stockdale’s Irish eyes stopped smiling there may have been more to his depression than was ever revealed.

Stockdale was the former U.S. Ambassador to Ireland. On November 26th, he flew to Washington and talked with Robert Kennedy and Edward Kennedy. Upon his return to Miami, Stockdale told several of his friends that “the world was closing in.” On December 1st, he spoke to his attorney, William Frates, who later recalled their conversation. “He started talking. It didn't make much sense. He said something about ‘those guys’ trying to get him. Then about the assassination.” William Snow Frates and his partners, Peter Thorp Fay and Robert Lester Floyd, coincidentally were the subjects of a December 6th memo seeking CIA covert security approval for the three attorneys “who will be used as officers in KUVEST” which appeared to be a funding mechanism “through notional companies for JMWAVE payroll companies.”1

On December 2, 1963, Grant Stockdale fell to his death from his office window on the thirteenth floor of the exquisite art deco Alfred I. duPont Building, Miami’s first commercial skyscraper at 169 East Flagler Street.2 The building lobby housed a major branch of Florida National Bank & Trust Co. headquartered in Jacksonville which Alfred duPont had purchased in 1929 and named his wife Jessie Ball duPont to the Board of Directors. Upon Alfred’s death in 1935, Jessie’s brother, Ed Ball, took charge of bank through his leadership of the Alfred I. duPont Testamentary Trust.

The Alfred I. duPont Building from which Stockdale plunged should not be confused with the DuPont Plaza Center building at 300 Biscayne Boulevard Way (U.S. 1), Miami, where Life magazine was located on the eighth floor. That building sat at a sharp turn in the road— similar to the Dealey Plaza presidential motorcade route—just before it turns past Bay Front Park where 15,000 family members and friends had gathered waiting for the return of the Cuban exiles involved in the Bay of Pigs invasion.3 Three decades earlier, five shots rang out in Bay Front Park shortly after President-elect Franklin Delano Roosevelt delivered a short speech. The disgruntled, lone-nut, would-be assassin Giuseppe Zangara missed Roosevelt, but five people were struck by bullets and Chicago Mayor Cermak would die later from complications. Zangara died in the electric chair just 14 days after Cermak died.4 

A rightwing plot—lead by Joseph Milteer of the National States Rights Party—to assassinate President Kennedy with a rifle from an office building in Miami on November 18th was publicly revealed in 1967 as I drove along S.W. 8th Street in Miami after eating breakfast at The Skillet. In 1963, the threat was taken seriously enough by the Secret Service that President Kennedy's motorcade was canceled and instead he and  Senator George Smathers were driven to a helicopter that flew them to Miami Beach where he delivered a speech to the Inter-American Press Association signaling a desire for peace in the Caribbean which was not what Pawley and Cuban exiles wanted to hear.5

JFK and Senator George Smathers at Miami International Airport 11/18/1963 awaiting a helicopter ride after cancelling a motorcade out of security concerns four days before Kennedy was assassinated 1,300 miles away in Dallas. (Photo: Joe Rimkus/State Archives of Florida)

According to FBI reports printed in Don Adams's From an Office Building with A High-Powered Rifle: A Report to the Public from an FBI Agent Involved in the Official JFK Assassination Investigation, the 62-year-old Joseph Adams Milteer from Quitman, Georgia who sometimes lived with a prostitute in Valdosta, Georgia believed John Kennedy, Nikita Kruschev, Martin Luther King and Jewish people were undermining America. (His patriotic zealotry didn't extend to what he drove: a 1962 Volvo and her Volkswagen.)  Milteer had inherited $200,000 from his father and spent it printing pamphlets spreading his segregationist point of view as a member of the White Citizens Council of Atlanta. He supported Strom Thurman for President in 1962 and attended a rally in Fort Lauderdale for Barry Goldwater shortly after revealing his belief that President Kennedy would be shot in Miami from building with a high-powered rifle. Coincidently, the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Palm Beach Goldwater delegate and the honorary chairman of the Florida Republican Party campaign for Goldwater was William Douglas Pawley. FBI Special Agent Don Adams included in his book a reprint of a photo he had seen in the Harrison Edward Livingstone and Robert J. Groden book High Treason: The Assassination of JFK and the Case for Conspiracy which possibly shows Milteer at Dealey Plaza on November 22, 1963. The picture is odd because Milteer is in a short sleeve shirt while others wear coats and he is taller than many others despite his FBI reported height of 5'4". 

A December 2, 1963 Miami News report stated that Ambassador Grant Stockdale had looked at a Life magazine covering the Kennedy assassination."After smoking a cigarette, he lept out a window, "hitting a ledge eight floors below.” He was to have hosted Senator Ted Kennedy’s visit to Miami on the occasion of the University of Miami’s homecoming ceremony on December 14th. Stockdale was the chairman of the homecoming event, which was cancelled when he died.7 (In 1969, I received my AB degree in American Civilization from the University of Miami.)

Stockdale did not leave a suicide note but Miami Homicide Detective Robert Utes said Pawley’s friend, Senator George Smathers, who had an office in the same building, claimed that Stockdale had become depressed as a result of the death of John F. Kennedy. Stockdale had been Smathers’ administrative assistant in 1946. As word was being spread by the DRE that Oswald was associated with the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, no doubt Smathers recalled that his proposal to cut to U.S. sugar imports from Cuba by 10% was ridiculed in the FPCC's May 13, 1960 Fair Play newsletter under the headline "Sweetening the Bitter Tea of Senator Smathers."     

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42: Luce Lips

In 1956, Clare Boothe Luce was close enough to the Kennedy family that she received a postcard from JFK’s mother, Rose, written when Jackie and John lost a baby. “Pray—please—dear Clare.”1 

But in August of 1970, it was revealed that Henry Luce had voted a decade earlier for Richard Nixon—instead of John F. Kennedy—yet spent the night of the election with Joseph and Rose Kennedy and months later attended JFK’s inaugural.2

In August 1971, an article appeared in the Miami Herald detailing Pawley’s role in Operation TILT, the effort to extract Soviet missile technicians from Cuba and have them state missiles still existed on the island despite the Kennedy administration’s claim that the weapons had been removed. FBI Special Agent in Charge Francis M. Farrell attached the article to his memorandum noting that “Pawley has been of interest to our organization and its predecessor for many years.”3

In 1975, the Washington Star contacted Pawley for follow up to a story that had appeared in City, a short-lived San Francisco publication. City’s story had been co-authored by former FBI agent William Turner and Warren Hinckle, who had been with Ramparts magazine when the publication revealed CIA funding of foundations. The Washington Star story dealt with Operation TILT and reported that Pawley “said yesterday that Life joined the party and paid the commandoes in exchange for exclusive rights to the story.”4

Another account of the tale was published in the spring 1976 issue of Soldier of Fortune magazine. Written by Miguel Acoca, a former Life staff writer, and Robert K. Brown, the publisher of Soldier of Fortune, the exclusive article was titled “The Bayo-Pawley Affair: A Plot to Destroy JFK and Invade Cuba.” It was excerpted from Brown’s 1967 manuscript, Ripped Cloak, Rusty Dagger: JFK, LBJ and the CIA’s Secret War Against Castro. The article included photos taken by Terence Spencer, the Life photographer who accompanied the Bayo-Pawley operation part of the way.

The Soldier of Fortune article asserted that “Operation Red Cross” (a name created by Life) “was a plot to destroy President Kennedy politically, and the CIA played a major role— with “its agents, planes, ships and communications” involved.

Bayo, whose real name was Eduardo Perez, had earlier in the year been involved in a failed attempt “to topple Haiti’s President Francois Duvalier, the hated ‘Papa Doc’” believing that “Haiti was the ideal base for attacks against Cuba.” At one of the first planning meetings, Bayo met with Tony Questa and Ramon Font of Commando L, Mario Fontela of FORDC and “and the boys from DRE.”5 Other Bayo-Pawley planning meetings were attended by INTERPEN’s Frank Fiorini6 and Gerald Patrick Hemming.7

Pawley was interviewed briefly on October 15, 1975 for the Spring 1976 article and stated that he felt that the June 1963 Operation TILT was a “‘one-thousand-in one chance.’”8

As it turned out the odds were not even that good.

When CIA documents were finally declassified decades later they provided details including weapons and points of rendezvous for an operation that was plagued with problems. The radar was out of order and the “operation delayed twenty four hours due to engine trouble Mr. Pawley yacht.” His “Flying Tiger anchored at Point G” had to wait for a replacement part to make emergency repairs. “Bill, States intentions to continue operation independently unless unknown factors exist,” the “Op procedding [sic] as planned X due navigational difficulties involved.” Then there was loss of contact with the and the futile search for the missing TILT team members.9

A memo referring to QDDALE’s May 23 contact with JMWAVE Station Chief Reuteman detailed how John “Martino had tried to talk [Richard] Billings [of Life] out of participating in the Soviet defector operation but Billings had refused to be excused ... This resulted in QDDALE learning that Mr. George P. Hunt, Managing Editor of Life Magazine, planned to be in Miami 23 May” and “Life was willing to pay each of the Soviets $2500 for their story.”10

Richard Billings was not a mere employee. His father, John, had been the first managing editor of Life. Richard was part of the team that purchased the Zapruder film of the JFK assassination. A few years later, he endeared himself to New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison and Tom Bethal who were looking into Oswald’s associates in New Orleans. Months later, Life began questioning Garrison’s integrity.

In the next decade, Billings became the editorial director for G. Robert Blakey who was named chief counsel to the House Select Committee on Assassinations in September 1976. In the book, they co-wrote after the hearings ended, they concluded that Oswald and an unnamed shooter from the Grassy Knoll were part of a conspiracy organized by Carlos Marcello who ran the Southern mafia from New Orleans and had been deported by the Kennedy administration after the “underworld figure, was ruled an undesirable alien.”11

On October 25, 1975, after Pawley was interviewed about TILT, Life magazine’s Clare Boothe Luce called her friend CIA Director William Colby to try to explain how she was able to so very quickly identify Oswald as being pro-Castro. (Colby had overseen the CIA's covert activities in Italy when Luce was the U.S. Ambassador there two decades earlier and was trying to stop communists from taking over the country.) Luce's 1975 call to Colby took place as Senator Schweiker was reopening the Kennedy
assassination in wake of the Watergate Rockefeller hearings. The entire conversation, transcribed by Barbara Pindar along with her parenthetical notes, offers many insights into the Luce and Pawley mission, their DRE allies and associates, and her spin:

Mrs. Luce: I have a big problem, a case in conscience. I got rather deeply involved during and after the Bay of Pigs, and up to the time of the missile crisis, with a group called the (Directorate Revolutionario Estudiante; Barbara Pindar Note: the spelling of that is just a guess), the DRE. Whether you know this or not, it was me who fed the missile stuff to Keating. I knew a number of these leaders well; they were going in and out of Cuba, and I paid for one of the motor boats. Bill Pawley did too. We thought we were doing another Flying Tiger. The missile crisis came, and I got a telephone call from Allen telling me that the Secrets Act had gone into effect and that henceforth there would be no voluntary American efforts. That ended that, and I don't know what I was doing— maybe I went back to Arizona, or whatever. Then came the assassination. The night of the assassination, right after Oswald was caught, one of my boys telephoned me from New Orleans. Didn't I ever tell you this?

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47: Timeline

1864 ~ Edward Porcher Pawley born.

1890 ~ Edward marries Mary Irene Wallace.

1893 ~ George Plummer Pawley born. 

1896/9/7 ~ William Douglas Pawley born in Florence, South Carolina.

1899 ~ After the Spanish American War when Teddy Roosevelts “Rough Riders” help liberate Cuba from Spain, Pawley spends his early childhood at Guantanamo Bay Naval Station where his father had a store, earning him the nickname “Cuba” from classmates at Gordon Military Academy in Georgia.

1925/5/20 ~ Gerardo Machado becomes the 5th President of Cuba. He is overthrown in 1933.

1928 ~ William Douglas Pawley creates Cubana National Airlines which is sold to Pan American Airlines in 1932.

1929 ~ China Airways financed by Curtiss-Wright and controlled by Clement M. Keys begins flying mail from Shanghai to Hankow, Peiping and Canton. With pressure from the government, it evolves into China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC).

1932 ~ William Pawley establishes Intercontinent Corporation run by him and his brothers Edward and Eugene.

1933 ~ Pawley becomes President of China National Aviation Corporation.

1936 ~ William's oldest brother, George Plummer Pawley, dies.

1940/12/23 ~ Pawley partners with India in establishing Hindustan Aircraft Limited near Calcutta (Bangalore).

1941 ~ Pawley begins China Aircraft Manufacturing Company CAMCO to manufacture planes for the American Volunteer Group (The Flying Tigers headed by General Clair Chennault) to defend Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalists against Japanese planes. CAMCO airplane assembly plants moved from Hangzhou to Wuhan to Lowing (on the China-Burma border) to India. 

1941/9 ~ David Harold Byrd, wealthy oil man and owner of the Texas School Book Depository in Dallas, co-founds the Civil Air Patrol to watch for enemy submarines and border crossings as well as enemy aircraft over the U.S. and provide other civilian support for the U.S. Army Air Force. Byrd is a cousin of Antarctic explorer Richard Byrd and West Virginia politician Harry F. Byrd. 

1942 ~ CNAC operates out of Calcutta until 1945.

1943 - E. Howard Hunt, Jr. serves as a wartime intelligence officer in China.

1945/7/20 ~ Pawley becomes U.S. Ambassador to Peru.

1945/10/13 ~ Carlos Prio Socrarrás becomes 5th Prime Minister of Cuba. 

1946/6/13 ~ Pawley becomes U.S. Ambassador to Brazil.

1947 ~ Antonio de Varona appointed leader of the parliamentary committee of his party under Prio. Previously, de Varona was involved in the overthrow of Gerardo Machado and was elected to the Cuban congress and the senate.

1948 ~ E. Howard Hunt, Jr. becomes spokesperson in Paris for the Marshall Plan's Economic Cooperation Administration. George C. Marshall and his wife are close friends of the Pawleys.

1948/10/10 ~ Carlos Prio becomes President of Cuba, succeeding Ramon Grau.

1949/9 ~ Pawley negotiates taking over the Havana trolley system.

1950/1 ~ Pawley runs Havana Autobuses Modernos, removing trolley car tracks. He also becomes a partner with John J. McCloy and others in Commerce International China.  

1950 ~ E. Howard Hunt becomes Chief of Station of the Office of Policy Coordination in Mexico City. 

1951/2/4 ~ Pawley's daughter, Annie Hahr, weds.

1951/2/19 ~ Pawley enters State Department as special assistant to Dean Acheson.

1951/6 ~ Pawley visits India re wheat and monazite.

1951/9 ~ Son, Clifton Pawley, dies in Mexico; William flies from Washington to Mexico City and Miami. 

1951/11/20 ~ Pawley resigns from State Department effective the 30th. 

1951/12/3 ~ Pawley enters Defense Department as special assistant to Lovett.

1952/1/17 ~ Pawley sails with Edna and Anita Pawley and his assistant Ed Harris to Europe; stays until May, but returns to Washington to settle a strike in Miami then flies to Lisbon Conference with Lovett and takes a two week trip for consultation with Defense Department.

1952/5 ~ Pawley resigns as assistant to Lovett.

1952/6 ~ At Belvoir House farm in Virginia.

1952/9 ~ Pawley in Europe and Middle East with Edna.   

1952/3/10 ~ Fulgencio Batista overthrows Prio; de Varona begins fight against Batista.

1953 ~ Pawley in Miami serving as owner president and general manager of the Miami Beach Railway Co. since 1941 and of Miami Transit Co. since 1948. Also owner of South Miami Coach Line and Tropical Coach Line Inc. and Grayline Sightseeing Co. of Miami.

1953 ~ William, Edward and Eugene Pawley develop oil and mining companies in Mexico.

1953/4/4 ~ CIA coup against Mossadegh in Iran (Operation AJAX) is hatched by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, CIA Director Allen Dulles, Frank Wisner and Kermit Roosevelt, Jr.  Mossadegh is replaced by the Shah of Iran Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, coincidentally a former classmate of future CIA Director Richard Helms.

1954/6 ~ Pawley works with the CIA on PBSUCCESS, the overthrow of the Arbenz government in Guatemala. So does E. Howard Hunt, Jr.

1954/6 ~ William Pawley, William Franke, Morris Hadley and General Jimmy Doolittle appointed by President Eisenhower to review the Central Intelligence Agency. They recommend that the CIA become “more ruthless than the enemy.”

1955/7/27 ~ Lee Harvey Oswald joins the Civil Air Patrol in New Orleans which also includes Captain David Ferrie.

1956/10/24 ~ Oswald drops out of high school in Texas and joins the U.S. Marine Corps where he is trained as a sharpshooter.

1958/10/5 ~ Oswald is stationed at the Air Force base in Atsugi, Japan where the U.S. dispatches U-2 planes to spy on Russia. Oswald learns Russian.

1959/Spring ~ Oswald, back in the U.S., becomes friend of Kerry Thornley. 

1959/9/4 ~ Oswald applies for a passport a week before he is discharged from active duty in the Marine Corps.

1959/9/20 ~ Oswald departs the U.S. 

1959/10/2 ~ Pawley is given the CIA cryptonym QDDALE.

1959/10/15 ~ Pawley installs a tape recorder to tape discussions with Cuban exiles.

1959/10/31 ~ Oswald defects to the Soviet Union offers U-2 secrets.

1959/11/16 ~ Oswald interviewed by Priscilla Johnson.   

1959/12 ~ Pawley tries to convince Batista to step aside so an interim government could be put in place as a buffer against Castro.

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48: Pawley's Spheres of Influence

William Douglas Pawley garnered influence around the world and within important circles. Cuba, China, India, Peru, Brazil, Guatemala, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Spain, United States. CIA, Warren Commission, Garrison JFK Investigation, Rockefeller Commission, House Select Committee on Assassinations, Bay of Pigs, Operation TILT, DRE. 

Click on images to enlarge.

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As of 60 years later:

• Neither President Trump nor Biden would release the final few thousand JFK documents as mandated by Congress. (My experience is a single document  can range from one page to hundreds of pages.) Biden cites “National security” 60 years later as the reason he won’t release.
• Jefferson Morley who runs the JFK Facts substack and podcast has had a decade-long lawsuit trying to obtain 33 documents about George Joannides a CIA officer who oversaw the DRE. That group gained press attention when in August 1963 it encountered Oswald handing out pro-Castro literature (printed with an anti-Castro address, 544 Camp Street, as if it was an attempt by the CIA to gather names of Castro supporters). 
• Carlos Bringuier of the DRE then debated Oswald on radio elevating more publicity for him shortly before Oswald went to Mexico and tried to gain access to Cuba. Keep in mind Oswald had learned Russian in the Marines and was stationed in Japan monitoring U-2 flights. He then “defected” to Russia offering secrets--only to return to the U.S. without being interrogated for weeks like other defectors or jailed for treason. 
• Joannides in the following decade served as liaison for the CIA to the House Select Committee on Assassinations (which was unaware of Joannides previous role with the DRE).
• When William Pawley became involved in CIA Operation TILT (aka Operation Red Cross aka Bayo-Pawley Affair in the 1975 Soldier of Fortune article) he was attempting to prove JFK had been duped by Castro and there were still missiles in Cuba—justifying bombing Cuba and electing Goldwater. TILT failed to bring out Soviet Technicians and the members of the crew that Pawley helped get to Cuban waters never returned. They were also members of the DRE. 
• The Oswald debate occurred shortly after TILT failed. 
• Pawley (who spent his youth in Cuba, headed Cuba National Airlines in 1930, ran the Havana Bus System in 1950s, and tried to get Batista to step aside to slow Castro’s ascent) immediately said after Castro took power that he would pay anything to have Castro killed. 
• Later, a long withheld document shows Pawley twice bragged of having his own Hitmen to do the job. 
• Pawley was involved in the initial approval of Cuban exiles for Brigade 2506 and the planning of the Bay of Pigs operation with Nixon, CIA Director Dulles and others. 
• Pawley who had been a cofounder of the Flying Tigers became furious that JFK didn’t provide air cover for the Brigade. 
• Pawley personally put up $25,000 to ransom back one of the Brigade members.
• Pawley had been welcome in the Roosevelt, Truman and Eisenhower White House but was thrown out of the Oval Office by JFK after advocating bombing Cuba. 
• Pawley had been one of 4 men appointed by Eisenhower to look into the CIA’s capabilities during the 1954 overthrow of Arbenz in Guatemala (which Pawley participated in). In addition to Pawley and General Doolittle, Morris Hadley (John McCloy’s law  partner served on the Committee).The Doolittle Committee recommended that the CIA become more ruthless than the enemy. 
• Pawley was given a CIA cryptonym QDDALE and worked with JMWAVE in Miami, the CIA’s then largest operation. Joannides ran it in 1963.
• When JFK was shot, Pawley’s DRE contacts immediately announced Oswald was pro Castro.
• Pawley was a friend of Allen Dulles and John McCloy on the Warren Commission.
• When New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison began looking into a CIA connection to the JFK assassination, the CIA launched a campaign to discredit him. 
• Pawley had passed on a CIA article to Readers Digest to print as a rebuttal to the 1964 Wise and Ross expose of the CIA, The Invisible Government. 
• Alberto Fowler volunteered to be Spanish translator for Garrison. Fowler had received Pawley’s recommendation to be part of Brigade 2506. Fowler leaked details of Garrison's investigation to Bringuier of the DRE who had debated Oswald on radio.
• On the day Lee Harvey Oswald became a suspect in the assassination, he worked in the Texas School Book Depository owned by David Howard Byrd. Oddly he was in Africa hunting with General Doolittle.
• HSCA investigator Gaeton Fonzi told me that Pawley would have been his first witness had Pawley not shot himself in 1977--a few months after I had driven to Miami to interview him but he was bedridden with shingles from head to toe, the excruciating pain of which drove Pawley to kill himself).
• Paul Landis, the Secret Service Agent who found the almost pristine bullet in the back seat of JFK’s limousine and put it on the stretcher, believed a shot came from the front. 
• He and other agents never were called to testify by the Warren Commission. They had been trained to watch crowds for pistols (because all other assassins of presidents used pistols) instead of riflemen in buildings or on the grassy knoll. According to the lawyer for Landis (interview on Morley’s JFK Facts podcast) all agents who were feet from JFK had PTSD, got no sleep, yet worked for the next few days even having to guard hundreds of country leaders who came for the funeral. 
• My opinion is Oswald was a patsy as he stated. His fluency in Russian made him a good CIA asset to defect to Russia. His defection to Russia and highly publicized pro-Castro debate in New Orleans with the DRE made him a good asset to try to infiltrate Cuba but when he was turned away by the Cuban Embassy in Mexico City he became expendable to his CIA control officer (name perhaps in the unreleased documents; perhaps William Harvey when he went to Russia; David Phillips when he went to Mexico). 
• Oswald would have been the perfect patsy for someone who thought Castro could be blamed if Oswald was fingered as the assassin. 
• Joannides who oversaw the DRE or Pawley who worked with DRE members and had deep knowledge of how the CIA would try to obscure any Agency connections could have gained knowledge of Oswald's employment in Dallas.
• Pawley had bragged of having hitmen on two documented occasions. One could have easily fired a shot from the Grassy Knoll as my analysis of Zapruder Film Frame 413 shows.
• Jefferson Morley wrote this recently: "For instance, a 1977 CIA memo, not fully declassified until last year, shows that the agency itself probed the possible involvement of anti-Castro Cubans in the assassination." In 1977, Donald Heath, a now-deceased undercover officer, told congressional investigators that in the days after Kennedy was killed, his bosses in the CIA’s Miami station had spurned the “lone-gunman” theory. Instead, they ordered a secret investigation of anti-communist Cubans in South Florida for a possible role in the Dallas ambush. The CIA has never shared results of this “fairly massive undertaking” with investigators or the public.
• President Kennedy's brother, Robert, also suspected anti-Castro Cubans had a hand in the Dealey Plaza ambush, according to David Talbot’s definitive 2008 book, Brothers. Through extensive interviewing of RFK’s associates, Talbot showed that Bobby concluded some combination of CIA operatives, anti-Castro Cubans, and organized-crime figures were behind his brother’s murder. I believe it only required an organizer, a shooter, and a getaway driiver; no massive conspiracy.
• On July 14, Peter Baker of The New York Times reported that the Trump and Biden administrations’ claims of full disclosure were called into question by a 1962 CIA memo, not declassified until May 2023, which yielded a fascinating detail: the name of the CIA official who read the mail of Lee Harvey Oswald.
• The man who read Oswald’s mail was Reuben Efron, the deputy chief of the CIA’s illicit mail-surveillance program in the early 1960s. The program spied on thousands of Americans from 1955 to 1974, a gross violation of the agency’s charter banning covert operations against US citizens.
• The memo showed that Efron had learned that a former radar operator at the CIA’s top-secret base in Atsugi, Japan, named Lee Oswald had returned from a two-year stay in the Soviet Union. Efron shared a purloined July 1961 letter written by Oswald’s mother with a colleague in the CIA’s Counterintelligence Staff.
• Efron’s name was the very last detail from the CIA’s pre-assassination Oswald file to be declassified. Between Nov. 11, 1959, and Nov. 22, 1963, the agency collected at least 42 documents about Oswald, his travels, his politics, his personal life, and intercepted six letters from his mother. It only took 61 years for the CIA to disclose fully what it knew about Oswald—and who knew it. "The Times story hinted at, but did not disclose who told Efron to read Oswald’s maiI. It was almost certainly Efron’s boss at the Counterintelligence Staff, James Jesus Angleton, a metaphysician of espionage, tricky, spooky, obtuse, and alcoholic. The CIA won’t comment, because any statement would confirm that this controversial character and his minions were paying attention to Oswald while JFK was preparing for a political trip to Texas. Not a good look, especially for the CIA’s 3.4 million followers on Twitter."
• Efron also observed widow Marina Oswald’s first appearance before the Warren Commission in February 1964. No mention of his CIA affiliation was made in the Warren Report.

Pawley & Frank Wisner 

While the CIA team on the 1954 overthrow of Arbenz was headed by Deputy Director of Plans Frank Wisner, there was also a State Department team, headed by two rabid anticommunists, Ambassador to Guatemala John Peurifoy and former diplomat to Peru and Brazil William Douglas Pawley. 

 

Professor Peter Dale Scott in his 2012 COPA presentation (William Pawley, the Kennedy Assassination, and Watergate, TILT and the “Phase Three” Story of Clare Boothe Luce) noted that Pawley had told President Eisenhower that someone in the CIA was leaking details of PBSUCCESS planning to the press, to which Ike responded that he wanted Pawley to head an investigation of CIA covert operations. Professor Scott further noted that “Pawley declined to lead the new commission, giving as a reason ‘a possible breakdown in the special relationship Pawley had with Dulles brothers.’ Instead, ‘Pawley’s old friend Gen. Jimmy Doolittle became head of the Commission, with Pawley as a member.’”

In 1976, I received the Doolittle Report under FOIA and attempted to interview the four members of the committee. Doolittle outright refused to discuss it. Pawley was no longer in his Miami office (a few months later, suffering from shingles, he died by suicide as Gaeton Fonzi was pressing Pawley to testify before the House Select Committee on Assassinations about his disdain for JFK}. I did manage to speak by phone to both former Secretary of the Navy William Birrell Franke (retired in Rutland, Vermont) and Morris Hadley (retired partner in Manhattan from the prestigious Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy law firm). Hadley was a longtime friend of CIA Director Allen Dulles who later served with McCloy on the Warren Commission. 

Unlike the 2026 precision operation in Venezuela to capture Maduro, PBSUCCESS was nearly an embarrassing disaster. I was told that one US group was bribing ships to blockade the harbor (Operation WASHTUB) while another team bribed ships to sail in. The Doolittle members were critical of the leadership skills of CIA Director Dulles. The declassification of a 1954 memo confirmed Franke’s and Hadley’s 1977 comments to me.

#### 

Memorandum of Conversation

Washington, October 19, 1954.
The President saw General Doolittle and other members of the Committee appointed to investigate the activities of the CIA. The report was presented by General Doolittle, who said they had gone over it with Allen Dulles for three reasons:

(1)  to be absolutely fair;

(2)  to study Mr. Dulles better to watch for his reactions to a report not wholly favorable;

(3)  and their hope that the maximum good would come out of the report.

Mr. Dulles made several recommendations that were incorporated in the report. The President prefaced his remarks by saying that of course Mr. Dulles knew, as does everyone, that no two men would have the same judgments about certain things. That what we wanted to know was did we have a good man for the CIA head, and was he being selective and skillful in getting his assistants, and was his team working together in the best interests of the United States.

General Doolittle emphasized that the report was constructive criticism and in no sense a white wash. Some of the recommendations were very technical.

About Dulles: his principal strength is his unique knowledge of his subject; he has his whole heart in it, his life, he is a man of great honesty, integrity, loyally supported by his staff. His weakness, or the weakness of the CIA is in the organization—it grew like topsy, sloppy organization. Mr. Dulles surrounds himself with people in whom he has loyalty but not competence. There is a lack of discipline in the organization. There is a complete lack of security consciousness throughout organization. Too much information is leaked at cocktail party.

There is the family relationship with the Secretary of State. Such relationship can be important as it leads to protection of one by the other or influence of one by the other. Doolittle feels that it is a relationship that it would be better not to have exist. The President thought, however, there was something more favorable to be said about the relationship; he appointed Allen Dulles in full knowledge of the relationship and thinks it might be beneficial.

About Dulles’ two chief assistants. Frank Wisner is a chap of great promise but not a good organizer.

About Dulles’ readiness to accept criticism, Doolittle said he is highly emotional; wherever criticism was against him he took it well; he fought for his staff people, however, to the point of becoming emotional. Doolittle had said that Bedell Smith had at one time said that Dulles was too emotional to be in this critical spot. He said further he thought his emotionalism was far worse than it appeared on the surface. The President said he had never seen him show the slightest disturbance. He said further that we must remember that here is one of the most peculiar types of operation any government can have, and that it probably takes a strange kind of genius to run it. The President said that what did disturb him was what the Committee reported about his assistants—Wisner and Cabell. Doolittle said in his opinion Allen Dulles did not have an administrative individual in either.

Eisenhower said he was convinced no military man could do the job. President pointed out importance of Allen Dulles’ contacts throughout the world.

President further said, with reference to lack of security, that it was completely frustrating to find always evidence that people are talking. Security Council has gotten pretty good.

President said his next move would be to get Dulles in and talk to him about it. The relationship with Secretary of State did not disturb him because part of CIA’s work is extension of work of State Department. He further feels the confidential relationship between the two brothers is a good thing.

Someone in room said Bissell was not a good man. Also that Amory was an exceptionally fine man. President said we were interested in two things:

(1)  improvement within CIA itself;

(2)  improvement in relationship and better understanding between CIA and rest of intelligence committees in government.

President said he was astonished at the difficulty of getting good administrators in government; that he had found a good many fine administrators throughout his long career.

####

Professor Scott stated, the Doolittle Commission represented a consolidation of control over the CIA by Allen Dulles, Wisner, and the OPC.” They had the added directive to transform the CIA to an “organization more effective, more unique, and, if necessary, more ruthless than that employed by the enemy.”

Scott’s COPA presentation was based on his review of Anthony R. Carrozza’s 2012 biography, William D. Pawley: The Extraordinary Life of the Adventurer, Entrepreneur, and Diplomat Who Cofounded the Flying Tigers which cites in chapter 1, footnote 2, my study, More Ruthless Than The Enemy. They can be found at:

https://archive.politicalassassinations.net/2012/12/william-pawley-the-kennedy-assassination-and-watergate-tilt-and-the-phase-three-story-of-clare-boothe-luce-2/

 

Carrozza's book on page 197, states: "Allen Dulles summoned Al Haney, the CIA station chief in Seoul, to head up the Opa-Loka operation [invasion training that E. Howard Hunt was involved in]. Taking charge, Haney began increasing his role in PBSUCCESS, much to the chagrin of Frank Wisner, who ran the overall operation from Washington."

56: JMWAVE's David Sanchez Morales and William Douglas Pawley

David Sanchez Morales had an extensive working relationship with William Douglas Pawley from at least 1959 into 1963. It was deeply rooted in their anticommunist activities in the Western Hemisphere and their desire to topple Fidel Castro. Both were fluent in Spanish and English, and had been involved in PBSUCCESS, the 1954 overthrow of Arbenz in Guatemala prior to becoming steeped in JMWAVE activities.

 

In December 1958, Pawley had been observing Fidel Castro with suspicion for over a decade and believed there was an eminent danger that the rebel leader would take over Cuba. With President Eisenhower’s blessing, Pawley called on his friend, President Fulgencia Batista, to step aside so an interim government could be established as a buffer against communism gaining a strong foothold on the island just 90 miles from Florida. Batista refused, and, on January 1, 1959, Castro took leadership of the country, dashing the hopes of both former Ambassador to Peru and Brazil Pawley and his long-time friend, Clare Boothe Luce, a former Ambassador to Italy who had hoped to become Ambassador to Cuba.  

 

Soon thereafter, President Eisenhower asked Pawley to take control of the Cuba situation in the same manner Ike had relied upon Pawley to help overthrow Arbenz. In that position Pawley worked alongside the secret-leaking Frank Wisner, author of the CIA manual on assassinations (as Jamie Capildeo pointed out). 

 

Pawley was the perfect person for the new Cuba initiative. As a teenager his nickname was “Cuba”—the result of growing up at Guantanamo Bay Naval Station. Later, he founded Cuban National Airlines. And two-and-a-half decades after that, at Batista’s request, Pawley ran the Havana Bus Company taking tourists to the Mafia casinos run by Meyer Lansky and Santo Trafficante who had given Batista an ongoing cut of casino revenues—more than a million dollars by the time he was forced to flee Cuba. 

 

On April Fool’s Day, 1960, Pawley hosted CIA Director Allen Dulles and others at his Miami waterfront home to discuss next steps in going after Castro. Pawley was very familiar with CIA operations from his 1954 experience in PBSUCCESS and his subsequent scrutinization of the strengths and weaknesses of the CIA as part of the Doolittle Committee which recommended in that the intelligence agency become more ruthless than the enemy.       

 

Several months prior to the official start of the war on Castro, Pawley was given the cryptonym QDDALE by the CIA’s Clandestine Services. Point 3 of a January 29, 1960 CIA memo states that it “would be worthwhile” to monitor “the activities of this group [headed by Silvio Cardenas], and that it could be handled by AMULAR, who is acquainted with QDDALE.” [1]

 

According to MaryFerrell.org, the AMULAR cryptonym: “Most likely candidate is Alberto Diaz-Masvidal Garcia, an attorney with the Inter-American Development Bank in Washington DC between 1960-62. The second most likely candidate is David Morales, who at least twice delivered messages between Cuba to William Pawley (QDDALE) and the CIA station in Miami in 1960.” [2]

 

Giving credence to the speculation that AMULAR is Morales is Point 4 of a March 14, 1960 memo for the record in which R. Reynolds (aka Al Cox, Chief of Paramilitary Branch of Covert Action Staff during Bay of Pigs invasion) states: “I turned over to Pawley a couple of messages from Silvio CARDENAS which Dave Morales brought over from Habana with him.” [3]

 

After feeding Pawley the names of individuals seeking to flee Cuba, Morales set up the ratline to help exiles escape the country; then Pawley, in Miami, vetted the new immigrants to determine who would make the best pro-democracy leaders to muster exiles to overthrow Castro. [4]

 

In a March 3, 1961 letter to Assistant Secretary of State Thomas Mann, Pawley stated “that the best solution would be a ‘junta’ or ‘frente’ made up of leaders of the various political groups. At no time has this seemed more necessary than now.” He offered four names for this role: Manuel Antonio de Varona (aka Tony de Varona), Justo Carillo (sometimes spelled Carrillo}, Antonio Maceo, and Manuel Artime Buesa whom David Morales had exfiltrated from Cuba in November 1959. [5] Artime went on to lead the Bay of Pigs invasion and later became godfather of E. Howard Hunt’s son. [6] 

 

After the failure of at the Bay of Pigs invasion, Pawley worked with the US-based Cuban Families Committee for Liberation of Prisoners of War negotiating the release of the exiles captured by Castro. According to Chapter 23 of Pawley’s unpublished autobiography, Why The Communists are Winning as of 1976…, “I feared that Castro would exploit the release of two men whose families could afford ransom, while their comrades were left behind. I therefore added Nestor Williams to the list, at $25,000 ransom.” [7] Pawley had expressed a similar concern for another black Cuban when he was vetting the names of exile seekers provided by Morales in 1960. 

Pawley was no stranger to using his personal wealth to expedite matters and preferred to financially support individual efforts rather than fund organizations. Reporter Jim Buchanan noted: “Outraged at Castro’s takeover, Pawley sought out a Miami newsman. ‘Find me,’ he said, ‘one man, just one man who can go it alone and get Castro. I’ll pay anything — almost anything.’” [8] 

Years earlier, when Nicaragua was asked to be the front country in the purchase of three P-47 airplanes needed for PBSUCCESS but couldn’t come up with the $150,000, Pawley advanced the money. “I asked my secretary to empty my briefcase. Then I called one of the principal officers of the Riggs Bank in Washington and asked him to have $150,000 in cash ready for me to pick up in thirty minutes.” [9] And in Point 7 of the previously mentioned March 14, 1960 Reynolds’ memo, Pawley stated he was ready to purchase $100,000 in bonds to fund the operations against Castro. 

In the summer of 1963, Pawley used his own 65-foot yacht, Flying Tiger II, in CIA Operation TILT (aka Operation Red Cross aka Bayo-Pawley Affair)—an effort to discredit President Kennedy by proving there were still Soviet missiles in Cuba despite Castro’s claim that they had been removed. TILT involved Eddie Bayo [10] a member of DRE (Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil aka Students' Revolutionary Directorate cryptonym AMSPELL), the same group whose members interacted with Lee Harvey Oswald in New Orleans and quickly spread the word that Oswald was a pro-Communist assassin of JFK. [11] “David Morales was one of the signers of an order authorizing the deployment of the CIA mothership Leda to provide radar surveillance for the Pawley yacht,” wrote Larry Hancock in Someone Would Have Talked. [12]

 

According to a CIA document, if all went as planned, “Commo will exist between PBY (a flying boat), Leda, and Pawley yacht. Once pickup made Pawley yacht returns Hogsty reef for meet with PBY circa 1630 hours 9 June. PBY will then bring Sovs, Cubans, Pawley, Martino, LIFE rep, Cadick and Fortson, back to Miami. Fortson will debrief Soviets in Russian to the extent possible once they on Pawley yacht and PBY.” [13].  Irving Cadick was “William (‘Rip’) Robertson, head of paramilitary operations in Guatemala in 1954 and aide to JMWAVE ops chief David Morales.” [14] Oliver Fortson was Tony Sforza aka Henry Sloman, Frank Stevens, Alfred Sarno and cryptonym AMRYE-1 [15] “Under Morales’ supervision, Sforza took direct charge of the AMOTs,” Chad and Larry noted in this installment of their series about David Morales: https://jfkfacts.substack.com/p/david-morales-deep-dive-pt-3-links

 

Larry Hancock also notes in Someone Would Have Talked that Gerry Patrick Hemming in an interview with author Noel Twyman claimed “‘Pawley, put up some money… It is too bad these guys didn’t use the money for what they got the money for. They went and killed Kennedy with it.” [16] Hemming asserted that he had been skeptical about DRE member Eddie Bayo’s claim about missiles in Cuba and had cautioned Pawley. [17] 

 

Why did Hemming believe Pawley was unwitting about the use of his money for the JFK assassination?  Here’s Hemming’s response to Twyman on page 537 of Bloody Treason: The Assassination of John F. Kennedy, “’This is a guy who deals with the DCI, okay? A former ambassador. And the ultimate occurred. The thing you fear the most. Your people went out and did some shit.’“ [18] Hemming’s explanation is unconvincing to me. 

 

By September 1963, TILT was considered a failure, and Pawley intensified his criticism in the press of JFK in hopes that Barry Goldwater would become President. [19] In Chapter 23 of his autobiography, Pawley expressed his true feelings about JFK. “While continuing to speak with characteristic eloquence about the defense of freedom, Kennedy was engaged in the demolition of the Monroe Doctrine and of the intricate collective security arrangements so carefully pieced together at the Rio, Bogota and other Western Hemispheric conferences. He had transformed the Statue of Liberty from a traditional beacon of freedom, and our country from ‘the world’s best hope’, as Jefferson phrased it, into a buffer for Fidel Castro against his freedom-loving enemies.’” [20]

 

Pawley’s conservatism in 1960 is seen in Point 5 of the Reynolds memo which states: “We talked about Tony Varona. Pawley agrees that he should come out but has some reservations about Varona. He describes him as a ‘big government’ advocate who would not promote private enterprise and who has ‘socialist’ ideas at time.” Point 6: “Pawley hopes to have the names and backgrounds of thirty PM candidates…within a few days.”  PM (paramilitary) exiles were also a focus of David S. Morales. His specific duties were “Spotting, developing, recruiting and handling PM assets in the field as well as directing PM action,” according to page 44 of his personnel file. [21] 

Beyond choosing Cuban leadership and vetting recruits, Pawley was facilitating propaganda against Castro. David Atlee Phillips, the propaganda chief, along with Richard Drain, chief of operations for the invasion, signed an authorization for payment of the February and March bill of $6,120 for marina charges. “WAVE should pay marina thru QDDALE in such way assure QDDALE or marina will pay Gibraltar.” Gibraltar Steamship Company was the operating company fronting for Radio Swan, the CIA’s propaganda station during the Bay of Pigs planning.[22]

According to the Mary Ferrell Foundation, those with a QD cryptonym were part of Pawley’s anti-Castro team: [23]

·     QDDALE (Miami multi-millionaire, William Douglas Pawley, organizer with General Claire Chennault of the WWII Flying Tigers, and manufacturer of the group’s war planes, who long had a variety of business interests in Cuba). 

·     QDELF (Probably Miami newsman Hal Hendrix who advised the CIA on which other reporters could be cultivated to provide CIA-friendly coverage of JMWAVE activities. Hendrix’s Miami News article “Red Terrorism Rules at Havana University” documented the escape from Cuba of Juan Manuel Salvat Roque).[24]

·     QDBIAS (Pedro Luis Diaz Lanz, former head of the Cuban Air Force and a close friend of pilot Frank Fiorini aka Frank Sturgis). [25]

·     QDCOVE (Ricardo de la Lorie, aka Ricardo Luis de la Lorie-Bals, aka Ricardo Lorie Valls, who along with Frank Fiorini and Pedro Luis Diaz had purchased a C-46 plane to support rebel Castro in November 1958. A year later these QD members began dropping anti-Castro propaganda leaflets from planes).  

·     QDCHAR (Jose Marcos Diaz Lanz, brother of QDBIAS. On July 17, 1959, QDCHAR sent a note to Frank Sturgis, the signature of which was verified by QDARBOR and QDALUM). [26] 

·     QDARBOR and QDALUM (Real names unknown. They traveled from Miami to the Havana CIA station to help QDCHAR escape to US). [27] And then Stanley R. Zamka (aka David Sanchez Morales) helped QDCHAR’s entire family escape Cuba. [28] 

 

 

[1] Document Title: KUBARK Contact with Anti-CASTRO Group in Cuba as Proposed by QDDALE (Identity A).

NARA Record Number: 104-10049-10344 https://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=27398#relPageId=2

 

[2] Document Title: Meeting with William D. Pawley

NARA Record Number: 104-10265-10080

https://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=46814#relPageId=2

   

[3] Cryptonym AMULAR

 https://www.maryferrell.org/php/cryptdb.php?id=AMULAR&search=AMULAR

 

[4] Document Title: Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley.

NARA Record Number: 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007

https://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=56245#relPageId=1

 

[5] Letter from William Pawley to Thomas Mann, Assistant Secretary of State, March 3, 1961

https://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=56245#relPageId=99

 

[6] “Watergate plotter may have a last tale” By Carol J. Williams, Los Angeles Times. March 20, 2007.

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-mar-20-na-hunt20-story.html

 

[7] Pawley, William & Tryon, Richard, Why The Communists are Winning as of 1976…, (unpublished autobiography; GratisBooks website no longer safe to visit), Chapter 23.  

 

[8] “A Swashbuckler in Gray Flannel Suit: Arch-Conservative Left His Mark Around the World.” By Jim Buchanan and Earl DeHart. Miami Herald, January 8, 1977. Page 12-A.

 

[9] Pawley, William & Tryon, Richard, Why The Communists are Winning as of 1976…, (unpublished autobiography; GratisBook website no longer safe to visit), Chapter 18.

 

[10] More Ruthless Than The Enemy, Chapter 30

https://williampawley.blogspot.com/search?q=Bayo

 

[11] Cryptonym: AMSPELL 

https://maryferrell.org/php/cryptdb.php?id=AMSPELL&search=DRE

 

[12] Hancock, Larry, Someone Would Have Talked Documented! The Assassination of JFK and the Conspiracy to Mislead History (JFK Lancer Productions & Publications), page 12  

 

[13] Cable: Op Involving Soviet Defectors Which Mr. William Pawley Has Discussed 

NARA Record Number: 104-10312-10361 https://maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=29002#relPageId=1&search=104-10312-10361

 

[14] Pseudonym: Cadick_Irving

https://maryferrell.org/php/pseudodb.php?id=CADICK_IRVING&search=Cadick

 

[15] Cryptonym: AMRYE-1 

https://www.maryferrell.org/php/cryptdb.php?id=AMRYE-1&search=sforza

 

[16] Hancock, Larry, Someone Would Have Talked Documented! The Assassination of JFK and the Conspiracy to Mislead History (JFK Lancer Productions & Publications), page 338

 

[17] Hinckle, Warren & Turner, William, The Fish Is Red: The Story of the Secret War Against Castro (Harper & Row), pages 167-170. 

 

[18] Twyman, Noel, Bloody Treason: The Assassination of John F. Kennedy (Laurel Publishing), page 537.

 

[19] More Ruthless Than The Enemy, Chapter 35

https://williampawley.blogspot.com/search?q=Goldwater

 

[20] Pawley, William & Tryon, Richard, Why The Communists are Winning as of 1976…, (unpublished autobiography; GratisBooks website no longer safe to visit), Chapter 23.

 

[21] David S. Morales Personnel File. 

NARA Record Number: 104-10222-10019

https://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=239220

 

[22] Cable: Net Marin Bill For Feb and March Should Be 6120 Dollars 

NARA Record Number: 104-10265-10379

https://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=43265#relPageId=2

 

[23] Mary Ferrell Foundation CIA Cryptonyms

https://www.maryferrell.org/php/cryptdb.php?bigram=QD

 

[24] Document Title: Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantial (DRE) 

NARA Record Number: 180-10142-10246 https://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=38442#relPageId=2

 

[25] Document Title: No Title [Page 3 contains the 30 aliases used by Frank Sturgis] 

NARA Record Number: 124-10226-10290  

https://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=93734#relPageId=18

 

[26] Document Title: QDCHAR Escape.

NARA Record Number: 104-10167-10132

https://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=155930#relPageId=2

 

[27] Document Title: Zamka Talked to Wife of Marcos Diaz Lanz Night 

NARA Record Number: 104-10167-10145

https://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=36856#relPageId=2&search=ZAMKA

 

[28] Pseudonym: Zamka, Stanley R.

https://www.maryferrell.org/php/pseudodb.php?id=ZAMKA_STANLEY&search=Zamka