tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4845317715699130162024-03-17T20:02:51.071-07:00MORE RUTHLESS THAN THE ENEMYDavid Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comBlogger57125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-58071845902640655402023-08-07T14:30:00.049-07:002024-03-06T07:58:54.554-08:00Prologue: Strike Two Against JFK
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<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: large;"><div class="column"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiuvXfrvAADWNvjpaTouLoLdG7KyPrl7wBJOFZOqQrauXDwgfSEJtOMh8dna-3edTc_9VdEgTc9raZp-OlDFLqAFCeBye_9b-fphyixGNZ5Y8rqUve6_OFSGvU_poiD9sfqSbrlf8kPdbgSarpnbRPk9pNPTEHELcH-DowSlbfKZW3IXFXf3YZ7s-7mOPo" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiuvXfrvAADWNvjpaTouLoLdG7KyPrl7wBJOFZOqQrauXDwgfSEJtOMh8dna-3edTc_9VdEgTc9raZp-OlDFLqAFCeBye_9b-fphyixGNZ5Y8rqUve6_OFSGvU_poiD9sfqSbrlf8kPdbgSarpnbRPk9pNPTEHELcH-DowSlbfKZW3IXFXf3YZ7s-7mOPo" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjL5VhyTlsv1sP4Xl5YbwwmC8fTn5lLNyVZBTze3asIvyRnneaAyyW3MS475Qz4YQLCSnoCarXhtVKLK3TJNTUI70r1JYj0m3qyqqENilHU-hnhAi9U4RtjO3LuRYPyJlAV31958zQ53y0koE95-N6gTfqEW-33N1iefKiu7imEA2mTB8ueqcBP8ukuyb4" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1262" data-original-width="1138" height="459" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjL5VhyTlsv1sP4Xl5YbwwmC8fTn5lLNyVZBTze3asIvyRnneaAyyW3MS475Qz4YQLCSnoCarXhtVKLK3TJNTUI70r1JYj0m3qyqqENilHU-hnhAi9U4RtjO3LuRYPyJlAV31958zQ53y0koE95-N6gTfqEW-33N1iefKiu7imEA2mTB8ueqcBP8ukuyb4=w414-h459" width="414" /></a></div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></div><div class="column"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiQD7ZgKAodQ6BhFFNAp0gf9IghYEgR0CeAvKC9OgwrNw3k24JzMXEg5hzCGp7c37mSSek5e8-x9hLsltLHDukWVwXFMwYNG3zd1C4Poj39PLLXdcwHPC6mSZXjZvcFZ5h9GidJWpURGtCwn-q_HFfE9DRx2_9OkaLN_jkvYnmuBKn81klF4hAd-8psRa8" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="514" data-original-width="841" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiQD7ZgKAodQ6BhFFNAp0gf9IghYEgR0CeAvKC9OgwrNw3k24JzMXEg5hzCGp7c37mSSek5e8-x9hLsltLHDukWVwXFMwYNG3zd1C4Poj39PLLXdcwHPC6mSZXjZvcFZ5h9GidJWpURGtCwn-q_HFfE9DRx2_9OkaLN_jkvYnmuBKn81klF4hAd-8psRa8=w287-h176" width="287" /></a></div>Imagine that Washington spring day in 1961 as William Douglas Pawley walked from the White House where the 64-year-old former Ambassador had been welcomed through multiple administrations. On this day his thoughts must have been aswirl with anger toward the neophyte president who had just thrown him out of the Oval Office.</span></div><div class="column"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;">How the hell does this inept young man whose father handed him the presidency ignore the recommendations of an international troubleshooter trusted by presidents Roosevelt, Truman and Eisenhower?</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">Who does Kennedy think is more well-versed in the potential danger Castro poses to the U.S. than the man who had served as Ambassador to two South American countries—Peru and Brazil—and had witnessed Castro's evil during the 1948 Bogotázo in Colombia while the heads of nations gathered for the 9</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">Pan-American Conference?</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">Who better knows Cuba than someone who spent his childhood there as his father sold merchandise to U.S. sailors at Guantanamo Naval Station? Who better than the entrepreneur who had formed Cuban National Airlines in the 1920s and had manufactured fighter planes in China and India for the Flying Tigers in the 1940s. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">The man whom Cuban President Batista called upon to run Autobuses Modernos--</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">the Havana bus company taking tourists to Mafia-run casinos in the 1950s. The man Ike, Vice President Nixon and CIA Director Allen Dulles relied upon to organize thousands of exiles fleeing Castro. The man who helped establish a Cuban government in exile focused on retaking the island from the communists.</span></span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 4"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;">Who better recognizes the potential dangers the Western Hemisphere faces from the Soviet missiles in Cuba than the man who had warned of the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor a year before it happened?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;">And who better knows the strengths and weaknesses of the Central Intelligence Agency than the man who helped the CIA overthrow President Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala during Operation PBSUCCESS in 1954—and then was called upon by President Eisenhower to assist General James Doolittle in examining the effectiveness of the CIA in counteracting an implacable communist enemy globally and recommended that the Agency be transformed into an “aggressive covert psychological, political and paramilitary organization more effective, more unique and, if necessary, more ruthless than that employed by the enemy?”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;">As he returned to his office in Miami where he would amass an army of three hundred Cuban exiles awaiting their next marching orders to retake their homeland, it became apparent to William Douglas Pawley that President John Fitzgerald Kennedy and his cadre of liberals in the State Department and the adoring press were allowing the communist menace to thrive in the Western Hemisphere.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;">This weak, inexperienced president already had one strike against him when he blew the Bay of Pigs invasion by not providing the air cover essential for success. Now this joke of a president was failing to listen to the wisdom of a successful, adept warrior who believed 10,000 U.S. Marines needed to be dropped into Havana knew to eliminate the Castro regime.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;">Following his May 6, 1961 White House confrontation, Pawley knew his mission: If The New Frontier doesn’t include a free Cuba, then President Kennedy should never serve a second term. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: large;">This goal must be pursued with the same determination that he had brought to all his activities in the Caribbean, Far East and Europe as the éminence grise of the American Century.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: x-large;">~~~~~</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 5"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">The journey to William Douglas Pawley’s pathological obsession with ridding Cuba of Fidel Castro that evolved into an intense disdain for </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">JFK</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">began at the end of the 19<sup>th</sup> century as the “Cuba Libre” movement to free Cuba from Spain’s grip was gaining support in America, and powerful figures hoped for an incident that could justify U.S. intervention. Some six decades later, the success of the 1898 battle cry “Remember the <i>Maine</i>!” would inspire U.S. military leaders to conceive Operation </span>Northwoods—the staging of false flag attacks on the U.S. to gain support for an all-out attack on the Caribbean island—as the CIA’s psychological warfare and covert operation experts at the vast JMWAVE center on the southern campus of the University of Miami spread the war fever beyond the Cuban exiles chanting “Cuba si, Castro no!” and into Mafia families in Tampa, Chicago and New Orleans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;">Months before the CIA and organized crime figures developed their assassination plots against Castro, Pawley not only offered to use his vast wealth to pay for Castro’s execution but bragged at least twice of having his own “hitmen” to do it. His interaction three years later with the DRE anti-Castro Cubans in Miami—whose members later engaged Lee Harvey Oswald in a debate in New Orleans in the summer of 1963—would make him a top priority for testimony before the House Select Committee on Assassinations reviewing the Warren Commission finding that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone. But Pawley never testified.<span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">The following tells William Douglas Pawley's story which began for me </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">with a footnote on page 361 of </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">The Invisible Government</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">followed by my Freedom of Information Act request in 1976 for the top-secret Doolittle Committee Report and continuing with the slow trickle of declassification of hundreds of Pawley-related CIA and FBI files </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">that has lasted into 2023. Both President Trump and President Biden refused to declassify and release the final batch of 3,400 documents which often are multiple pages.</span></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small; vertical-align: 4pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Many of the long-buried government files that were declassified revealed Pawley’s involvement with America’s most powerful political figures, covert policymakers, the Cuban-exile group DRE which also interacted with Lee Harvey Oswald in the summer of 1963, and significant friends embedded in the investigations of the Kennedy assassination headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren, New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">and Vice President Nelson Rockefeller.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Information specifically about Pawley's covert activities when the CIA gave him the cryptonym QDDALE to hide his identity can be found at <a href="https://qddale.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">https://qddale.blogspot.com/</a> as well as within the chapters covering his entire life below. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><span><b><br /></b></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><span><b>CHAPTERS</b></span></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: medium;"></span></p><ul id="recently" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; list-style: none; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-3-i-of-tiger_12.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Prologue: Strike Two Against JFK</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-2-cuba_12.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">1: Love, “Cuba”</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-1-sunset_12.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2: Aviation Crusaders</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-4-divorce-cuban-style.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3: The "I" of The Flying Tigers</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-5-diplomat.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">4: Ambassador to Peru and Brazil Pawley</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-6-welcome-to-rio.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">5: "The Bogotázo” in Colombia</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-7-pawleys-plans-for-marshall.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">6: Men and Women of Letters</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-8-bogotazo.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">7: Truman Likes Ike</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-9-truman-vs-dewey.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">8: Father of the Groom of Elizabeth Taylor</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-10-friends-in-need.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">9: Forrestal Plunges into the Cold War</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-11-father-of-groom.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">10: Defense Department Troubleshooting</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-12-betting-on-nationalists.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">11: Going Bananas in Guatemala 1954</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-13-plunge.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">12: The Doolittle Report on CIA Covert Activities</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-14-background-checks.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">13: CIA Director Allen Dulles Survives the Doolitt...</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-15-fruits-of-pbsuccess.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">14: Pawley's Caribbean Oyster</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-16-doolittle-committee.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">15: Suspicious Minds</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-17-lawyer.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">16: Find Me Someone to Kill Castro</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-18-accountant.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">17: QDDALE</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-19-general.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">18: Controlling Cuban-Exile Chaos</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-20-fact-finding-and-forgetting.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">19: CIA Informant R-1</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-21-caribbean-oyster.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">20: Hitmen</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-22-suspicious-minds.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">21: Dictating to Dictator Trujillo</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-23-find-me-someone-to-kill.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">22: QDDALE'S Deep Pockets for Special Proposals</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-24-informant-r-1.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">23: Presidents Come and Go; CIA Remains</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-25-qddale-cryptonym.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">24: Pig in a Poke</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-26-whos-running-show.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">25: The Name Game</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-27-dancing-with-awkward.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">26: Days of Swine and Rose's Boys: Bay of Pigs Inv...</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-28-pawley-smathers-and-trujillo.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">27: Brigade 2506 Hostage Negotiations</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-29-exfiltrating.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">28: Cuba Cacophony: Northwoods, Mongoose, JMWAVE a...</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-30-pawley-eastland-and-sourwine.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">29: Strange Dreadfellows: Citizens Committee for a...</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-31-et-tu-luce.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">30: Bayo, Pawley & CIA TILT Against JFK</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-32-pawleys-invasion-plan.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">31: JFK Disapproves the Somoza Plan Backed by Pawley</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-33-presidents-come-and-go.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">32: "What it is ain't exactly clear"*</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-34-government-targets.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">33: Shockwaves</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-35-air-coverage.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">34: The Warren</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-36-hit-men.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">35: Our only hope, Goldwater</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-37-days-of-swine-and-roses-boys.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">36: Back to Business: Talisman Sugar</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-38-president-kennedys-snub-of.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">37: Garrison's Gumbo</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-39-hostage-negotiations.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">38: Anna Chennault's Halloween Surprise</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-40-trujillo-assassination.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">39: The Détente Betrayal</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-41-failures-of-state.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">40: The Rocky Report</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-42-sidetracked.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">41: Was Dallas A Target, Too?</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-43-operation-northwoods.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">42: Luce Lips</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-44-ransom-payments.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">43: Sunset</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-46-cuban-cacophony-63.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">44: Life and Death</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-47-citizens-committee-for-free.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">45: Culture of Conspiracy</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-48-our-only-hope-goldwater.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">46: Assassination Scenarios</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-49-operation-tilt.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">47: Timeline</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-50-what-it-is-aint-exactly.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">48: Pawley's Spheres of Influence</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-51-when-irish-eyes-arent.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">49: What did Zapruder film?</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-52-tilt-mystery.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">50: Cold War Replay</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-53-conservative-dream-ticket.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">51: Resources</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-54-invisible-government.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">52: The Full Doolittle Committee Report (1954)</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-55-back-to-business.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">53: Doolittle Committee Bios (1954)</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-56-maintaining-battle-lines.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">54: 2023 Flying Tiger Spirit</span></a></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 2px 0.25em; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-57-detente-betrayal.html" style="color: #225588;"><span style="font-size: medium;">55: Former U.S. Ambassador Manuel Rocha Arrested i...</span></a></li></ul><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><i><span>Every chapter has a link to additional content and footnotes. </span></i></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><i><span>Just click on </span></i></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 16px;"><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Read more >> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><span><i> </i></span></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><i>above Labels</i></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><i>. </i></span><i style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span></i></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: x-small;">FOOTNOTES:</span></p><p></p></div></div></div><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Invisible Government </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(New York: Vintage Books, Paperback Edition, 1974).</span></p></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS;"><span><span style="font-size: 12px;">RIF# 104-10312-10174 ~ 9/11/1964 CIA “Memo: Discussions with QDDALE.” To: The Record. From: COS, JMWAVE. Subjects: Pawley, W.D. </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12px;">>> Ironically, this CIA memo is about <i>The Invisible Government, </i>the book which triggered my interest in Pawley in the 1970s. Released in 1999, the memo contains a recap of a 1964 discussion between William D. Pawley (CIA cryptonym: QDDALE) and Theodore “Ted” Shackley (pseudonym: </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12px;">Andrew K. Reuteman) who served from </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12px;">1962 to 1965 as Chief of the CIA’s Miami Station (cryptonym: JMWAVE) overseeing anti-Castro activities. The memo demonstrates one of many attempted manipulations of the media by the CIA </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12px;">(cryptonym: KUBARK): </span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12px;">1. On 8 September 1964 QDDALE contacted Reuteman by telephone in order to brief Reuteman on the following topics: </span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12px;">a. <i>Readers Digest. </i>QDDALE stated that he had not heard from <i>Readers Digest</i> relative to the KUBARK-inspired article on <i>The Invisible Government</i> which QDDALE had forwarded to <i>Readers Diges</i>t. Reuteman asked QDDALE to send <i>Readers Digest</i> a follow-up tickler. QDDALE agreed to carry out this action and stated that he would keep Reuteman informed on any further developments. <i> </i></span><i style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12px;"> </i></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><i style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="color: red;">Please Note: Some glitches occurred in the process of saving my original Microsoft Word manuscript as an Adobe PDF so I could then copy and paste the chapters into this Google Blogger app. If you come across something I missed correcting, please let me know at pawleyinfo@aol.com</span></i></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9">
</div>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-74245379377873998872023-08-07T12:29:00.016-07:002024-03-17T08:13:31.477-07:001: Love, “Cuba”<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhHt1CV-JBwaIwGc32xIg2oiNDfQH-ZCdIRDDH0ZXMU4dYkEWOFu2JCsr_pIHErr7N-qq1oS2xOISTKVv7inrZD4cq8dzoXdYYWOaW7trKesfX4cjuYGO04pj5Y5y_z1U25jQRSL7tYHmxv8-xQQbGRYGWJVjEJqXBLvMLpGASrVpnRjjKg68wW4tOBl-g" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1159" data-original-width="741" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhHt1CV-JBwaIwGc32xIg2oiNDfQH-ZCdIRDDH0ZXMU4dYkEWOFu2JCsr_pIHErr7N-qq1oS2xOISTKVv7inrZD4cq8dzoXdYYWOaW7trKesfX4cjuYGO04pj5Y5y_z1U25jQRSL7tYHmxv8-xQQbGRYGWJVjEJqXBLvMLpGASrVpnRjjKg68wW4tOBl-g" width="153" /></a></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Few men reflect the times in which they live as vividly as William Douglas Pawley. Born in Florence, South Carolina, on September 7, 1896, he matured in a period when America was rapidly turning the corner from an agricultural economy to an industrial society. As amazing advances in technology were transforming the nation into a world power, this son of Edward Porcher Pawley and Mary Irene Wallace Pawley quickly recognized that fortunes were waiting to be made all around him—and all around the world— if he pursued them without fear of failure.</span></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">The Pawley family had roots in South Carolina dating to colonial times</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">when Percival Pawley, Sr. in 1711 was granted the land in proximity to Pawleys Island, an isle known in the 21</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">st </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">century for being an “arrogantly shabby” residential community where low-country cooking and beer mix freely with a refreshing breeze off the Atlantic Ocean. Earlier, in the 1700s, rice plantation owners such as Thomas George Pawley vacationed on Pawleys Island to escape the threat of malaria from May through October, because the isle was surrounded by saltwater marshes that were inhospitable to mosquito breeding.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Even though Hurricane Ian made landfall less than 10 miles away in 2022 with a seven-foot surge that destroyed the pier, Pawley Islanders quickly cleaned up the sand, mud and debris attesting to the island’s resiliency over the centuries as a desirable southern beach destination.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Edward Porcher Pawley was born during the Civil War a few counties away from where the Confederate rebellion had exploded at Ft. Sumter. As a young man, he tried to make his fortune in cotton, but plantations suffered after their cheap slave labor was freed, and he soon </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">faced bankruptcy. Fortunately, Edward had learned a merchant’s trade, selling dry goods in Florence, and was able to pursue other opportunities beyond South Carolina.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">After the inflammatory sinking of the </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">USS Maine </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">triggered the Spanish-American War, the U.S. invasion of Cuba made famous by the American Rough Riders charging up San Juan Hill not only catapulted the cavalry’s victorious leader, Colonel Teddy Roosevelt, to governor of New York State but made Cuba a fertile ground for William’s father’s ambitions. By 1900, Edward Porcher Pawley moved his wife, Mary, and their sons, George Plummer Pawley and William Douglas Pawley to eastern Cuba where he established E.P. Pawley Co. of Caimanera. About 1908, at some 64 years of age, he opened a branch store nearby at South Toro Cay, close to the wharf that supplied the United States Naval Station at Guantánamo Bay.<span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Despite a lease agreement between the United States and Cuba that forbid the operation of private enterprise, the Pawley Store sold general merchandise to the U.S. Navy sailors and Marines. The elder Pawley may have gotten around the restriction because he had been in Cuba early on working for the U.S. Army.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">But in 1910, </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">the Secretary of the Navy revoked E.P. Pawley & Co.’s permit to conduct a mercantile business within the limits of the Guantánamo Reservation.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Soon Edward Porcher Pawley moved his wife, Mary, sons, George and William and their new brothers, Edward, Eugene and Wallace Pawley to Port au Prince, Haiti and established E.P. Pawley and Co. as an import-export business. Eventually incorporated as the West Indies Trading Company, the business exposed William and his brothers to selling groceries, dry goods and the latest life-changing inventions from Edison, Ford, Goodyear and others. The company became one of the largest enterprises in Haiti, and E.P. Pawley noted that his new found paradise was inhabited by "exceptionally clean people" who used "more soap per capita than any country in the world."</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhX_04w869PVzR1CDavMbBz1tjFWHD8ffBsv8wjeefwC920TyrPP9md2fp51Q23qBravKCcoc5vBUxVFhXzCyb8FFCNfG_3nAsW8DcUosIKFlqKFC4jPQwLk13-WGKM1OYEntPlEavwK9SJPrZ_PQpHKf2XgDeMEIxHbEOFVck-fkpaK7LcoLdYA8sS57M" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1875" data-original-width="3400" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhX_04w869PVzR1CDavMbBz1tjFWHD8ffBsv8wjeefwC920TyrPP9md2fp51Q23qBravKCcoc5vBUxVFhXzCyb8FFCNfG_3nAsW8DcUosIKFlqKFC4jPQwLk13-WGKM1OYEntPlEavwK9SJPrZ_PQpHKf2XgDeMEIxHbEOFVck-fkpaK7LcoLdYA8sS57M" width="320" /></a></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"> A century later the nation had descended into chaos as violent gangs took control and millions began to starve.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">As America roared into the 1920s, William Pawley’s financial interests grew beyond the Caribbean, into South America and eventually across the Pacific. But Cuba, where he had lived from age six to seventeen, was always in his heart and it is where he first dealt in the produce of United Fruit Company which later would be grateful to Pawley for his role in a coup that spared the company’s banana plantations in Guatemala from nationalization in 1954. </span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Coincidentally, with its predictable supply, United Fruit was awarded a contract in 1956 to bring fresh and frozen provisions and fresh milk twice monthly to Pawley’s old stomping grounds at the Guantánamo Naval Base.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8<span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">As a young adult, William Pawley ventured after his fortune in various ways and locations. He joined a New York exporting company selling diving suits to Venezuelan pearl divers.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">He sold old Haitian ships to the U.S. Government, promoted gold stocks in Canada, distributed candy to the West Indies, and even drove a milk truck in Wilmington, Delaware.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">William’s Cuban education had been supplemented by prep school at Stamford Collegiate Institute some 200 dusty miles west of Dallas, Texas, but he quickly left before the Methodist school became Stamford College which financially collapsed within the decade.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">In the midst of World War I, William attended Gordon Military Academy in Barnesville, Georgia where his island upbringing and fluency in Spanish led his Georgia classmates to nickname him “Cuba.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">It might have been considered a slur by some of the students because Gordon Military Academy was named in honor of a former Confederate soldier who headed the local Ku Klux Klan which helped undermine Reconstruction with a wave of terror against freed slaves and blacks who visited the South.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">But for William it was a sign of friendship and admiration of his flawless Spanish, and he took pride in the name, even signing a postcard to his wife two decades later: “Love, Cuba.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14<span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">He met Annie Hahr Dobbs while in Barnesville visiting a friend, Bruce Milner. Although engaged to marry Louise DeJarnett, Pawley was smitten when he beheld the dark-haired southern belle while gazing out his hotel window. Annie was the daughter of Clifton Dobbs of Marietta, Georgia, a successful businessman who wanted his daughter to marry a man with a more promising future, West Point cadet Lucius D. Clay, Jr. But Pawley managed to overcome her father’s long-running objection to his vagabond ways and permitted his daughter to marry “Cuba” instead of Clay—who two decades later distinguished himself in World War II, overseeing the construction of 450 airports in the U.S., becoming the youngest Army brigadier general, serving as General Eisenhower’s deputy, and overseeing the post-war Berlin Airlift.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley, too, would make a name a for himself</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 16px;">—</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">and a fortune</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 16px;">—</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">in aviation, first by running Compania Nacional Cubana de Aviacion Curtiss in the 1930s and a decade later manufacturing planes for the Flying Tigers to battle the Japanese over China. <span></span></span></p><!--more--><p></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" style="display: inline;" title="Page 4"><div class="layoutArea" style="display: inline;"><div class="column" style="display: inline;"><p style="display: inline;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">The announcement of William and Annie’s August 1919 Friday evening wedding in </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The Atlanta Constitution </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">called it “a wedding of wide interest in the South” and stated that William Pawley was of Port au Prince, Haiti.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16</span></span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="column"><span></span><span></span></div><div class="column"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="column"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Over the next two decades, William and Annie would have four children with amazingly unimaginative names considering Pawley’s boundless creativity when it came to entrepreneurship. The children were: William Douglas Pawley, Jr.; Annie-Hahr Pawley (Mrs. Hobert Boomer McKay); Clifton Dobbs Pawley; and Irene Wallace Pawley (Mrs. Robert Mullins Gravely) who was given her grandmother’s name.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17</span></div><div class="column"><div class="page" style="display: inline;" title="Page 4"><div class="layoutArea" style="display: inline;"><div class="column" style="display: inline;"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">In 1942, William traveled from Miami to Cuba and stayed at the National Hotel in Havana for a month so he could qualify to file for a Cuban divorce before flying off to India where he married his secretary, Edna Earle Cadenhead. Annie Pawley contested in the Florida court system the validity of William’s Cuban divorce filing and sought financial support without acknowledgement of the divorce all the way to the Supreme Court of the United States in October 1950.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 5"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"><span></span>Annie’s continuing refusal to recognize the Cuban divorce was displayed in print when a letter she had written was printed in the January 15, 1945 issue of the Embry-Riddle School of Aviation newspaper. The </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Fly Paper </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">with its humorous tagline “Stick To It” carried a photo of her son, Lt. William Douglas Pawley, Jr., and her announcement from 3190 Pine Tree Drive, Miami Beach that “our son” had finished a year “as a pilot in the India-China Wing of the Air Transport Command and was back in the states.” A former Embry-Riddle flying student, “Bill” had volunteered—undoubtedly inspired by his father and uncle’s involvement with the American Volunteer Group—and “completed 450 combat hours over the ‘Hump!’” in the China-Burma- India “Theatre of War.” She also provided an update on Bill’s younger, 18-year-old brother, Clifton, also an Embry-Riddle trained “pilot with some 300 hours” who is in the U.S. Naval Reserve “at the University of Miami.” She praised the aviation school and the </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Fly Paper </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">noting that she knew “how the English lads enjoy it, because about fifty of the Royal Air Force cadets of Riddle Field, Clewiston, have been my guests during the past twelve months.” She signed off, “Annie-Hahr Dobbs Pawley (Mrs. William D.)” casting shade on Edna and William’s wedding three years earlier.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19</span><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">In presenting the brief in support of her petition for certiorari, Annie’s attorneys provided evidence that William’s Cuban filing was invalid because he was not a Cuban resident citizen or resident—in fact, William had never given up his United States citizenship while living with his parents there and in Haiti. The petition also provided insight into the unraveling of the William and Annie’s blissful marriage as he grew more successful in business:</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" style="text-align: left;" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><ul><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Following William and Annie’s honeymoon in New York, they made their home in Port au Prince, Haiti until 1923, when they moved in with Annie’s parents in Marietta, Georgia.</span></li></ul><ul><li>After giving up his position at Nunnally Candy Company in Atlanta, William and Annie moved to Wilmington, Delaware.</li></ul></div><div class="column"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">In 1925, William moved his wife and baby to the Granada Apartments in Miami, so he could participate in the real estate boom. There a second child was born.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>From September 1926 until 1929 (when the real estate market crashed) they owned a home at 4210 S. W. 4th Street, Miami, Florida, where their third child was born.</li></ul><ul><li>William’s Spanish fluency enabled him to get a job in November 1929 with Pan American Airways, helping the company acquire landing rights in Cuba and soon taking charge of Cuban National Airways which was eventually taken over in November 1932 by American Airways.</li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Pan Am then offered him a temporary employment in China, and he went there
while his family was ensconced in a rented home at 2800 Prairie Avenue, Miami
Beach.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Annie testified that William did not want her to go to China with him “because
she was pregnant” and “would not go to a hospital and have an abortion.”
Denying this, William stated “he did not ask her to go to China at that time
because he did not know anything about conditions out there.” He returned from
China just prior to the June 18,1933 birth of their last child in Miami. </span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 12pt;">A week later, William telephoned Annie from New York to inform her he was
heading back to China but would not take the baby. When she objected, he told
her the baby could join them, but the other children would have to stay in their
new, jointly owned home at 3401 Prairie Avenue, Miami Beach with her mother
in charge.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 12pt;">Annie made three or four trips to China with William, once staying nearly a year
while the children remained in Florida.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 12pt;">Annie returned via England from an extended time in China, arriving in Miami in
August 1936. Shortly thereafter, William spent $68,000 in cash for a new, jointly
owned, home at 3190 Pine Tree Drive, Miami Beach and an additional $20,000
for improvements. Ringing in 1937, the family moved into this new home where
Annie and William cohabitated for two years, and to which William always
returned after business trips. (In 2022, that piece of real estate was valued at $5.2
million).</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 12pt;">In 1940, William, then “decided to establish a third and more elaborate home” on
one of Miami Beach’s exclusive Sunset Islands. Annie helped design the
$200,000 home, but her name was not on the title—just one of William’s
corporations, and he never invited his family to move in with him.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In 1942, William approached Herbert Dobbs, Annie’s brother, to seek his help in
obtaining an amicable divorce and settlement. During their marriage he had </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">amassed a fortune, including millions providing airplanes to China. In addition to
founding Intercontinent Aircraft Corporation, he had constructed large buildings;
owned Pan American Lumber Company which sold building supplies; and
purchased the Miami Beach Railway Company, the transportation system for the
parts of Miami and Miami Beach—where he proclaimed he would rather live
“than any place in the world.”</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 12pt;">Using his Pan Am connections – “Tom Morgan, my boss in New York”—and
Pawley’s warplane manufacturing business in India as justification for travel,
William obtained a United States passport but instead flew to Cuba “for the sole
purpose of obtaining a divorce and not with the intention of making it his
domicile.” After staying in the Havana hotel for 31 days starting July 27, 1942, he
flew to India. While there, his Cuban lawyer filed “a complaint for divorce for
Mr. Pawley, charging desertion or separation for six months and asking for a
divorce on that ground.”</span></li></ul><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">William never testified at the Cuban divorce. Instead, four Cubans gave testimony
to paint a false picture of that Annie had not wanted to go to China with him and,
that since 1936, they had lived apart and not had conjugal relations. In Annie’s
Florida court suits to dismiss the Cuban divorce, she presented William’s own
letters from that belied the testimony of the Cubans. The U.S. Supreme Court
transcript included his August 1937 postcard to “Mrs. William D. Pawley” at the
Pine Tree address. “We came here by plane from Milan<span style="font-family: SymbolMT;">—</span>left Bad Nauheim </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">yesterday by train. The minister leaves for China tomorrow. Sellett and I will see </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">him off. We then go back to Athens, then Budapest, Vienna, Paris, London &
home. The business is ok. Can't wait to see you. Love, Cuba.”</span></div><div class="column"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“This was the first case in Florida legal history where it was found that alimony,
divorce and <span> </span>property status could be settled in separate proceedings and that on ex
parte hearing.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20</span><br /><div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The ruling set a precedent about recognition of out-of-country divorces that still stands.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">It also stimulated a legal and social phenomenon that spread to Mexico and eventually led Burt
Bacharach to write the Drifter’s 1962 hit “Mexican Divorce.”</span></div><div style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: x-small;">FOOTNOTES:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">National Cyclopedia of American Biography</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Volume 60, (James T. White & Co., 1981). Page 215.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Katherine H. Richardson, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Pawley’s Island Historically Speaking </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Pawley Island Civic Association, 1994). Pages 8-
10.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Vida Miller, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">A Little Book About Pawleys Island </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Self-published, 2007).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Pawleys Island residents dig out after Hurricane Ian: ‘Gut Punch,’” By Mike Woodel, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Post and Courier</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">October 1, 2022.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">National Cyclopedia of American Biography</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Volume 60, (James T. White & Co., 1981). Page 215.
</span></p>
<p><span color="rgb(0.000000%, 0.000000%, 50.196080%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Anthony R. Carrozza, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">William D. Pawley: The Extraordinary Life of the Adventurer, Entrepreneur, and Diplomat
Who Cofounded The Flying Tigers </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2012). Pages 6-8.<br />
>> This biography is excellent and very thorough thanks to the cooperation of Pawley family members. It contains
extensive details of William Douglas Pawley’s family history, accomplishments, behind the scenes activities, and
lifestyle including insights based on interviews with William Douglas Pawley, Jr. who was briefly engaged to
actress Elizabeth Taylor.</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="section" style="background-color: white;">
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">“</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, with the Annual Message of the President
Transmitted of Congress, December 7, 1911</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">File No. 811.345/24, The Acting Secretary of State to the American
Minister, Washington, August 18, 1910, No. 114. (</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1918.)
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">www.history.state.gov </span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="section"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">File No. 811.345/24.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Acting Secretary of State to the American Minister.
</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">W</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">ASHINGTON</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">August 18, 1910</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'ArialMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">No. 114.]S</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">IR</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">: Referring to previous correspondence [etc.] you are instructed again to take up with the
Cuban foreign office the question of the enlargement of the naval station at Guantánamo, emphasizing the
feeling of this Government that, for the reasons stated in the inclosed report of the joint board and set forth
in greater detail in previous correspondence with your legation, the proposed additional area is urgently
needed to place the United States in a position to fulfill the stated purpose of the original lease of this
station, namely: “to enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba and to protect the
people thereof as well as for its own defense.”</span><span color="rgb(12.549020%, 32.941180%, 57.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In this connection, you will invite attention to the identical provisions of Article VII of the act of Congress
approved March 2, 1901, and of Article VII of the Appendix to the Constitution of the Republic of Cuba,
promulgated on the 20th of May, 1902, that for the above-mentioned purpose “the Cuban Government </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">will </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">sell or lease the lands necessary for coaling or naval stations at certain specified points to
be agreed upon with the President of the United States.”
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">You will also take notice of the recommendation of the joint board, which has been approved by the
Secretaries of the Navy and War, regarding the possible relinquishment of the leasehold of the United
States to land at Bahía Honda, and if, in your judgment, such proposed relinquishment would tend to
overcome the reluctance heretofore expressed by the Cuban Government to consider the question of leasing
the additional desired area at Guantánamo, you will bring this phase of the situation to the attention of the
foreign office, stating that it is the opinion of the United States Government that the leased area at Bahía
Honda is more than equal in value to the desired addition at Guantánamo and, therefore, that this, aside
from all other consideration, should prove a sufficient consideration to induce the Cuban Government to
yield to the wishes of the United States in this matter.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">At the same time, you may say to the foreign office that, in deference to its wishes, as heretofore expressed
to you, the Secretary of the Navy has revoked the permit issued to E. P. Pawley & Co. to conduct a
mercantile business within the limits of the Guantánamo Reservation, such revocation to become effective
within a reasonable time granted for closing out the business. This action has been taken notwithstanding
the opinion of the Secretary of the Navy that such permission was not in violation of the provisions of
Article III of the lease in question,</span><span color="rgb(12.549020%, 32.941180%, 57.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">since it was granted solely for the purpose of providing by the most
expedient means for supplying the needs of officers, men, and employees of the United States on duty at
Guantánamo, and was therefore regarded as within the authority granted by Article V of the lease, to import
into the leased area “for exclusive use and consumption therein” free of customs duties or other fees or
charges “material of all kinds, merchandise, stores, and munitions of war.”
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In conclusion you will impress upon the foreign office the importance which is attached by the United
States Government to the desired addition to the Guantánamo station, as in the best interests of both the
Governments concerned and express the earnest wish of the Government of the United States that the
Cuban Government will look upon the matter in this light.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I am, etc.,
Huntington Wilson
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 10">
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Anthony R. Carrozza, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">William D. Pawley. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 9.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><i>Haiti, 1919-1920: livre bleu d'Haäti, blue book of Hayti </i>(Klebold Press, New York). Page 29.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">"Haiti's long history of crises and its present unrest." By Martha Teichner. <i>CBS News Sunday Morning</i>, March 17, 2024 </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The History of Guantánamo Bay: 1694-1964, An Online Edition</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Chapters 3, 4, and 28. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.nsgtmo.navy.mil/gazette/History_98-64/hischp3.htm.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“William D. Pawley, Financier Dies at 80, Ex-Ambassador and Philanthropist Found Shot at Miami Beach Police </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Call Death a Suicide.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">January 8, 1977. Page 22. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12px;"><i> </i></span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11">
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Aviation: China Swashbuckler.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">September 7, 1942.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Stamford College history.” Texas State Historical Association, Handbook </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/kbs52</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Pawley v. Pawley</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, 46 So.2d 464 (Fla.1950), certiorari denied, 340 U.S. 866 (1950) [when an ex parte divorce has
been obtained in a foreign state].
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“John B. Gordon (1832-1904) biography,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New Encyclopedia of Georgia</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">.
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2805.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">CIA Biographical Data on William Douglas Pawley. February 24, 1964.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">8/1937 Postcard. To: Annie Hahr Pawley, Miami Beach. From: William Douglas Pawley in Italy. (R. 136, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Pawley </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">v. Pawley</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Supreme Court of the United States, October 1950).</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">"Mrs. William D. Pawley, 3190 Pine Tree Drive, Miami Beach, Fla., U.S.A. We came here by plane from
Milan—left Bad Nauheim yesterday by train. The minister leaves for China tomorrow. Sellett and I will see him off. We then go back to Athens, then Budapest, Vienna, Paris, London & home. The business is ok. Can't wait to see you. Love, Cuba."
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Anthony R. Carrozza, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">William D. Pawley. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 10.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Jean Edward Smith, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Lucius D. Clay: An American Life </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(New York: Henry, Holt & Company, 1950).
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Atlanta Constitution</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, August 3, 1919.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“William D. Pawley, Financier Dies at 80, Ex-Ambassador and Philanthropist Found Shot at Miami Beach; Police
Call Death a Suicide.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">January 8, 1977. Page 22.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Pawley v. Pawley</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Supreme Court of the United States, October 1950.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Annie Hahr Pawley, petitioner, retained as her solicitors W.G. Ward, D.H. Redfearn, and R.H. Ferrell out
of the Alfred I. duPont Building in Miami (now an historic landmark). They presented to the Supreme
Court the question, “When a citizen of Florida obtains an American passport, leaves his home in Florida,
flies to Cuba and remains there thirty-one days and then leaves for India, but causes a Cuban firm of
attorneys to file, several weeks after he left Cuba, a suit for divorce in Cuba against his wife in Florida, and
no process is served upon her in accordance with the laws of the state of Florida or in accordance with the
laws of Cuba, and she does not appear in the Cuban divorce case, is the judgment of the Cuban court
granting the husband a divorce entitled to recognition under the rules of international comity and has the
wife, a Florida citizen, been deprived of her marital contract and her property rights in her husband's estate
by the due process of law accorded her by the fifth and fourteenth amendments to the Constitution of the
United States?”
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Florida Case Law, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Pawley v. Pawley</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, 160 Fla. 903 (1948) October 22, 1948.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Pawley v. Pawley</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Supreme Court of Florida, en Banc., April 6, 1950. Rehearing Denied June 9, 1950
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">World Who’s Who in Commerce and Industry, 1966-67 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Marquis—Who’s Who, Chicago). Page 1015.
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">National Cyclopedia of American Biography</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Volume 60 (James T. White & Co. 1981), Page 215.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Annie-Hahr Dobbs Pawley, Letters to the Editor, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Fly Paper</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, January 15, 1945. Page 3. Embry-Riddle School of
Aviation.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Mrs. Pawley’s Plea of Illegal Divorce Fails,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, October 24, 1950. Page B9. <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>> Divorce appeal documents cited February 24, 1964.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Pawley v. Pawley</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, 46 So.2d 464 (Fla.1950), certiorari denied, 340 U.S. 866 (1950) [when an ex parte divorce has
been obtained in a foreign state].<br />
>> The Pawley divorce is still cited to argue certain points in divorce cases.
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Facts on File</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">1950. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">April 13, 1950. 46 So.2d 464, 28 A.L.R.2d 1358, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Pawley v. Pawley</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Supreme Court of
Florida, en Banc., April 6, 1950.<br />
>> Rehearing Denied June 9, 1950.
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</div><br /></div>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-72789905354045023612023-08-06T22:00:00.014-07:002023-08-27T12:49:57.908-07:002: Aviation Crusaders <div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: white;">Three </span>years after William and Annie Pawley’s wedding, his father began construction of Haiti’s “first modern hotel” on Bizoton Road in Port-au-Prince. Described as “the pride of the capital’s picturesque suburban country,” the 35-bedroom-suite hotel on Edward Porcher Pawley’s property was designed to attract guests by providing on-premises dining and dancing, a rooftop garden with views of the mountains and the bay, and access to swimming, boating, golfing, horseback riding, tennis courts and trap shooting.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">(A century later, E.P. Pawley’s tropical paradise was the “most dangerous city” on the planet with profound poverty fed by the ravages of famine, hurricanes, earthquakes, cholera, gang warfare for control of most streets, political assassinations and extreme deforestation as trees were used as a cheaper fuel alternative to gas and electricity.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">)</span></p></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">By 1926, the knowledge William had gained from his father was beginning to pay off. He was on his way to becoming a millionaire in the Florida land speculation boom.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">While many took a major financial hit three years later when the Florida real estate bubble burst, William Pawley stayed afloat, having already shifted his attention elsewhere.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In 1927, Pawley went to Puerto Rico as a Curtiss Aviation representative.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgO9OCKsIa_41Byz_EtkjJBoTh47kY_SL5wh2iBvYSDRfLR-hyffHyO99qFzxhQmLt_7MEMaHG6WOiEZitpVDx0c62RAVQiSy47Qh4bTnGDizrwUkqpnJzbgBMje09rq2pblIGFNFPirrIKnVIalm8Kv7NXSMREex6rZ45KjtcC2JcybjrKUAL2xOui2js" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="753" data-original-width="932" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgO9OCKsIa_41Byz_EtkjJBoTh47kY_SL5wh2iBvYSDRfLR-hyffHyO99qFzxhQmLt_7MEMaHG6WOiEZitpVDx0c62RAVQiSy47Qh4bTnGDizrwUkqpnJzbgBMje09rq2pblIGFNFPirrIKnVIalm8Kv7NXSMREex6rZ45KjtcC2JcybjrKUAL2xOui2js=w307-h248" width="307" /></a>It was a life-changing career move that soon returned him to Cuba. In 1929, as the stock market roared toward a collapse, Pawley and Clement Melville Keys organized Compañía Nacional Cubana de Aviacion Curtiss operating out of Havana with the intention of providing passenger service, air mail service, air taxi service, pilot training, aircraft sales and aerial photography to enhance agricultural production.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">From a corporate structure point of view, the Cuban airline’s parent company was Intercontinent Aviation, Inc. which was formed as a subsidiary of the Curtiss-Keys group of aviation companies.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span><a name='more'></a></span></span></div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Glenn Curtiss was a pioneering manufacturer of airplanes, while C.M. Keys, as he was known, was a financial whiz and visionary who surrounded himself with Wall Street financiers and became known as “the father of commercial aviation in America” which understates his aviation achievements as his investments created air travel in both North and South America, the Caribbean and China where Pawley, too, would expand his aviation interests.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7</span></span></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As an indication of how significant the Curtiss-Keys vision was at the time, a crowd of 40,000 people attended the grand opening of the airport in Fairfield, New Jersey. The power of promotion would not be lost on Pawley. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"><span></span><span></span></span></p></div><div class="column"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"><span></span>Originally named Marvin Airport for Walter Marvin, a financier who had witnessed the 1920 Wall Street anarchist bombing, </span>it opened as Curtiss-Essex Airport, part of the New York area airport, highway, rail plan to enable Americans to quickly move across the nation. It still exists today as Essex County Airport and is known by many as the airport from which John F. Kennedy, Jr. took off on his deadly flight to Martha’s Vineyard in the summer of 1999.<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8</span></div><div class="column"><p></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"><span></span>C.M. Keys had formed North American Aviation, Inc. as a holding company to control a list of prominent aircraft businesses. In addition to Curtiss-Wright, Keys had financial interests in the forerunner to Eastern Airline; in T.A.T. which evolved into TWA; Intercontinent Aviation Inc.; and the Douglas Aircraft Corporation. In 1933, General Motors bought into North American Aviation, named GM’s Ernest R. Breech president, and created two large conglomerates: General Aviation Manufacturing Corporation (comprised of Berliner-Joyce, General Aviation, and Curtiss Caproni operations) and Sperry Corporation (parent of Sperry Gyroscope Co., Ford Instrument, Curtiss-Wright Corporation, and Intercontinent Aviation) which GM spun off a few months after its formation. At the end of 1938, Pawley purchased all of Sperry’s interest in Intercontinent.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">This was the heyday of airline and airport expansion across the United States and neighboring countries sparked by Charles Lindbergh’s trans-Atlantic flight two years earlier and fueled by plane manufacturer Curtiss, which merged into Curtiss-Wright, a company that envisioned the potential of air travel, air mail delivery and the training of pilots through the Curtiss Flying Service.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On September 20, 1929, Lindberg took off from Miami with his first paid passenger, Glenn Curtiss. Their destination was Havana, Cuba where they would “confer with Cuban capitalists who are associated with the pioneer airman in the formation of a landing field in Havana and engage in commercial flying over Cuba.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Curtiss was given further publicity in January 1930 at Mitchel Field on Long Island, New York, when the Guggenheim Foundation presented President C.M. Keys with a $100,000 safety prize award to the Curtiss Tanager plane as the “best of 15 entrants”—impressing judges and observers with its fast rise to 4,000 feet of altitude, ease of operation and short, un-bumpy landing.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">That same month, thirteen hundreds to the south, Pawley sold to the Cuban government headed by President Gerardo Machado y Morales, a former Cuban general, two Curtiss Hawk P- 6 warplanes at a cost of $20,000-plus per plane.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A few weeks later, Pawley opened the new Curtiss airport near Havana with the blessing of Cuba’s President Machado and shortly thereafter the airport’s Curtiss flying school. In addition to the in-country flights, Cubana also planned a Miami-Havana route. According to Benjamin P. Davidson, a pioneering aviation editor at the </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Newark Star-Eagle, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“The administration building is said to be the most palatial airport building ever erected.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 4"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The opening day celebration on February 24, 1930, was marred by the death of two stunt pilots, Lieutenant Rolando Cabarello and Sergeant Gonzalez of the Cuban Army Flying Corps, whose plane crashed into the ground while thrilling the crowd.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the fall, Pawley took members of the Cuban press aboard a Ford Trimotor plane to traverse the island’s first passenger/mail route from Havana to Santiago with four stops on the way. The plane became a mainstay of the route and eventually of the route from Havana to Pawley’s childhood stomping grounds at Guantánamo. It also served as a trainer at the Curtiss flight school.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The original air mail service contract was for the 510-mile stretch between Havana and Santiago de Cuba on the eastern end of the island. Stops along the way brought mail into the areas of Santa Clara, Moron, Camaguey, Victoria de las Tuna, and Holguin. The daily service, except Sunday, started with 40,000 letters that arrived within just 6 hours, not the customary 30 hours mail had taken over land. Pawley’s passenger line also saved travelers time—20 hours— and the ticket cost less than the train. He stated that Compañía Cubana de Aviacion Curtiss would place the airline “service within reach of the largest number of persons, and that in the beginning he does not expect to profit on the transportation of passengers.” It was good news for business executives who traveled to the industrial centers in the provinces of Santa Clara, Camaguey and Oriente, where 112 of Cuba’s 157 operating sugar mills were situated.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Six months after the airline inauguration, when a hurricane devastated the Dominican Republic killing and injuring thousands, Pawley—at the urging of Cuban President Machado— flew 21 doctors to the Dominican Republic as well as ether, chlorine, water filters, alcohol and other supplies from Cuba, Puerto Rico and Haiti.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley stayed 10 days cementing his friendship with Rafael Leonid Trujillo who had been the country’s leader for only a few weeks.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 5"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Trujillo proved to be an “extremely able person” as Pawley later described him. And one with an ego. Trujillo rebuilt Santo Domingo and renamed it Ciudad Trujillo, after himself. Trujillo then ruled as a dictator for the next three decades. In the late 1940s, the State Department discouraged contact between Pawley and Trujillo, but a decade later Pawley flew his plane down to the Dominican Republic and became an advisor to Trujillo on rewriting petroleum and mineral mining laws with the help of a lawyer recommended by Herbert Hoover, Jr. Naturally, Pawley would profit from his ventures in these fields.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Returning to Cuba following his hurricane relief efforts, Pawley grew his aviation operation and eventually added to his wealth through the sale of Compañía Nacional Cubana de Aviacion Curtiss to Juan Trippe’s Pan American Airways which was venturing into the Latin America market and had become a threat to Pawley’s air service.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As early as July 2, 1931, fear of Pan American’s growing power was evident, but it was not publicly known until 1934, when </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">revealed some of the official memorandum used in decision making to award lucrative postal routes. A letter from Thomas B. Doe, President of Eastern Air Transport to Postmaster General Walter F. Brown mentions concerns of Trippe’s Pan American trying to grab routes from Pawley’s Cuban operations.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Five days later, the Post Office responded that it had advised air mail operators that in the current state of the aviation industry it was not wise “to invade each other’s territory” or use “money paid for postal services ... to injure competitors.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Early on Pawley took advantage of opportunities for publicity, which was characteristic of the Curtiss aviation companies. One of the best examples occurred on July 21, 1931, when James Goodwin Hall, a wealthy broker, made a record-breaking flight from New York to Havana </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">in 8 hours and 35 minutes, lopping a full six hours off one earlier non-stop flight, despite landing by mistake at Columbia Field in Havana before hopping over to Curtiss Field.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Goodwin’s yellow, blue and white plane wore the shield of The Crusaders, an anti- Prohibition organization that Hall had devoted himself to after achieving fame as a World War I flying ace. Fred G. Clark who had helped innovate rotary motor oil for aviation to replace castor oil during World War I had founded the Crusaders and grew the organization into a million-and- a-half members who wanted the consumption of alcoholic beverages to be legal again.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In 1932, the Crusaders put pressure on Congress by producing a map that showed the location of over a hundred raided speakeasies in Washington, DC, including some on government property, and scores within walking distance of the U.S. Capitol building.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The publicity photo taken for the record-breaking Crusader flight to Cuba showed the tall, lanky President of the Curtiss Aviation Company of Cuba, William Pawley, standing on the angled wing of Hall’s plane in a white suit with black and white shoes and a straw hat. Befitting the summer heat of Cuba, Pawley toasted Hall’s record with glass in hand as Hall smiled from the cockpit and “happily swallowed a cold daiquiri cocktail.” Pictured on the ground is one of Pawley’s assistants extending a large envelope to him, emphasizing the company’s role of airmail. Hall ordered a second daiquiri and then returned to New York in “seven hours fifty-five minutes” –7 1⁄2 minutes faster than his rival pilot Frank Hawks’ flying time.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Speed had great appeal to both business travelers and those taking vacations. Each record flight helped show that air travel was superior to railroad or boat journeys. But the income from air mail delivery was essential. When the Air Mail Act of 1934 made it illegal for aircraft manufacturing industries to have controlling interests in airlines, North American Aviation was forced to divest its interest in Eastern and TWA.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Great Depression also took its toll on air </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">travel, and Curtiss-Wright began selling off its airport operations that had dotted America from the New York airstrip that later became LaGuardia to Glendale, California.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: x-small;">FOOTNOTES:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Haiti Bidding for Tourists: Work Has Commenced on Her First Modern Hotel.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Nebraska State Journal, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">December 14, 1922.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span color="rgb(7.058824%, 7.058824%, 7.058824%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Haiti crisis: how did it get so bad, what is the role of gangs, and is there a way out?” </span><span color="rgb(7.058824%, 7.058824%, 7.058824%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Guardian</span><span color="rgb(7.058824%, 7.058824%, 7.058824%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, January 12, 2023. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“City On Fire: World’s most dangerous city descending into all-out WAR as machete vigilantes butcher & burn gangsters in mob justice.” By Iona Cleave. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Sun </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(UK Edition), June 19, 2023.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“William D. Pawley, Financier Dies at 80, Ex-Ambassador and Philanthropist Found Shot at Miami Beach Police Call Death a Suicide.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">January 8, 1977. Page 22.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Declassified FBI background check run on William Pawley in 1945.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">From 1927 to 1930 he was associated with Curtiss Aviation in Puerto Rico. From 1930 to 1932 he was affiliated with a Cuban aviation company and in 1933 with Inter-Continent Aircraft organization. It is reported that he has also been interested in Hindustan Aircraft, Ltd., Corp., of Bangalore, India, and with the Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company of Loiwing, China. It is believed that Mr. Pawley has severed his connections with the above mentioned organizations and it is reported that the Inter-Continent Corporation, which has been a subsidiary of Consolidated Vultee Corporation has now been taken into the corporate structure of the later organization.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Cuban Airline Formed.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, September 20, 1929. Page 20. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Aero Digest, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">December 1929.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Compañía Nacional Cubana de Aviacion Curtiss executives included: W. D. Pawley president; Dr. Pablo Carrera Justiz, executive vice president; C.I. Morton vice president; Thomas Doe, vice president; and John Sanderson, treasurer. By 1952, Dr. Pablo Carrera Justiz was Minister of Communications under Batista.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Harry Bruno, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Wings Over America </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Halcyon Press, 1944). Page 322.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Montclair’s Role in Aviation.” By David Price Cannon. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Montclair Times, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">March 25, 2004 through April 29, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">2004 (three part series). </span></p><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>> Today, after numerous name changes, Montclair's Marvin Airport is now Essex County Airport. Truer to </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Marvin's vision, pilot through the New York region find it convenient. Unfortunately, this is best attested to by the </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">ill-fated flight of John F. Kennedy, Jr. to Martha's Vineyard in July 1999.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>> See Marvinairport.blogspot.com created by David Price Cannon to coincide with publication of the newspaper series.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“The Politics of Airpower in U.S.-China Relations, 1928-1941.” Submitted by Eugenie Maechling Buchan to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. August 2013. Page 185.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Her thesis provides deep detail on Pawley’s business dealings with the Chinese which helped make him one of the wealthiest Americans during the Great Depression and thereafter.</span></p></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Undated/1938 Correspondence “Intercontinent Corporation, Plan of Reorganization.” Bruce G. Leighton Archive (United Kingdom), Folder China Misc.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Probably near the end of the year.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Just Before Lindy Left Soil” Photo Caption “Col. Lindberg and Glenn Curtis Before Hopoff From Miami.” P & A Photos 210498 New York Bureau. September 22, 1929.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“January 1930: Curtiss-Tanager Wins Safety Award. American Plane Wins $100,000 Safety Prize.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Smithsonian Magazine</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">.<br />https://www.smithsonianmag.com/videos/january-1930-curtiss-tanager-wins-safety-award/</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Video: A Guggenheim Award goes to the Curtiss-Tanager plane as best of 15 entrants in an international airplane safety contest in 1930 in Long Island. “That’s a nice piece of change to get right after Christmas. Vice President Land, of the Guggenheim Foundation, is giving the check to President Keyes of the Curtiss Company. Up she goes like a toy balloon. Now were sailing along 4,000 feet over the field. Almost a mile.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Watch this fellow rock the boat. If you tried to do that with any other plane, you’d go into a spin so fast that you’d think you were falling out of bed. No wonder they call this the safest little plane in the world. They say a child could run it and I believe them. Another great stunt is the short landing. Notice the speed he’s traveling at, but there won’t be any bump. Just nice and easy like falling into a snow pile. Location: Mitchel Field, NY; Release Date: 01/08/30 (01:08)”</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“2 Armored Planes Are Sold To Cuba.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Miami Daily News</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, January 30, 1930.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Today in Aviation.” By B.P. Davidson, Aviation Editor, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Star-Eagle</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 21, 1930.<br />>> David Pice Cannon took his first private plane flight in the 1960s with Benjamin Davidson’s grandson, Alex, at Essex County Airport in Fairfield, NJ (originally Marvin Airport).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“2 Cuban Fliers Killed at Airport Dedication: Throngs See Stunting Plane Hit the Ground at Big Curtiss Flying Field Near Havana.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 25, 1930. Page 6.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Montclair's Role in Aviation.” By David Price Cannon. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Montclair Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, March 25, 2004 through April 29, 2004.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“History of Ford Tri Motor NC8407—10/10/30.” Gene & Sue Seibel’s Electric Flying Machine website. http://pad39a.com/gene/trimotor.html</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Cuba Inaugurates Air Mail Service and Reduces Passenger Rates.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Curtiss Aero Digest.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“More Relief Going to Santo Domingo: New Photographs of Devastated Santo Domingo, Swept by Hurricane.” </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">, September 8, 1930. Page 14.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina in Oral History, Interview with William Pawley by Raymond Henle.” April 4, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">1967. Pages 30 and 31. Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">William D. Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia is Winning </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(draft manuscript). Box 2, William D. Pawley Papers, 1945-1970, .5 lf, 42. George C. Marshall Research Center, George C. Marshall Library.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina in Oral History, Interview with William Pawley by Raymond Henle,” April 4, 1967, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum. Pages 30 and 31.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Aviation: China Swashbuckler.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, September 7, 1942.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Conferences in 1930 on Vast Air Mail Network Revealed in Official Memorandum.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 15, 1934.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Thomas B. Doe, President of Eastern Air Transport letter to Postmaster General Walter F. Brown mentions he has “taken steps to prevent lines being opened between Miami and Havana, in hopes that Mr. Trippe would eventually see the wisdom of concentrating on the through business and leaving the local business to our Cuban company.” Doe later states “I am taking the liberty of enclosing a letter from W.E. Smith, receiver for Seaboard Air Line [Railway], and also letters from W.D. Pawley, president of the Cuban company, which, of course, were meant to be confidential and which I would appreciate your returning to me.”</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Fred George Clark.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The National Cyclopedia</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 336.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“A Dot Map of Washington on Record of Metropolitan Police Department Liquor Raids During 1931.” Drawn by</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Mitchell Studio. Executed by The Crusaders 1932.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“‘Here’s How’—As Hall Breaks New York-Havana Record,” Associated Press Photo from New York, July 31, 1931.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Above The Crusaders’ logo on the plane were the words “Help End Prohibition.” Two addresses were listed: 100 East 42</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">nd </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Street, New York and 415 Merritt Building, Los Angeles.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“For Drinking.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, July 27, 1931.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Miss Boll, In Tears, Finds Herself Left; Can't Understand It, She Tells The Times, Because She Expected to Be First. Thought Stultz Her Pilot ‘I Depended on Him,’ She Says, ‘and Now He Has Taken Off With Another Woman.’” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, June 4, 1928. Page 2.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Mabel Boll, who was known to wear up to $400,000 in diamonds in public, was the first women passenger to make a non-stop flight to Cuba in the </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Columbia</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, with Wilmer Stultz. Ironically, Stultz died in 1929, in a crash reportedly after drinking alcohol. His death set off a move against airport speakeasies that ended with the repeal of Prohibition. It was later determined Stultz wasn’t drinking.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Alcohol Is Found in Brain of Stultz; Dr. Gettler Reports Evidence That Pilot on Fatal Flight Had Been Drinking. Officials Push Inquiry Witnesses of Accident Tell Federal Inspectors of Seeing Struggle in Plane.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, July 6, 1929. Page 15.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Finds No Evidence of Stultz Drinking; Coroner Holds Pilot Was in Perfect Control of Plane Just Before Crash. Blames Jammed Control; Two Who Saw Aviator Just Before He Took Off Say He Was Sober – Edwards Scouts Finding.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, July 17, 1929.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Aeronautical engineer James H. “Dutch” Kindelberger took over management along with his friend, John Leland “Lee” Atwood who joined as vice president, according to North American NA-73, last revised August 29, 1999. http://home.att.net/~jbaugher1/p51_1.html [Citing multiple sources]</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Montclair's Role in Aviation.” By David Price Cannon. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Montclair Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, March 25, 2004 through April 29, 2004.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-51028947505453990332009-12-12T15:05:00.025-08:002023-09-17T08:04:36.285-07:003: The "I" of The Flying Tigers<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Recognizing that other parts of the globe could use air service, C.M. Keys turned his sights on
Asia. Curtiss-Wright Corporation in partnership with the Chinese formed China National
Aviation Corporation (CNAC) for travel between Hong Kong and Shanghai. This took on a
significant role in the history of modern China and William Douglas Pawley, who saw the
opportunity to sell warplanes not just in the Western Hemisphere, but to expand the military-industrial market into the Eastern Hemisphere as well. By the time he was through in China he
had racked up tens of millions of dollars in aircraft sales; his first commission of $250,000 in
1940</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">is equivalent of $5 million in 2023.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">With solid experience in Cuban aviation under his wings, Pawley was called upon by
Curtiss-Wright to determine why CNAC was losing money. Ever looking for opportunities to
enrich himself, he envisioned constructing an aircraft factory in China and building demand for
more planes—and sales commissions for himself—by developing new routes in China as he had
done in Cuba. He sailed to Shanghai in January 1933 to negotiate the factory proposal with the
Nationalist government, but Thomas Morgan, President of Curtiss-Wright, took charge of
negotiations, and the contract was signed for Juan Trippe’s Pan American on April 1</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">st</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2
</span></p>
<p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiCvOoy9k4iWZUJ3G28v02kmWGPLZmZsRZIPZxhCMdP9K0nzfetmidhs2t1ERf8XpY042wlmgizRivNhf9BF4MRteM1b_Dl_1gKCVxOZx9GLcmhLrzPhlJVp6poOc_NAhFdzg03vLDkCnRpSyRkI2bemKbTA44FqevpDPUjwIE4ADyo3Gbmwxj91dU2mKs" style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1349" data-original-width="2331" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiCvOoy9k4iWZUJ3G28v02kmWGPLZmZsRZIPZxhCMdP9K0nzfetmidhs2t1ERf8XpY042wlmgizRivNhf9BF4MRteM1b_Dl_1gKCVxOZx9GLcmhLrzPhlJVp6poOc_NAhFdzg03vLDkCnRpSyRkI2bemKbTA44FqevpDPUjwIE4ADyo3Gbmwxj91dU2mKs=w307-h176" width="307" /></a><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">All was not lost. Despite Trippe’s success in acquiring China Airways, Pawley had made
important connections that would blossom into greater wealth and fame through unanticipated
world events. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In 1935, Pawley hosted a reception honoring the Chinese Minister of Aviation, General
Mao Pang-chu (aka General Mow) and members of his staff during the Miami Air Races. The
Chinese group was wrapping up a global tour to learn about “air methods.” Their earlier visit to </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Russia, was followed by the group being guests of Adolph Hitler in Germany and Benito
Mussolini in Italy, then they proceeded to France and England. Arriving in Miami, they were
graciously hosted by Pawley at a reception held in the palm gardens of the Roney Plaza Hotel,
attended by some 300 guests.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Among the people Pawley introduced Mow to was pilot Claire Chennault, an older-looking contemporary, whom Pawley recruited to train Chinese pilots. <span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Chennault had been a
married schoolteacher and a principal in Louisiana, but his academic career was derailed when
he impregnated a 17-year-old student, convinced his brother Bill to marry her, then ran off with
her to Wisconsin. By crossing state lines, Claire Chennault was in violation of white slavery law
and brought to trial. Although guilty as charged, the trial was held in the wrong jurisdiction
negating the outcome. Two years later, World War I put Chennault on a new course, learning to
fly in the Army Air Service. He was trained by Ernest Allison who later became chief of
operations for China National Aviation Corporation. After World War I, Chennault graduated
from pursuit pilot training and eventually became Chief of Pursuit Section at the Air Corps
Tactical School. In Miami, Chennault so impressed the Chinese that two years later he became
an aviation advisor to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek as war broke out between China and
Japan.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As the Japanese menace grew and the communist civil war expanded, Pawley would
organize a fighting force with Chennault that would muster a group of volunteer American pilots
in 1941 to help the Generalissimo’s Nationalist Chinese forces, the </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Kuomintang (KMT), </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">fight
the invading Japanese.</span></p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The pilots became legendary as the American Volunteer Group (AVG) Flying Tigers.
<span></span>Their planes flew the dangerous route over the towering Himalayas “Hump” to keep supplies for </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Chiang’s KMT flowing along the 800-mile dirt Burma Road linking Lashio, Burma and
Kunming, China. The AVG pilots were trained to fly during miserable conditions when fog, rain
and cloud cover would help them be obscured from Japanese Zeros, but it also exposed them to
the hazards of icing as well as the dangers of flying with primitive radio direction finders and at
high altitudes in unpressurized cabins. After building Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company
(CAMCO) plane factories in China, William Pawley eventually established one in India that he
managed with the assistance of his brothers, Edward, Eugene and Wallace.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5<span></span></span></span></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Amid helping the Nationalists, William Pawley was struck with a personal loss. On July
2, 1937, the same day that Amelia Earhart disappeared while attempting to circumnavigate the
globe, Edward Porcher Pawley, 72, suffered a heart attack during a visit to his globe-hopping
son’s Miami home. His obituary revealed that the senior Pawley had been born in Florence,
South Carolina, into the family that gave its name to Pawleys Island. </span></p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Edward Porcher Pawley had sold supplies to
sailors with the Atlantic Fleet in Guantánamo, became a consul to Cuba, and then presided over a
trading company bearing his own name in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Edward’s son, Eugene, who had
been born in Cuba, worked with him in Haiti. In addition to William and Eugene, the senior
Pawley was survived by his wife and two other sons, Edward P. Pawley, Jr. of Buffalo, N.Y. and
Wallace Pawley of St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. At the time of Edward’s death, the Florence
newspaper described William as “an airline official and once president of the national aviation
system” of Cuba.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6
</span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">William’s father died a few months before </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">reported that hearings of
a House of Representatives committee disclosed that while most Americans were suffering
financially However, William Douglas Pawley had earned $156,087 which placed him ahead of </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">the president of Coca Cola in the “Highest Salaries Paid in America” but well behind the half-
million dollars earned by the highest paid executive, Alfred Sloan of General Motors.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In 1938, William had bought Intercontinent in its entirety and made his brother, Edward,
vice president. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><span></span></span></p>The following year Mamie Porrit became Intercontinent’s secretary in Loiwing,
China where Wallace seemed to be in charge. She was not impressed with the Pawley brothers.
In a letter to a friend, she described Edward in Rangoon, Burma as being no “heavyweight when
he weighs his gray matter and ... as lazy as Wallace” who ran up thousands of dollars in
gambling debts that William covered. Eugene “is the dumbest of the lot.”<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">To the contrary, an
FBI background check the following year revealed that Eugene not only worked with his brother
in China but “spent World War II in the Office of Strategic Services in Washington, D.C. as head
of the China desk.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9
</span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Overtly Eugene was known as Intercontinent’s head of sales who had lived through the
Japanese siege and occupation of Hong Kong. While in that occupied territory Eugene saw a
“most bizarre” horse-racing competition at the Happy Valley Racecourse. According to Eugene,
the Japanese jockeys were so inept that they put in charge of the competition the besieged
Chinese jockeys along with a knowledgeable English rider. Naturally, with the enemy running
the races the Japanese never won.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Chennault and Pawley were not always working as a cohesive unit. At one point, when
Chiang ordered an $8.8 million U.S.-built fleet of planes from Pat Patterson, Chennault
negotiated the contract, but Pawley sabotaged the deal, and in the process bankrupted Seversky,
which would have built more than fifty P-35s.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In another incident, in the spring of 1941,
Pawley almost stopped a shipment of Curtiss-Wright Tomahawks equipped with Allison engines
from General Motors because he wanted a $450,000 commission, which Curtiss-Wright </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">considered exorbitant. On April 1, Secretary of the Treasury Morgenthau pressured Pawley to
withdraw the demand “in exchange for $250,000 to be paid by the Chinese, plus a contract to
assemble the planes in Burma.” Two weeks later, Pawley and T.V. Soong created an enterprise
for fighter squadron training.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 5"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">William Pawley later testified before a Congressional committee that he organized the
Flying Tigers and he employed, at the request of the Chinese, Claire Chennault, the individual
often credited as being the founder. Pawley stated, “I owned the company that was used for that
purpose. I was the only stockholder and president of the company and Mr. Roosevelt thought
that media was a good one to use because the employment of pilots and mechanics had to be
done under cover, and I provided the cover.”</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Chiangs wanted Pawley to replace the Soviet volunteer pilots with U.S. pilots. Ex-
Navy Captain Bruce Leighton, who worked as a vice president of Pawley’s personal holding
company, Intercontinent, pressured Admiral Harold Stark, Chief of Naval Operations, to give
Chiang Kai-shek “an air force of 100 fighters, 100 bombers, and 50 pilots, who would be
supplemented by the cadets Chennault had trained in Kunming. The Pawley family would handle
the entire affair as a commercial enterprise,” not as U.S. government intervention.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The U.S. State Department’s official history reveals that with FDR’s blessing “the State,
War, and Navy Departments approved a nonprofit contract between a corporation formed by
Pawley and representatives of the Chinese government, by which the former was to organize and
supply an American Volunteer Group to China. Acting as supervisor was Chennault. With Army
and Navy sanction, Pawley and his associates visited government air bases throughout the United
States, offering good pay, adventure, and a hint of bonuses for men who would sign up. The lure
was irresistible, and the first pilot contingent of a total of 101 volunteers, sixty-three of whom </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">were from the Navy, arrived in late July in the Far East, where they were to fly 100 P-</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">40s released by the United States to China. The British did their part to aid this enterprise by
agreeing to make available in Burma training facilities for the group, soon to be christened the
‘Flying Tigers.’ A call soon went out for a second volunteer group shortly before Pearl Harbor,
and ground personnel for this group were en route to China when war began.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Nonetheless, China was receiving significant financial support although only a fraction of
what T.V. Soong had requested from Henry Morgenthau, Roosevelt’s treasury secretary. Soong
said the money was needed for currency stabilization and Burma Road improvements, as well as
to buy hundreds of fighter planes and light bombers. When Chiang later requested additional aid
in the amount of up to $300 million, he received only $100 million from Morgenthau.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">At the time, there were Americans whose prejudices were reinforced by the “science” of
eugenics and consequently felt Japanese killing Chinese yellow men was less important in the
global arena than German’s waging war against the white nations of Europe. Michael Beschloss,
in </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The Conquerors, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">has also raised the specter that Morgenthau’s assistant, Harry Dexter White,
who was a secret Soviet spy, may have influenced the reduction in support to the Chiang’s
Nationalists because the Soviets favored the Chinese Communists.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On February 1, 1941, while Pawley, Leighton and Chennault were touring aircraft
factories in Southern California, their plane sputtered from iced up carburetors. When Pawley
asserted that they may crash, Chennault voiced his disdain for Pawley by saying he would not
want his body found alongside Pawley’s in the wreckage. Fortunately, the plane reached San
Francisco, and Chennault caught the Clipper for Hong Kong and a CNAC Douglas transport
home.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
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<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On April 15, 1941, President Roosevelt penned an executive order allowing pilots in the
Navy, Marine Corps, and Army Air Corps to sign one-year contracts with Pawley’s CAMCO in
China, without losing rank when they rejoined the military. To recruit the Flying Tigers’ pilots
and mechanics, Pawley’s youngest brother, Eugene, ran ads in the </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Los Angeles Times </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">seeking
aviation people for overseas work. The potential recruits then viewed a slide show of the Burma
countryside.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17
</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Among those who volunteered was Gregory “Pappy” Boyington. He resigned his Marine
Corps commission on August 26, 1941 to join CAMCO in protecting the Burma Road which
stretched for over 700 miles through China. During his months with the Flying Tigers, he
became a squadron commander, flying 300 combat hours and downing six Japanese planes
before the AVG disbanded. Returning to the Marines, he would eventually destroy 22 more
Japanese aircraft, get shot down, captured, held as a prisoner of war for 20 months, be freed and
then receive the Medal of Honor.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Not all recruits were of the caliber of Boyington. In November of 1941, Chennault, as
commander of the AVG, fired off a letter to both CAMCO in New York and T.V. Soong,
criticizing the quality of Pawley’s CAMCO “trained” recruits. He wanted the timid and
incompetent weeded out so </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">AVG would stop wasting money and valuable equipment</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="background-color: white;">Those who did pass muster were extraordinary, like Boyington, whom Chennault praised in his book, Way of the Fighter. While bloodied over China, the AVG pilots in air battles over Rangoon for 10 weeks showed their intense strength. This tiny force faced over a thousand Japanese aircraft over Southern Burma and Thailand and destroyed more then ten times the number of planes the Flying Tigers lost.<span style="font-size: xx-small;">20</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="background-color: white;">The planes flown by the Flying Tigers were highly recognizable because their P-40s had distinctive tigershark-teeth markings while under contract to the government of Chiang Kai-shek.<span style="font-size: xx-small;">21</span></span></span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In 2013, the CIA finally declassified a November 1941 report on “The Situation in the
Far East” by George Acheson, Jr., Assistant Chief of the Division of Far East Affairs, United
States Department of State. The report was sent to Col. William J. Donovan, Coordinator of
Information, Apex Building, Washington, DC. The observations were presented just weeks
before Japan attacked American ships at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which forced the
U.S. into World War II.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Included in the report was a section by Edgar Ansel Mowrer, a reporter who won a 1933
Pulitzer Prize for his coverage of the rise of Adolph Hitler in Germany. Pressured to leave
Germany, Mowrer turned his attention to China and was asked to provide insights on
establishing a U.S. intelligence infrastructure in the Far East. On October 30, 1941 he traveled
150 miles north of Rangoon and met with Joseph Alsop, a Washington columnist who was
serving as secretary to Col. Chennault of the “First Group of American Volunteer Aviators.”
Mowrer reported that while many of the pilots were well-paid and in high spirits, ten had
deserted. Col. Chennault complained about the competency of his staff officers, the lack of
adequate supplies and voiced concerned his P-40 planes weren’t as good in fighting power as
Japanese Zero planes which had “far superior climbing power and ceiling.” Mowrer noted,
“Coming from a man of Chennault’s dogged courage and determination to succeed, such
complaints betrayed an underlying pessimism.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Ironically, the training supervisors, including Chennault, were considered “too old and
inexperienced to have mastered” the P-40, and Joseph Alsop “had never even flown a plane.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Later Mowrer traveled to pick the brains of the Pawley brothers “who assemble aircraft
for China.” Their scheme to lighten Burma Road traffic by establishing “a regular freight airline
from Rangoon (or better still, from Lashio) to Kunming” seemed both “feasible and economical”
however “the necessary planes were still lacking when I talked to Mr. Pawley in Rangoon.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">When Edgar Ansel Mowrer gave his final report on the Far East to William Donovan in
1941, he had noted that the people of Burma despised the British and Chinese equally and half of
them hoped Japan would defeat China.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The report recipient, Col. William J. Donovan, Coordinator of Information, would soon
lead the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) intelligence agency that evolved into the Central
Intelligence Agency after World War II ended.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Part of his effort was to gather intelligence; part
was to disseminate deception that would undermine the enemy and boost U.S. troop morale. The
Morale Operations black propaganda unit was made up of writers and artists who could create
believable lies in the form of news stories, documents, radio messages, postcards. One of them
targeting the Japanese was twenty-eight-year-old reporter Elizabeth “Betty” McIntosh who was
so beguiling and adept at deception she would eventually work for the CIA in a similar capacity
until retiring in 1973 some dozen months after Watergate burglar E. Howard Hunt requested her
assistance.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Chiang Kai-Shek’s Nationalist air force was headed by the Generalissimo’s second wife,
who also was in charge of propaganda for the KMT. Madame Chiang was Soong Mei-ling, one
of the three Soong sisters, daughters of a Vanderbilt University educated man who returned to
China as a Methodist minister in 1886 and made his fortune printing and selling Bibles to the
Chinese as they were converted to Christianity by missionaries. Each daughter is said to have </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">married for a specific reason—Soong Mei-ling for power; Ail-ling for money; and Quin-ling for
love of China.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Ai-ling, the oldest sister, married a descendant of Confucius and one of China’s richest
bankers, Dr. H.H. Kung, whom Pawley had befriended along with Kung’s brother-in-law,
Chiang Kai-shek.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Quin-ling wed physician, philosopher Sun Yat-sen, the first person to head the Chinese
republic after overthrowing the Qing dynasty in 1911. Upon Sun’s death in 1925, she threw her
support to the communist Mao Tse-tung who fought a protracted civil war against Chiang’s
KMT beginning in 1927. With the financial backing of the Soviet Union’s communist leader
Joseph Stalin, Mao eventually drove Quin-ling’s sister and brother-in-law out of power and into
exile on Taiwan in 1949, where the Chiangs ruled for 25 years.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The brother of the three sisters was T.V. Soong who served as </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Chiang Kai-shek’s finance
minister, foreign minister, premier, and leader of the China lobby that traveled to Washington,
D.C. to get American financial support for the Flying Tigers to defend China from the Japanese.
Soong grew into one of the world’s richest men by the end of World War II.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">At T.V. Soong’s home in Chevy Chase, Maryland, Chennault and others had formulated
a strategy for intensive lobbying of the White House for more warplane production. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Thomas
Corcoran, a member of the Roosevelt administration, became a close ally of the China Lobby for
years to come perhaps, smitten with the Dragon Lady. At the same time, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Chennault warned army
chief of staff, General George C. Marshall, about the superiority of the Mitsubishi. Marshall
shared his concern, but few others paid attention. Among those who ignored his alarm were
commanders at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii who would learn a painful truth when the U.S. Naval
Base in paradise was struck by a Japanese sneak attack.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
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<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Like her sisters, Madame Chiang was American educated and graduated Wellesley (Class
of 1917, with honors). Her command of the English language, charm and beauty easily
influenced Americans when lobbying on behalf of her husband’s troops. Massachusetts
Governor Leverett Saltonstall considered her the world’s most charming woman and she ranked
among the most admired women 17 times in Gallup polls. The Generalissimo and Madame
Chiang— leaders of the world’s most populous country—were named 1937’s “Man and Woman
of the Year” by </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">magazine whose publisher, Henry Luce, had been born in China to
Presbyterian missionaries.
</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Madame Chiang’s dark side included the fact that as Secretary General of the Chinese
Commission on Aeronautical Affairs, she had some of her Chinese Air Ministry shot to death,
suspecting them of thievery. Her impulsive desires to treat enemies ruthlessly were not limited to
Chinese targets. While staying at the White House, the “Dragon Lady,” as Madame Chiang
became known, indicated to President Franklin Roosevelt’s wife, Eleanor, that she would have
slit the throat of John L. Lewis, who had unionized U.S. Steel workers. Coincidentally, Lewis
was considered the runner-up in 1937 as </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">’s “Man of the Year.” Mrs. Roosevelt concluded
that Madame Chiang knew nothing about democracy, though often claiming to be for it, and
President Truman would eventually call her family thieves.
</span></p>
<p>
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<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Before that, however, Madame Chiang made history addressing a 1943 joint session of
Congress pleading for financial support of the Chiangs in their fight against Japan. Six decades
before the advanced U.S. Air Force attempted surgical bombings on Afghanistan, Iraq and
Pakistan, Madame Chiang declared to the U.S. press that her air force could bomb Tokyo
without hurting women and </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">children.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">29</span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
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<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">With Chinese financing, Pawley built the $4 million CAMCO plant at Loiwing in
Yunnan province, placed his youngest brother Wallace in charge and produced over $5 million
in aircraft assemblies. Partially owned by Pawley, CAMCO was headquartered at 30 Rockefeller
Plaza in New York City where the annual Christmas tree lighting takes place. One of CAMCO’s
contracts was for “55 Mohawk fighters, 75 Vultee attack planes, and 33 CW-21 Demon
interceptors—Pawley’s latest export marvel, a warplane derived from a Curtiss racer,” according
to Flying Tigers expert Daniel Ford, whose book by the same name fully details this period.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On December 20, 1938 newspapers in America carried a report that Edward Pawley of
Shanghai had testified before a federal grand jury looking into an attempted illegal sale of
2,000,000 outmoded Lee-Enfield rifles to China, which Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek turned
down. Edward Pawley told the grand jury that individuals could not get licenses to export rifles
but that a corporation could. The grand jury found that the scheme had been concocted by Philip
Musica (aka F. Donald Coster) president of the 105-year-old McKesson & Bobbins drug firm.
Exposed as a master swindler who used a fictitious department to hide $18 million worth of
illicit alcohol and gun-running activities, Musica chose suicide.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On October 26, 1940, Japanese Mitsubishi’s destroyed the new CAMCO factory and
dozens of planes at Loiwing. Pawley salvaged the machinery and aircraft assemblies and shipped
them to Bangalore in India. There he established Hindustan Aircraft Ltd., chaired by Sir John
Higgins, for building planes for the Royal Air Force and perhaps selling to the RAF some of
Chiang’s Mohawks and Vultees, according to Daniel Ford. Pawley was grateful for being able to
outsource manufacturing to India and worked with the Indian Institute of Science to establish a
Department of Aeronautical Engineering and funded scholarships programs.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The mercenary American Volunteer Group was disbanded on July 4, 1942, when the U.S.
Army Air Force entered their arena. Many of the Flying Tiger pilots joined CNAC and flew
unarmed C-47 transports. Over the next three years, CNAC crews made more than 38,000 trips
over the Hump. Many were lost in the treacherous weather and to marauding Japanese planes.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s namesake son was among the pilots who successfully traversed the Hump many times
in 1944.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">34
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Three weeks after the AVG disbandment, William Pawley executed his scheme to
divorce Annie Pawley, the mother of his pilot son, by taking up residency in a Havana, Cuba
hotel before flying to India.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">35
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Henry Luce’s </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">magazine found Pawley’s travels between Miami and the China-
Burma-India theater worth noting and devoted an article in its September 7, 1942, issue to the
virtually unknown “China Swashbuckler ... a mystery man of U.S. aviation ... who has
concocted one big international aviation deal after another ... usually at a profit.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">36
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Earlier, on April 11, 1942, Clare Boothe Luce had taken photos of Pawley’s aircraft
manufacturing plant at Kunming for the July 20, 1942 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Life </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">magazine while she was traveling
throughout the world as an observant critic.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">37
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Colonel William J. Donovan, head of the Office of Strategic Services in Washington, DC
had been made aware of Luce’s skill as a critic in a 1941 letter from Wallie (Wallace) Deuel on
letterhead of the OSS New York City Office at 630 Fifth Avenue. “You may have heard already
about Mrs. Luce’s campaign of political warfare in respect of the British Empire, but it’s so
interesting and so relevant to our operations that I am taking a chance of boring you with a
repetition.” While in the Middle East, she interviewed “Auchinleck, among others, and obtained
from him some extremely important and previously confidential information. According to one </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">account she even learned the date on which the British offensive in North Africa would take
place. She wrote this information down in her notebooks, she also inscribed her opinion of
Auchinleck and of the British Administration in that part of the world and elsewhere, all of this
in extremely uncomplimentary terms.” After her notebook was seized by the British officials in
Trinidad and sent to perhaps Churchill himself, Auchinleck was disciplined, and Luce spoke off-
the-record at the Overseas Press Club providing “a very strongly anti-British Empire position”
and let it be known that she felt the Suez Canal should be turned over to the Egyptians” and the
Panama Canal should be in Panama’s hands.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">38 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Clare Boothe Luce was becoming an international
force to be taken seriously.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In May 1942, Luce addressed a meeting of the J.I.C. of the Coordinator of Information
office run by Donovan. She “traveled to the Middle and Far East via the Trans African ferry
route, visiting Burma, India, and the Middle East. She had extensive opportunities for formal and
informal conversation with the major military and political figures, as well as various airmen,
soldiers, and political figures.” Madame Chiang expressed to Luce “great bitterness” at the
British who were not cooperating with General Stillwell’s Chinese forces. Luce arrived in
Mandalay shortly after the Japanese killed five thousand people in bombing raids. She did not
believe the Japanese would invade China or India and “would move against Russia before June
of this year.” As for the Flying Tigers, she hoped they would be disbanded and their “experience
in fighting Japanese planes would be transferred to American pilots in training, especially at
Karchi ... She felt neither the AVG nor General Stillwell should return to China, despite their
obvious value” and General Stillwell’s “comradeship with the Chinese and his willingness to
share the front-line dangers and hardships.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The report on her observations was prepared by Walter W. Rostow, who decades later
would be President John Fitzgerald Kennedy’s Director of Policy Planning and President Lyndon
Baines Johnson’s National Security Advisor.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">39 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">(During John F. Kennedy’s presidency, Wallace
Deuel, who had brought Luce to Donovan’s attention, would be the CIA employee asked to write
a report on the Bay of Pigs fiasco for the CIA’s Lyman Kirkpatrick. His report relied primarily
on input from Grayston Lynch whose activities under Theodore Shackley at the CIA’s
JMWAVE station in Miami included 100 raids on Cuba.)</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">40
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">People across America would learn about Pawley’s entrepreneurship in India when his
Hindustan Aircraft facility was unveiled in the spring of 1943 on the pages of </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Life. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The morale
boosting article detailed how the “mystery man who agitated the famous Flying Tigers into
existence” had moved his seven-year-old plant near the Burma border to India’s progressive
Mysore state after Japanese had bombed his China factory. In addition to a portrait of William D.
Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Life </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">included a photo showing the “</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">23-year-old Maharajah of Mysore, President
William Pawley and Board Chairman Sir John Higgins, ex-Air Vice Marshal. In next group
come E.P. Pawley and the Prime Minister of Mysore.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">”41
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">For Pawley, the Flying Tigers episode of his life was one of the most important,
demonstrating the power of air warfare while uniting him and his brothers</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">42 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">in a venture that
required trust and complex coordination. At the time, Pawley believed his creation of the Flying
Tigers was his greatest accomplishment because it “kept China in the war.” He told </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">,
“‘Unquestionably I have been one of the prime contributors to China’s defense.’”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">43
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The outsourcing from the United States of aircraft manufacturing also gave Pawley
global contacts and respect. While in India, he, Lyle C. McCarty, and Sir John Higgins,
Chairman of the Board of Directors of Hindustan Aircraft, Ltd. (HAL), provided advice and help </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">to develop the Indian Institute of Science Department of Aeronautical Engineering which started
functioning in 1942. Initially it was geared to the expansion of Pawley’s HAL plant in
Bangalore. To nurture brilliant Indian students, Pawley offered the best student a $3,000
scholarship (later upped to $5,000) for use at an American college.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">44</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">CAMCO’s profit was estimated at upwards of a million dollars a year on $30,000,000 in
plane sales to China and repairs. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">traced Pawley’s venture from Shanghai to Hankow to a
million-dollar factory in Lowing and then to a three-million-dollar plant that the government of
India built for Pawley in Bangalore in 1940. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">also marveled at how Pawley helped tout the
Flying Tigers for two years starting in 1939 and with typical “luck” had 100 American Volunteer
Group flyers already in China to wage war against the Japanese after the surprise bombing of the
U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor that resulted in thousands of deaths in December 1941.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">45
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">By the summer of 1942, Pawley owned a 20-room home in Miami and had established
Intercontinent Aircraft Corp. which quickly became Florida’s biggest war plant before he sold it
to Vultee Aircraft. While Pawley ran Intercontinent Corporation from 1942 to 1944, George B.
Arnold, was the general manager and a vice president of the aircraft parts company, positions he
previously held in the mid-30s at CAMCO in China before being put on loan as a consultant to
the Curtiss-Wright Buffalo plant in 1938. He also worked in Bangalore, India before joining
Intercontinent.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">46
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In August 1942, Pawley departed for a year to his Bangalore plant. Some 5,000 native
laborers were employed there along with 35 U.S. supervisors. They turned “out three kinds of
planes (engines are imported) and one glider model” and kept “the R.A.F., the Indian Air Force,
the U.S. Fleet’s air arm and the Chinese Air Force in repair.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">47</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Despite what appeared to be a schedule without time to spare, Pawley took his secretary
Edna Earle Cadenhead as his second bride on June 30, 1943. She, too, was far from home—the
daughter of James Franklin Cadenhead of Tulsa, Oklahoma.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">48
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley also would take advantage of his time and connections in India to build an
ammonium-sulfate plant in Travancore in 1944.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">49
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the same year, two Office of Special Operations cables were sent from the cable desk
in L Building in Washington, D.C. referring to Pawley. A September Cable 21503 to Kunming
was “in regard to equipment” and noted that “Pawley is stated to have a complete record of all
material left in Rosslyn for the Tolstoy Project.” It doesn’t reveal which Pawley brother, and the
December Cable 29740 “was a request from Macao Calcutta for the travel status of one Pawley
fnu” (first name unknown).</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">50
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Rosslyn, Virginia was the location of fascinating projects. </span><span color="rgb(15.686280%, 15.686280%, 15.686280%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The black propaganda OSS
Morale Operations Branch distributed from there a million counterfeit notes printed in
Washington, D.C. “The notes were flown to the Philippines in December of 1943 and
distributed to six different guerrilla groups”</span><span color="rgb(15.686280%, 15.686280%, 15.686280%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">51 </span><span color="rgb(15.686280%, 15.686280%, 15.686280%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">fighting the Japanese.
</span></p>
<p><span color="rgb(15.686280%, 15.686280%, 15.686280%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s Tolstoy Project probably refers to the grandson of </span><span color="rgb(15.686280%, 15.686280%, 15.686280%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">War and Peace </span><span color="rgb(15.686280%, 15.686280%, 15.686280%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Russian
novelist Leo Tolstoy—Count Ilia Tolstoy—</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">an émigré </span><span color="rgb(15.686280%, 15.686280%, 15.686280%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">who became an OSS officer in charge of
the strategic Himalayan country of Tibet where he was sent on a mission to curry favor from the
ten-year-old Dalai Lama. Ilia gave the adolescent a gold Patek Phillipe chronograph pocket
watch from President Roosevelt, and then the young leader asked for a favor: could America
supply a long-range radio transmitter to communicate to fellow Tibetans. The OSS was ready to
provide it, but some in the U.S. State Department felt it might anger Chiang Kai-Shek’s army
which was considering occupying Tibet. Chiang’s Nationalists considered regions of Tibet to be </span><span style="color: #282828; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">part of the Chinese Empire, and the United States tried to avoid officially recognizing Tibet as an
independent nation. The radio transmitter eventually arrived in November 1943—fourteen
months after the Dalai Lama’s request. The Chinese were not happy.</span><span style="color: #282828; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">52</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span color="rgb(15.686280%, 15.686280%, 15.686280%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">William Pawley’s role was probably providing air transport of the radio transmission
equipment to India but maybe not all the way into Tibet because the Tibetan government,
according to Tolstoy, considered “</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">‘motor vehicles as modern and anti-Tibetan.’” Pawley’s
aircraft no doubt would fall into the same category.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">53
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Rosslyn and Ilia Tolstoy also were involved in arming Tibetans to fight the Chinese if
they invaded the country. American gun manufacturers such as Smith & Wesson and Colt sent
shipments of their weapons for OSS projects to the U.S. Navy Fowler Building in Rosslyn,
Virginia.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">54
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In a 1944 letter to the editor of </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, Melvin Hildreth, a Democratic
national committeeman, complained that </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The Times Magazine</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">’s tribute to Major General
Chennault did not also praise William D. Pawley, “the energetic and patriotic American who, as
early as 1937, emphasized the importance of defending the Burma Road.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">55
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Burma would serve as a training ground for others who caught covert-operation fever.
One of them was Ross L. Crozier, who, like Pawley, would have a role in the 1954 Guatemala
coup and work with the anti-Castro DRE in 1963.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">56
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">But first Pawley’s path would take him to the horse country of Virginia. The </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Washington
Post </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">on April 22, 1944, reported that Pawley, “well-known figure in American aircraft exporting
has purchased Belvoir, estate of the late Fairfax Harrison” at Warrenton, Virginia, placing him
close to the center of political power.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">57</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 19">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">By December 1944, Pawley was being considered for OSS security clearance.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">58 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Seven
months later President Truman named Pawley as Ambassador to Peru and the following year as
Ambassador to Brazil where Pawley focused his attention on improving relations with the United
States and preventing communism from spreading to South America. In an earlier letter to the
President, Pawley had urged that a joint effort be made by Truman and Churchill to get “a
commitment from Stalin at Potsdam to cease and desist Soviet subversive activities in the
Americas.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">59
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">During Pawley’s Ambassadorships, President Truman honored his service in China by
presenting Pawley with the Medal of Merit, a military medal bestowed on civilians. The citation
read:</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">WILLIAM DOUGLAS PAWLEY, for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the
performance of outstanding services to the United Nations. Mr. Pawley, with keen
foresight, urged the strategic importance of defending the Burma Road as early as 1937.
Through his indomitable will and perseverance, such defense was made possible. His
initiative provided the means of action in the air which proved an important factor in
preserving the Republic of China. Mr. Pawley accepted the responsibility for
employment of the American Volunteer Group (The Flying Tigers), and through his
untiring efforts this splendid company of volunteers was assembled and transported to
China. When air action proved impossible because of damaged planes, without hesitation
he assumed leadership and at great personal risk brought from other fronts the needed
materiel. In spite of danger, he joined them in the field, and by procuring necessary
supplies and providing maintenance and repairs made possible the heroic resistance </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">which the American Volunteer Group offered in defense of Rangoon. His courage and
fighting spirit are in keeping with the finest traditions.</span></i><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">60</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Despite his triumph in China, Pawley was tormented. Decades later, when he wrote his
autobiography, he reflected that 1935 was the year “that I first began to feel a growing alarm at
the threat of world communism ... the subject of this book [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">].”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">61
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the post-war years, CNAC saw its routes dwindle as the Communists took power. In
1946, Lt. Gen. Chennault and Whiting Willauer using surplus planes and former Flying Tiger
pilots formed Civil Air Transport (CAT) to support Chiang Kai-shek. After his defeat, CAT
evacuated Nationalists from their mainland homes to the island of Taiwan in 1949. Soon
thereafter, the CIA took control of CAT and began supporting the colonial French against
Communists seeking to independence for Vietnam. CAT flew clandestine missions in the
surrounding countries and the CIA eventually established Air America and Air Asia.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">62 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“The
theory of the acquisition of Air America in 1949 was denial of assets to the Red Chinese.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">63
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As for Pawley and Chennault, their Flying Tigers relationship had hit turbulence years
earlier. Together they had negotiated with the British—who had long controlled Burma—to set
up the aircraft operations there. Later in 1940, Chennault visited Pawley’s repair facility on the
Burma border and found it operating at excellent levels in a climate that was so unfriendly that
Pawley not only had to deal with keeping operations going in the heat and humidity, but also had
to bring in five doctors to fight bubonic plague. Chennault, nonetheless, begrudged the fact that
Pawley had made $250,000 in commissions selling Curtiss-Wright Model 21 interceptor aircraft
to China, and then began focusing more on building them than repairing AVG P-40s which
Chennault preferred. When Chennault complained to the Madame and Generalissimo Chiang, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">the Chinese government bought the operation from Pawley enriching him more and he left for
India to establish the airplane assembly facility in a safer location. Before leaving for India
Pawley asserted that Chennault was trying to claim all the credit for forming the AVG and “had
neglected his AVG pilots during the battles of Rangoon” which made Chennault irate and
unwilling to associate with Pawley in the future.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">64</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Fourteen years after receiving his Medal of Merit from President Truman, Pawley would
testify before a Senate Committee and assert that he had an unsurpassed role in organizing the
Flying Tigers but “Claire Chennault, whom I employed at the Chinese request, got credit for it
and as I did not do that for credit, I employed all the men that were involved in that, and I owned
the company that was used for the purpose, I was the only stockholder and president of the
company and Mr. Roosevelt thought that media was a good one to use because the employment
of pilots and mechanics had to be done under cover, and I provided the cover.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">65
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Over the years, as Anna Chennault gained ink in Luce’s publications, the magazines also
graced William Pawley in admiring terms, describing him as “swashbuckling,” a “go-getter,”
and the “aviation enthusiast, founder of Central Aircraft Mfg. [in China] ... godfather of the
Flying Tigers.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">66
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: x-small;">FOOTNOTES:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Anthony R. Carrozza, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">William D. Pawley, The Extraordinary Life of the Adventurer, and Diplomat Who
Cofounded the Flying Tigers, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books, Inc. 2012). Page 77.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">William M. Leary, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Dragon's Wings: China National Aviation Corporation and the Development of
Commercial Aviation in China </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1976).
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Wong Tsu biography.” China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) website.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
>> CNAC benefited from the aircraft insights of Wong Tsu. Born in Beijing, Tsu was a Massachusetts Institute of
Technology aeronautical engineering graduate who had learned to fly Curtiss Flying Boats in Buffalo, New York </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">then became the first engineer at Boeing in Seattle, Washington. From 1934 through 1937, Tsu served as CAMCO’s
chief engineer.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
>> After Chiang’s Nationalist Kuomintang were defeated in the Chinese civil war, Wong Tsu fled to Taiwan where
he became an aviation professor.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Chinese Minister of Aviation Will Be Honored at Smart Afternoon Fete.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Miami Daily News</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, January 6,
1935.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Martha Byrd, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Chennault: Giving Wings To the Tiger </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Tuscaloosa, Alabama and London: University of Alabama
Press, 1987). Page 60.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Sam Kleiner, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Flying Tigers: The Untold Story of the American Pilots Who Waged A Secret War Against Japan
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Viking, 2018).
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Young man behaving badly.” By Daniel Ford, The Warbirds Forum website.
https://www.warbirdforum.com/email.htm, [1/3/2022 Newsletter @danford.net]
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Martha Byrd, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Chennault: Giving Wings to the Tiger </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(University of Alabama Press, 2003).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">China National Aviation Foundation, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Wings Over Asia: A Brief History of the China National Aviation</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">—</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Volume 1 </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(Abacus). Page 6.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Amphibians
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.cnac.org/mccleskey01.htm.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">History http://m2reviews.cnsi.net/reviews/allies/us/cleaverp40b.htm
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">For a photo of the Pawley brothers, see Civilian personnel:
http://www.warbirdforum.com/roster5.htm
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Edward P. Pawley Former Florentine Dies in Miami.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Florence Morning News</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, July 3, 1937.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Highest Salaries Paid in Nation in 1936 are listed by House Committee.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, January 9, 1938. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Page 44.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Mamie Porrit finds Shangri-La,” (Letters dated February 18, 1940 and September 24, 1941 from Intercontinent’s
secretary to a friend, “‘Jim Prim’”). By Daniel Ford. The Warbirds Forum website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> A fascinating read with a frontline perspective of war and the Pawleys.<br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Industrialist [Eugene] Pawley Dies in Graham, Texas.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Florence Morning News</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, July 26, 1977.
8/27/1942 FBI Background Check “Eugene Douglas Pawley—File #NY 100-30633.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“The Race Track.” By G.F.T. Ryall. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New Yorker</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, September 19, 1942. Page 62.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Daniel Ford, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and the American Volunteer Group</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Chapter 3 “We Are Not </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Choosers” (Part 2).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Daniel Ford, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and the American Volunteer Group. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 55. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Aviation: China Swashbuckler.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, September 7, 1942.</span></p><p><br /></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">‘Executive session testimony of William D. Pawley September 2 and 8, 1960.” Committee of the Judiciary’s
Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws,
Report (December 20, 1960). Page 722.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/digital-archive/ordeal-and-hope-chapter-16-tyranny-of-the-weak </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Daniel Okrent, </span><span color="rgb(13.333330%, 13.333330%, 13.333330%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Guarded Gate: Bigotry, Eugenics, and the Law That Kept Two Generations of </span><span color="rgb(13.333330%, 13.333330%, 13.333330%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Jews, Italian, and Other European Immigrants Out of America </span><span color="rgb(13.333330%, 13.333330%, 13.333330%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(New York: Scribner, 2019). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Daniel Ford, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and the American Volunteer Group.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal;">Michael Beschloss, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt;">The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler’s Germany, 1941-1945 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal;">(New </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal;">York: Simon & Schuster, 2002). Pages 150-157.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Jim Dalby, March 25, 2000, CNAC China National Aviation.
http://www.cnac.org/history01.htm
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Daniel Ford, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Flying Tigers: Claire </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Chennault </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">and the American Volunteer Group. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 56. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">U.S. Army Air Force Aces, World War II, 1939-1945. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.americanfighteraces.org/wwllusaf_n-s.html</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Daniel Ford, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Flying Tigers</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">: Claire Chennault and the American Volunteer Group</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Chapter 3 “We Are Not
Choosers” (Part 1).
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt;">20 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">Claire L. Chennault, </span><i style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">Way of the Fighter. </i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.flyingtigersavg.com/tiger1.htm</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Gen. Bruce K. Holloway, 87, Head of Strategic Air Command.” By Richard Goldstein. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">,
October 9, 1999.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">"</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">OSS-Correspondence Regarding Far Eastern Affairs</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1943 CREST OSS Collection</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 22 & 23 of Edgar
Ansel Mowrer report.<br />
https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP13X00001R000100420003-5.pdf.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Eugenie Buchan, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">A Few Planes for China: The Birth of the Flying Tigers</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, (ForeEdge, An Imprint of University
Press of New England), 2017). Page 149.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“OSS-Correspondence Regarding Far Eastern Affairs,” 1943 CREST OSS Collection. Pages 22 & 23 of Edgar
Ansel Mowrer report.
https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP13X00001R000100420003-5.pdf.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“OSS-Correspondence Regarding Far Eastern Affairs.” 1943 CREST OSS Collection. Page 43 of Edgar Ansel
Mowrer report.<br />
https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP13X00001R000100420003-5.pdf.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Spy Girl” Betty McIntosh Turns 100 Years Old.
https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2015-featured-story-archive/201cspy-girl201d-betty-
mcintosh-turns-100-years-old.html</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The Nixon administration in the 1970s adopted a policy towards mainland China and Taiwan that did not
recognize Taiwan as a sovereign state but recognized Chiang as its leader. This opened the door to a relationship
with Beijing. George H.W. Bush became Ambassador to China before heading the Central Intelligence Agency and
eventually being elected President of the United States.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Daniel Ford, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and the American Volunteer Group. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 30 -45. <span> </span></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,526008,00.html.</span></p></div></div>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: xx-small;">29</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">“Madame Chiang.” By Tony Karon. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">, October 24, 2003. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,526008,00.html.</span></p><p>
</p><div class="page" title="Page 24">
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<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 106, at Center of China's Tumult." By Mark Feeney. Globe, October 24, 2003.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">"Madame Chiang Kai-Shek Dies in NYC at 105.” By William Foreman. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Rocky Mount Telegram</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, October 24,
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2003. </span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
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</div><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Madame Chiang Kai-shek Dies; Chinese Chief's Powerful Widow.” By Bart Barnes. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">October 25, 2003. Page B06.</span></p></div></div>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
</span></p><div class="page" title="Page 24">
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<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Mao: The Unknown Story </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(New York: Knopf, 2005). <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>> Details of Stalin’s support of Mao.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-Shek.” </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">online archive, January 3, 1938. </span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Madame Chiang Dies at 106.” </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">New York Post</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, October 24, 2003. </span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Daniel Ford, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Flying Tigers </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;">: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Claire Chennault and the American Volunteer Group </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Washington, DC: Smithsonian </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">History of Aviation: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">. Chapter 3 “We Are Not Choosers” (Part 2).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Mamie Porrit finds Shangri-La” (Letters from Intercontinent’s secretary to a friend). By Daniel Ford. The Warbirds </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Forum website.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Musica Rifle Deal Bared: China Turned Down Offer to Buy Weapons.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Coshocton Tribune</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, December 20,
1938.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Daniel Ford, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and the American Volunteer Group. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 42-45.
Indian Institute of Science, Sir John Higgins and scholarship details. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.iisc.ernet.in and http://aero.iisc.ernet.in/history/detailed_ history.html</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Shane O’Sullivan, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Dirty Tricks: Nixon, Watergate, and the CIA</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, (Hot Books Press, 2018). Page 233
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Anthony Sampson, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Empires of the Sky </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(New York: Random House, 1984).
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">34 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Annie Hahr Dobbs Pawley, Letters to the Editor. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Fly Paper</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, January 15, 1945. Page 3. Embry-Riddle School of
Aviation.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">35 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley v. Pawley, Supreme Court of the United States, October 1950. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">36 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“China Swashbuckler.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, September 7, 1942.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">37 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Flying Tigers at Kunming.” By Daniel Ford. Warbirds Forum website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">38 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10174-10071 ~ 11/14/1941 OSS Internal Letter “About Clare Booth Luce.” To: William J. Donovan.
From: Wallie (Wallace) Deuel. Pages 3 & 4 of 417.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">39 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10174-10071 ~ 5/13/1942 “Coordinator of Information Memorandum: J.I.C. Subcommittee Meeting,
May 12, 1942 (W.W. Rostow attending): Statement of Mrs. Clare Luce.” To: Colonel William J. Donovan. From:
Edward S. Mason. Pages 14-16 of 417.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 25">
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">40 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Jack B. Pfeiffer, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation, Draft Volume V, CIA’s Internal Investigation</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">.
April 18, 1984. Page 88 of 181.
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Wallace R. Deuel was Chief FI/INT when he wrote a letter of recommendation in April 1968 praising Calvin W.
Hicks who had been a Guerilla Warfare Officer and served on Task Force W. In the early 1960s, Hicks (aka Cal
Hitch aka Wallace Ledbetter beginning October 1950 aka Calvin Wilson Carl in September 1963) served as Chief of
Paramilitary Section in the Miami Operations Branch of WH/Cuba and senior Headquarters Case Officer on all PM
operations (including Maritime) conducted by the Miami Station against Cuba. In 1971, Hicks had been in the
Intelligence Watch (IW)/FI staff for almost four years. Working with Calvin Hicks in IW were Walter Kuzmuk,
Joseph Procaccino, Robert Heron, James Pekich, Frank Levy, Howard Orr, George Papadopolos, Robert Sawicki,
and Pat Coble, based on a letter by John L. Hart, Chief, European Division. Pekich (aka Mr. Dimitry) and Kuzmuk
worked together in WH/4/PM overseeing Unidad Revolutionaria (UR) in 1961.
</span></p>
<p><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10193-10077 ~ “</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">CIA OP Files On (Staff Employee).” Pages 11, 13, 27 and 108 of 149.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10065-10005 ~ ‘Response to Reference (Greg Vitale, Aka Guy Vitale And Calvin Hicks), OLC 78-
2590/1, 17 August 1978.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1994.06.02.15:07:15:780005 ~ Reel 61, Folder B - Unidad Revolutionaria. Page 43 of 318.
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">41 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“American Makes Planes in India,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Life</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, March 22, 1943.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In the industrial desert of India, American enterprise has produced one first-class airplane factory, shown </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">for the first time on this page. It is William Pawley's Hindustan Aircraft, Ltd., and naturally it is in India's</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">most progressive state, Mysore, which has plenty of electric power, steel and semi-skilled labor. This one </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">plant saves the U.S. and Britain millions of tons of shipping space in their effort to supply air power on the </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">continent of Asia. Its very existence is a total surprise to most Americans. Its founder and president, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">William Douglas Pawley, is the same mystery man who agitated the famous Flying Tigers into existence.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">For seven years he owned China's only plane factory and sold China $30,000,000 worth of planes and </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">service. When the Japanese last bombed his plant near the border of Burma, he had already moved the </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">machinery and equipment out to Mysore. He is also president of Intercontinent Aviation Corp. in New </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">York, which sold its Florida plant to Vultee last autumn. The factory in Mysore assembles Vultee and </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Curtiss-type ships and produces Harlow trainers. In a little less than two years it has equipped itself to </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">repair any type of American plane and has dug out a channel for flying boats. William Pawley's flair for </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">being at the right place a few minutes before the right time has come in handy again for the United Nations.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 25">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">42 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“William D. Pawley Kills Himself: He Suffered a Painful Skin Disease.” By Sam Jacobs and Arnold Markowitz,
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Miami Herald</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, January 8, 1977. Page 1.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">43 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“China Swashbuckler.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, September 7, 1942.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">44 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Indian Institute of Science Department of Aerospace Engineering – History. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.aero.iisc.ernet.in/History.aspx</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">45 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Aviation: China Swashbuckler.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, September 7, 1942.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">46 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Excerpted from the Early Birds of Aviation CHIRP, March, 1957 - Number 56.
http://www.earlyaviators.com/earngeor.htm.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> George Arnold had flown gliders in high school in as early as 1909, but never got his pilot’s license. A decade
later he worked on the NC-4 flying boat, the first plane to cross the Atlantic. His resume provides a time line for </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">CAMCO-related activities. The biographical notes were provided to the Early Aviators website by his son, Robert
B. Arnold, Palm City, Florida on September 21, 2003:</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1915-1916 Remington Arms - Ilion, NY</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
1916-1925 Curtis Aeroplane & Motor Co.: Engineer & various other capacities in Buffalo, NY and Garden
City, NY</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
1925-1930 Buhl Aircraft: Factory Manager - Detroit, MI & Marysville, MI</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
1930-1932 B/J Aircraft: Factory Manager - Baltimore, MD</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
1932/1934 Chance Vought Aircraft: Chief Inspector - East Hartford, CT</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
1934/1937 Central Aircraft Mfg. Co.: Vice President & General Manager - Hangchow (Shien Chiao),
China</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
1938/1939 Curtiss Wright: Consultant (on loan from Central Aircraft) - Buffalo, NY</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
1940/1941 Central Aircraft Mfg. Co.: Consultant - Loi Wing, China & Bangalore, India</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
1942/1944 Intercontinent Corporation: Vice President & General Manager - Miami, FL</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
1945/1946 Rearwin Aircraft: Consultant & General Manager - Kansas City, KS</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
1945/1951 Arnold Products: Owner - Pioneer manufacturer of aluminum windows in South Florida.
George built houses in Altamonte Springs, FL until his death in 1956.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">47 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Aviation: China Swashbuckler,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, September 7, 1942.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">48 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">October 1943 married Edna Earle Cadenhead in India noted in divorce appeal documents cited February 24, 1964. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">See Chapter 1 “Love, Cuba.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">49 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">World Who’s Who in Commerce and Industry, 1966-67 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Chicago: Marquis - Who’s Who). Page 1015.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">50 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.05.10:02:01:430007 ~ 9/10/1952 Memorandum for Files. Subjects: Pawley, William; Tolstoy
Project; Rosslyn Materia. From: Nealon, John, SA/Spec. Referral Br.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Handwritten Note “The following cables were found at the cable desk at L Building.” Cable 29470 dated Dec 28,
1944 and Cable 2150 dated Sept 28, 1944.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">51 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The US Militaria Forum, Firearms, Ordance & Edged Weapons, OSS Weapons, Me</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">mber ID: 4,361, Posted </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">14
May 2017 - 06:43 AM http://www.usmilitariaforum.com/forums/index.php?/topic/289803-oss-weapons/page-2
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">52 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">R. Harris Smith, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">OSS, The Secret History of America’s First Central Intelligence Agency </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(University of California
Press, 1972). Pages 254-256.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Official Policies and Covert Programs: The U.S. State Department, the CIA and the Tibetan Resistance.” By John Kenneth Knaus. Page 3. Case University (online).
https://case.edu/affil/tibet/tibetanSociety/documents/usstuff.PDF<br /><br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Knaus was a CIA case officer working in Tibet in the 1950s and 1960s. He died April 18, 2016 in his nineties.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">53 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Long Riders on the Roof of the World: Page 2: President Roosevelt’s Long Rider Ambassador to Shangri-La.” The Long Riders’ Guild online. </span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.thelongridersguild.com/word06b.htm</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">54 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Victory Model Hand Guns.” Smith & Wesson Forums (online).
https://www.smithandwessonforums.com/threads/oss-serial-range-for-victory-model.150777/
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">#3 February 19, 2018: </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 22.745100%, 23.137260%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Sources describe an OSS shipment of 500 units (4" barrels) on August 22, 1944.”</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 22.745100%, 23.137260%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">#5 May 22, 2020: “Well-traveled S&W Victory 1943 shipped to USN Rosslyn, VA, likely the OSS Fowler </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Building.”</span> </p></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">For more on Ilia Tolstoy, OSS officer see: Maochun Yu </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">OSS in China, Prelude to Cold War </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(New Haven and
London: Yale University Press, 1996).
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">55 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Burma Road Pioneer.” By Melvin D. Hildreth, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, April 16, 1944. Page SM2.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Hildreth’s political affiliation. “Oral History of Katie Louchheim.” Conducted by Jerry N. Hess. September 27, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">1972. Truman Library website.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">56 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA</span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">104-10194-10009 ~ </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">CIA File on Crozier Ross. </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 143</span></p><p><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
NARA 104-10171-10041 ~ AMSPELL Progress Report for August 1969,
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">57 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“‘China Swashbuckler’ Buys Showplace at Warrenton. W. D. Pawley, Sponsor of ‘Flying Tigers,’ to Reside at
Belvoir.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, April 22, 1944. Page 3.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">58 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10138-10275 ~ 19/8/1952 “Memo: Pawley, William D/OSS Archives Contains A List of Names for a
Preliminary, Security Clearance from the Security Office, OSS.” From: Thomas A. Cox, Jr. Special Referral Branch.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">OSS Archives file NY-SI-Pers-3 dated 27 December 1944 contains a list of names for a preliminary
security clearance from the Security Office [misspelled as Orrice], OSS. This list was sent from CSS,
New York, and contains the name of a William D. Pawley of 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City.
There is no apparent reply to this above mentioned request.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Another OSS Document (Was-Dir-Off-Safe-3) contains an OSS memo dated 15 January 1945
mentions that a Bill Pawley is running an aircraft factory at Bangalore in India. (Believed to be the
Inter-continent Aviation Corp.) His outfit at Bangalore was being considered to handle assembly of
small airplanes after they reached India. There is no further correspondence in relation to this matter.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">There is no other noteworthy information in the files of OSS Archives concerning William D. Pawley.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">59 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Our Man in Havana, William D. Pawley.” By John T. O’Rourke. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Daily News</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 20,
1961.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley also praised Mann: “Tom is brilliant,” says Mr. Pawley; “Couldn’t be a nicer fellow.”
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">60 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Citation Accompanying the Medal for Merit Awarded to William D. Pawley by Harry S. Truman, May 13th,
1946. Presentation at 11:45 a.m.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">61 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning by William D. Pawley, Former Ambassador, Trouble-Shooter for Presidents </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(drafts and edits
June 8, 1974, August 11, 1974 and July 1, 1975). George C. Marshall Research Center, George C. Marshall
Library. William Pawley Papers, Box 2, William D. Pawley Papers, 1945-1970, .5 lf, 42.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">62 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Civil Air Transport (CAT) Notepad, Artifacts, Central Intelligence Agency </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">https://www.cia.gov/legacy/museum/artifact/civil-air-transport-cat-notepad</span></p>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> In August 1950, the Agency secretly purchased the assets of Civil Air Transport (CAT), an airline that had been </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">started in China after World War II by Gen. Claire L. Chennault and Whiting Willauer. CAT would continue to fly </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">commercial routes throughout Asia, acting in every way as a privately owned commercial airline. At the same time, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">under the corporate guise of CAT Incorporated, it provided airplanes and crews for secret intelligence operations.</span></p></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“C.I.A. Funny Business” Opinion. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, June 8, 1993. Section A, Page 24<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">>> Air Asia was created in 1955 to be the aircraft service unit of CAT. It was sold to E-Systems in 1975.</span></span></span></p></div></div></div>
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<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">“In 1959, Air America became an arm of CAT.” CAT Association Timeline (Online)
https://catassociation.org/history/cat-historical-milestones</span></p></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Felix Smith, Who Piloted Covert Flights Over Asia, Dies at 100.” By Sam Roberts, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">October
17, 2018.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">63 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">157-10014-10144 Miscellaneous Records of the Church Committee. “SSCSGO, Report.” Page 143 of 264. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Declassified December 15,2022.</span></p><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Covers various CIA proprietaries, witting and unwitting.</span></p></div></div>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">64 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Jack Samson, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Flying Tiger: The True Story of General Claire Chennault and the U.S. 14</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 6pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Air Force in
China</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. (Guilford, Connecticut: The Lyons Press paperback, 2005). Pages 70, 54, 66, and 122.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> A. L. Patterson wrote: “I had been an old friend of Chennault’s from the time he led the ‘Three Musketeers’ (sic)
precision Curtiss Hawks at the first International Air Show at Mines Field in 1927. So when Chennault resigned and
came to China he suggested I secure the Seversky representation which I did. I got the order for the 50 P-35’s with
funds etc. But Bill Pawley pulled such unbelievable stunts to kill it, that H.H. Kung finally cancelled the order and
gave me additional North America NA-16 aircraft.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">65 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Communist Threat to the United States Through the Caribbean –September 2 and 8, 1960 Testimony of William
D. Pawley.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Hearings Before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Laws of
the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eight-Sixth Congress. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Part 10. Pages 722-726.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[Page 722] Mr. S</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">OURWINE</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. You mentioned something about your activity in China? Didn’t you also have a
part in organizing the Flying Tigers?
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. P</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">AWLEY</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Yes I did organize the Flying Tigers ... but Claire Chennault, whom I employed at the
Chinese request, got credit for it and as I did not do that for credit, I employed all the men that were
involved in that, and I owned the company that was used for the purpose, I was the only stockholder and
president of the company and Mr. Roosevelt thought that media was a good one to use because the
employment of pilots and mechanics had to be done under cover, and I provided the cover.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: 4pt;">66 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Aviation: China Swashbuckler.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, September 7, 1942.</span></p></div></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><br />David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-76476764692051557762009-12-12T15:03:00.010-08:002023-10-15T13:05:26.805-07:004: Ambassador to Peru and Brazil Pawley<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDeuZSW9xJXrtReyLWau28IMxDynOwtnbaEadYhAMPM84t5aTEADIyGH3zG4LUaVDRjJt80urw8WfPdlq3UXrofqpEGWRDxRQnMzYoBHtIicqKU0uwaeFLSfa14cPVtwlofNj1cGDVDXk/s1600-h/AmbassPawley.jpg" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" ps="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDeuZSW9xJXrtReyLWau28IMxDynOwtnbaEadYhAMPM84t5aTEADIyGH3zG4LUaVDRjJt80urw8WfPdlq3UXrofqpEGWRDxRQnMzYoBHtIicqKU0uwaeFLSfa14cPVtwlofNj1cGDVDXk/s320/AmbassPawley.jpg" /></a></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Upon the death of President Franklin Roosevelt in April 1945, Harry S. Truman ascended to the
presidency. In June, he appointed William Douglas Pawley as Ambassador to the South
American nation of Peru. Pawley stated that he was chosen because of his decades of familiarity
with Latin America, fluency with the Spanish language and because the U.S. “had a very serious
problem” with Peru’s unpaid debt of $150 million. A mutually beneficial resolution to the debt
problem was desired because Peru was the first Latin American country to side with the U.S. in
World War II.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On November 13th, the State Department’s Fred Lyon telephonically informed FBI
Director J. Edgar Hoover that Pawley was in Washington, DC and eager to meet with Hoover
before the end of the week. The FBI Director received a memorandum detailing facts about
William Douglas Pawley—his marital status; the armed services status of Pawley’s two sons; the
location of Pawley’s 6700-square-foot-mansion on Pine Tree Drive in Miami Beach; his
friendship with President Truman; and Pawley’s appreciation of the FBI’s August security
survey of the Embassy in Lima. Hoover also was advised of the wealthy businessman’s history
in Cuba, China and Florida; the fact that he has a private plane and yacht in Lima; and that
Pawley “has expressed great respect for the FBI and the Director.” The memo also listed FBI
personnel assigned to Peru (all nine names were redacted at the time of declassification) and the
Legal Attaché, C.E. McNabb, who at the time was under recall as part of a staff reduction
program.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Internally, Peru’s years of border fights with nearby nations—Colombia, Ecuador, and
Chile—had led to the development of a leadership of elites and military who were opposed by </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">the center-left, anti-imperialist American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA). <span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">The APRA
political party gained seats in the government but its head, Haya de la Torre, assured Pawley in
mid-1946 that he did not intend, nor desire, to take complete control of the Peruvian government
from President Bustamante, and, in fact, wanted a true democracy and would work to avoid
bloodshed and “prevent an increase in Communist activities in Peru.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In February of 1946, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">praised the acumen of “Businessman Pawley” for helping
settle Peruvian debt so the nation could obtain U.S. Export-Import Bank credits. He also had
convinced U.S. oil companies to help develop oil reserves in the country as well as “create a new
electrolytic zinc industry” by exploiting the mineral in the Santa Valley and the nearby
waterpower of Cañón del Pator.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Based on his success in negotiating a repayment plan for Peru, Pawley was transferred to
the diplomatic post in Brazil in June 1946. <span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">There he continued to be a forceful advocate of
economic cooperation between the U.S. and Latin America, but the position was not his first
choice. Pawley wanted to serve in Argentina where Juan Perón was raising concerns, but Pawley
was blocked from the Ambassadorship by Spruille Braden.
</span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Braden had just left the Argentinean post to become the Assistant Secretary of State for
Latin America, giving him the ability to veto Pawley who had opposed Braden’s left-leaning
policies in the country. More than a decade later, Pawley would testify that he believed Nelson
Rockefeller, the Secretary of State for Latin America during World War II, had been dismissed
in September 1945 due to a communist-inspired campaign within the Latin American wing of the
powerful labor union group, the Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO). According to
Pawley, the CIO wanted Braden instead of Rockefeller because his family—America’s </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">wealthiest at the time as a result of John D. Rockefeller’s founding of Standard Oil—was
unamenable to unions.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley thus believed “Braden misdirected the Government’s policy in Argentina, caused
considerable embarrassment to the United States Government and, in fact, acted as an agent for
the Communists. Pawley then commented that he never had been friendly with Braden and
considered him as an enemy insofar as the State Department and national policy were
concerned.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s appointment also may have been blocked by George Michanowsky, who had
pressured Pawley to work closely with the CIO in Brazil, promising to do for him what he had
done for Braden. Pawley considered Michanowsky a communist political action leader and
threatened to throw him out the 46</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">floor window of his brother Edward Pawley’s Rockefeller
Plaza office.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5<span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley claimed Michanowsky asserted that Braden was “washed up” and then offered
Pawley “an Assistant Secretary of State position if Pawley would in turn report State Department
activities to him.” After being threatened to be thrown out the office window, Michanowsky left,
and Pawley “immediately came to Washington and in the company of General Eisenhower and
the then Attorney General Tom Clark went to the White House and told the story to President
Truman.” Pawley repeated his allegations to others in 1947 but to Hoover’s dismay never
brought them to the FBI until 1951. Pawley claimed his hesitancy was for political reasons.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">When the State Department shifted Pawley from Peru to Brazil to replace Adolf Berle,
Jr., Henry and Clare Boothe Luce's </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">noted the swashbuckler’s “fabulous up & down career” and his contribution to the
defense of China. Ambassador to Peru Pawley had “earned the respect and awe of the </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Bustamante Government,” </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">reported but ironically claimed Pawley “was the personal choice
of Spruille Braden.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 4"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The news of Pawley’s transfer to Brazil drew a less-flattering response from the Peruvian
Communist Party publication </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Labor</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">. Its April 14, 1946 issue trumpeted “Dollar Ambassador en
Route to Brazil.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Labor </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">asserted that Pawley “acted as Ambassador of the Dollar. Of the
American Bankers. Of the American Stock Exchange. Of monopolistic and imperialist capital.”
The article continued in a similar vein for more than a dozen paragraphs questioning Pawley’s
“flirtations with the APRA leaders” as well as his involvement with Lt. Gen. Willis Dale
Crittenberger who took commanding positions in the Panama Canal Zone and the Caribbean.
Readers were also asked to ponder what type of cargo was being carried out of “‘El Pato’”
airbase in Talara, Peru on U.S. planes.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Ambassador to Peru Pawley helped negotiate the
agreement with Peru that enabled America’s use of the base and advised the Secretary of State:
“</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In this connection I should appreciate being advised by the Department as to whether or not the
War Department is proceeding with the necessary arrangements for taking over and maintaining
permanent control of the Talara Air Base. This base is now under the jurisdiction of the Sixth Air
Force, a unit of the Caribbean Defense Command.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Amazon Valley of Brazil, with its abundance of rubber trees, had become of strategic
importance to the United States after the Japanese captured Indonesia, cutting off supplies of
natural rubber needed by the allied powers for airplane tires. The U.S. rapidly developed the
Rubber Development Corporation (RDC) which added more than a thousand American
employees in Brazil during the war.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">John Howard Burns served in Rio de Janeiro as staff aide to Economic Counselor of
Embassy Walter Donnelly. Burns soon held the same position, serving U.S. Ambassador Berle, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">who had been part of President Franklin Roosevelt’s quick-minded “brain trust.” Burns then
was assigned to Ambassador Pawley with whom “he remained friends for life.” While Berle
could dictate the perfect response, Pawley relied on Burns to answer most of his mail after
barking out his response instructions. Nonetheless, he admired Pawley and his style—arriving
“in Rio with several personal limousines and his own airplane with a crew” as well as a fluency
in Spanish (Berle learned to speak the more dominant language, Brazilian Portuguese), charisma,
an abundance of exciting personal stories, and a desire to entertain lavishly.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 5"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Among Pawley’s visitors were General Eisenhower, General Mark Clark under whom the
Brazilian division served in Italy, President and Mrs. Truman and daughter Margaret, Secretary
of State Marshall, Senators Connally and Vandenberg, CBS radio news commentator Eric
Sevareid, and Time-Life publisher Henry Luce whose magazine whose coverage of Pawley
helped build his fame.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In nearby Argentina, Ambassador Spruille Braden accused rising political star Juan Perón
and President Farrell of fascist ties, a move that backfired when working-class masses saw
Yankee imperialism in Braden’s political interference and Argentinians took to the streets
chanting, "‘Braden No, Perón Si.’"
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Unlike Braden and Berle, Pawley advocated non-interference by the U.S. especially in
terms of overthrowing local governments such as Juan Perón’s in nearby Argentina. His stance
echoed Roosevelt and Truman’s so-called “Good Neighbor” policy which conveniently reflected
that South America was not considered a top priority after World War II. Europe had been torn
apart by Germany and desperately needed most of Washington’s attention.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In less than a
decade, Pawley’s stance would reverse, and he would be involved in the overthrow of the elected
President of Guatemala.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On June 27, 1946, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover received a communication from Sam J.
Papich, Acting Legal Attache, regarding William D. Pawley, United States Ambassador to
Brazil, on a “Foreign Political Matter.” The contents were still redacted a half-century later.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Papich at the time was running “counterintelligence operations against the Communist party of
Brazil and bloc intelligence agents. In 1952 he became FBI liaison with CIA charged with
coordinating and planning, including the development of sources. He also had special
assignments overseas for Hoover.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In late August, Pawley sent an air mail letter from the American Embassy in Rio de
Janeiro to the FBI Director, stating, “About ten days ago I had the pleasure of a visit from Mr.
C.H. Carson, Chief of SIS [Special Intelligence Service] Section, and we discussed a problem in
which I am deeply interested.” He told Hoover that the topic was Legal Attaches and that “the
United States cannot afford at this time to lose the services of this organization and these men.”
Pawley then related details of how he had expressed his concerns in Rio with “four visiting
Generals including Vandenberg and Eisenhower.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Legal Attaché issue was based on a struggle between those in the U.S. government
who wanted the FBI in charge of agents on foreign soil and those who believed a new centralized
intelligence organization should oversee foreign counterespionage. In 1940, President Roosevelt
had requested the FBI to establish the Special Intelligence Service (SIS) which “dispatched
Agents to countries throughout the Western Hemisphere (except Panama). FBI Agents in South
and Central America gathered intelligence information and worked to prevent Axis espionage,
sabotage, and propaganda efforts aimed against the U.S. and its allies. Special Agents assigned to
posts in Europe, Canada and Latin America began acting in an official liaison capacity.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s concern endeared him to FBI Director Hoover who, on September 17, 1946,
wrote an FBI internal memo stating that he wished a full letter be written to Mr. Pawley
explaining exactly the situation.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Some 30 years later in his autobiography, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, Pawley expressed that upon
arriving as Ambassador he was alarmed by the influence of communism in Brazil, a country that
was rich in natural resources and only “slightly smaller in area than the United States.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">His concern grew when he heard of plans within the Truman Administration to eliminate
the FBI from Latin America and to establish “a new counterintelligence and intelligence
organization to be controlled by the Departments of State, Army and Navy.” His main anxiety
was with State, which Ambassador Pawley believed had been overrun by members of the
disbanded “Office of Strategic Services, an organization that had been heavily infiltrated by
Soviet agents, Communists and fellow travellers.” In fact, J. Anthony Panuch, the security
official in State had protested in the spring of 1946 that the OSS had unscreened personnel.
Panuch was later fired.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Ambassador Pawley wrote United States Attorney General Tom C. Clark stating that the
FBI “had performed admirably” and that putting the FBI functions in State would cause host
countries to become suspicious of Ambassadors. They “would immediately become suspect as
head of a spy ring, whereas now all countries, and their police departments, respected and
cooperated with the FBI as a separate agency, not beholden to our Foreign Service officers.”<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On the same day, Pawley received a top-secret memo from Truman noting that Brazilian
President Dutra planned to outlaw Brazil's Communist Party.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Clark responded to Pawley and allayed some of his concerns by reassuring him that the
decision had not been made regarding the SIS agents. But when General Dwight David </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Eisenhower visited Pawley, he informed him that the decision had already been made to create a
new intelligence agency.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In his appeal on August 29, 1946 to FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover (with carbon copies to
Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower and Hoyt S. Vandenberg), Pawley urged a postponement of the
implementation because he found the U.S. cannot afford to lose the services of the “invaluable
... efficient, capable, and discreet” Legal Attaches and their assistants in Latin America.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley later gloated that “Dean Acheson's dangerous plan to centralize foreign
intelligence and counterintelligence in the State Department was defeated in favor of a new
agency, the CIA. Hoover was not required to relinquish any of his agents to the CIA, absorbing
them instead into his domestic FBI jurisdiction. I was able to keep the two outstanding FBI men
we had in Brazil by the expedient of persuading Hoover to place them on leave of absence,
whereupon I employed both on my personal payroll.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Ambassador William Douglas Pawley’s support of SIS during the early hours of the Cold
War positioned him as a “friend” of the FBI and Director Hoover—winning him favorable
treatment years later when the FBI was asked to review a number of his other activities.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">But not everyone was impressed with Ambassador Pawley. According to his
autobiography, in the summer of 1946, his Ambassadorship brought scrutiny from the press.
Particularly disturbing was coverage by U.S. newspaper columnist Drew Pearson, whom Pawley
claimed frequently printed classified information leaked by State Department members aligned
with Dean Acheson and Alger Hiss. Congressman Richard Nixon soon attacked Hiss as a
communist.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On June 17, 1946, Pearson accused Pawley of being involved in a bribe paid to the son of
President Leguia of Peru—but this was “a quarter of a century before I went to Peru,” Pawley
later asserted in his own defense.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Eight days later, Pawley wrote to Henry Luce of Time, Inc. pointing out the friendship
between Ambassador Spruille Braden and Drew Pearson and proclaiming that he was sickened
by their effort to destroy the good neighbor policy.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In a footnote to his autobiography, Pawley clarifies “I don't for one moment believe that
Spruille Braden had any part in this gutter snipe attack. Whether his left-wing advisers, Duran
and Michanowsky, were involved is a different question.” But </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">decided not to reprimand
Pearson, claiming that the column may have been too “‘inane and far-fetched’” to take action.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Twenty-four pages later in his autobiography, Pawley wrote about the favorable
conditions for security in the Western Hemisphere, noting that “Argentina had been officially
declared to be in compliance with anti-Nazi provisions of the Act of Chapultepec, and, with
Spruille Braden now out of the Department of State, the danger of a feud between an Argentine
bloc and a United State bloc was remote.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the fall, Pawley’s attention turned to expediting the Export-Import Bank’s pending
loan to Brazil for development of the Vale do Rio Doce mining project to help grow the
country’s economy.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Three decades later Vale was the world’s largest exporter of iron ore and
remained so into the 2020s.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s expanding South American perspective led him to envision a Western
Hemisphere gathering of the “various heads of all missions for a seminar” and bounced the idea
off General Eisenhower (aka Ike), Chief of Staff of the War Department.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Ike replied by letter to Pawley in Brazil on January 31, 1947 that he gave General
Marshall “a thumbnail sketch of your activities and convictions as I understood them and he
seemed pleased but offered no direct comment on your proposition.” (Marshall had been aware
of Pawley since 1941 when he and retired Navy commander Bruce Leighton had been involved
in recruiting the Flying Tiger pilots.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">) Ike expressed his belief that Marshall must focus on
Moscow, rather than Latin America so Pawley should “sit tight” but stroked Pawley by stating,
“it was my conviction that you were in the State Department merely because of the belief that
you could serve your country and that you happened to be in such a position financially that you
could afford to sacrifice something in order to render such service.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Ike included some personal remarks about Pawley’s Virginia and Florida homes. “This
writing finds me as busy as ever. Mamie and I have talked about the possibility of running down
to your farm.” He also stated, “When I was in Miami a guide one day pointed out a home that he
thought was yours.” Ike concluded by writing, “Mamie joins me in warmest regards to you and
Edna. Above all else take care of your health.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s health had been of concern a few months earlier. He and his wife, Edna, had
returned to the U.S. towards the end of September 1946, to visit doctors at the Mayo Clinic in
Rochester with regard to stomach problems that had plagued him “for so long.” While in the
U.S. he renewed his ties with Clare and Henry Luce, the Tom Clarks, and Democrat National
Committee Chairman Robert Hannegan, a close friend of President Truman. To them he
expressed his “alarm over rising Communist strength in Brazil – a theme which I expounded
upon also at lunch with ex-President Herbert Hoover and with Ike and Mamie Eisenhower, when
they drove down to our Belvoir Farm outside Washington for a visit.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Hannegan died three years later, before Eisenhower would run for president as a
Republican, and Pawley would switch his support to the Republican Party.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley also met with Cardinal Spellman who arranged a dinner at the home of
Monsignor Fulton Sheen, Auxillary Bishop of New York. Also attending was Monsignor John
Joseph Mitty, Archbishop of San Francisco, to discuss the critical issue of atheistic communism
facing Brazil and the world. Pawley believed that Russian agents were everywhere in South
America “endeavoring to destroy” the Americas “in a battle of nerves, a psychological warfare
that they could easily win because of the promises they are making to the masses of uneducated
people, which promises they know they will never have to fulfill.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Cardinal Spellman suggested that Pawley seek out the new Primate of Brazil, Jaime
Cardinal Camara. Upon returning to his post in Rio, Pawley visited “Cardinal Camara, an
excitable man who, on three occasions inadvertently spoke of outlawing ‘the Protestant Party,’ as
opposed to the Communist Party.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley had a classified meeting with Lieutenant General Hoyt S. Vandenberg at the
Central Intelligence Group Situation Room on April 3, 1947. Four days earlier they had met with
Col. Donald H. Galloway, an intelligence officer who helped the organization evolve into the
Central Intelligence Agency over the next few months.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On May 6, 1947, the Brazilian Supreme Electoral Tribune outlawed the communist party
leading to the closure of nearly “5,000 tainted organizations” and removal of communists from
the unions. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">reported that the Brazilian Communist newspaper </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Tribuna Popular </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">had accused
Pawley of spearheading an “offensive” of U.S. capitalism on Brazil, but </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">came to his
defense, noting, “The facts: peripatetic Bill Pawley had been sunning himself in Miami” when
the Brazilian government under President Dutra moved to outlaw the communist party.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Three days later, however, Pawley sent a telegram to the Secretary of State noting:
“</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Yesterday police closed all cells and committees in federal district. Police reported to have
orders proceed in strict accordance law. No disturbances any kind reported from any part
Brazil.”</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">While some, including </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, worried that democracy had been sacrificed to
“Dutracracy”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">—named for Brazil’s president, Eurico Gaspar Dutra—Pawley and the Catholic-
influenced newspaper </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Jornal do Brasil </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">stood firm in their belief that “‘Communism and
democracy are incompatible.’” Any glee at the outlawing of the party was short-lived as
Communism soon flourished again receiving “official resuscitation in 1953 from one, João
Goulart, a fellow traveller if not a Party member, who was allowed to become Minister of
Labor.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“Solemnity characterizes the life of an Ambassador more often than humor” Pawley
noted before claiming he was amused when the Communist newspaper </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Tribuna Popular </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">falsely
alleged on September 18, 1947, that Pawley had told a group of American business executives
“the United States must develop a certain type of imperialism” in which colonialism and
benevolent slavery were rationalized.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“Skirmishes with my friend Harry [Henry] Luce and </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">magazine, resulting in frequent
phone calls, which commenced while I was in Peru, now redoubled” because “Latin Americans
take offense at real or imagined affronts ... In Peru, for example, President Prado had called me
in to complain bitterly that he had been ‘stabbed in the back by </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">,’ which had referred to him
as a ‘sunken-chested pot-bellied’ president.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley also had to deal with </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">’s April 21, 1947 assertion that Brazilian nurses were
“wretchedly trained” and a slur of Brazil’s 260-lb first lady, Camela Dutra. He called Luce and </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">blasted him for “‘doing more harm than my Embassy can counteract.’” Luce insisted that his
editors had always been “‘impudent’” and would remain so. Pawley then invited Luce to Brazil
in May 1947 where he could rest and observe the developing nation. Instead of finding
tranquility, Luce was hounded by the Brazilian press and Pawley who “counted off on my
fingers [to Luce] the number of times his writer failed to check his stories with me and others in
possession of the facts.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley emphasized “the extremes to which Edna and I had gone to cooperate with
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">’s young reporter” while serving him highballs</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">(a drink made with rye whiskey and ginger
ale served in a tall glass).</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">When Luce was ready to return to the U.S. after just five days in Brazil, Pawley chastised
him for dishing it out but not taking it. Luce remained another nine days. Decades later when he
wrote his autobiography and mentioned the visit, Pawley added, “Before I leave the subject of
Harry Luce, it would be a gross omission not to mention his extraordinary wife Clare Boothe
Luce, my friend of many years, with whom I had shared an unlikely wartime adventure on a
flying trip from India back to the United States via Cairo, Egypt early in 1942.” Pawley seemed
smitten, “Like almost everyone who met this rare feminine combination of stellar actress, gifted
writer, diplomat (our first woman Ambassador to Italy), student of history and intense patriot, I
was among her legion of admirers.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As a young reporter working for Henry, Clare met Pawley socially in New Delhi. They
then took a military air transport to Cairo, Egypt, “no mean feat under the rigid wartime system
of priorities, even for a celebrity noted for a rare combination of beauty, brains, character and a
whim of steel.” Upon arrival, “Clare’s wish to be billeted at Allied Headquarters was ‘not
favorably considered’ by Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck, who seemed allergic to </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">‘reporters,’ especially females, but he did at my request include her in a dinner for his senior
staff at Headquarter.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">(Auchinleck was a career soldier who lived to age 96 and never
married.)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">When Clare stepped off the plane in Trinidad, she was arrested by British intelligence
and her briefcase was confiscated because she was suspected of writing material “inimical to the
desired image of Britain as our wartime ally.” After appealing to Harry and </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Life </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">editor Donovan,
her dispatches were given to a special courier, and she was permitted to continue to New York.
Her papers went “to 10 Downing Street. Evidently Churchill knew honest and professional
reporting when he saw it, for some months later he ordered a special plane to take Clare to
General Alexander’s headquarters in Italy. The Prime Minister wanted someone to give him an
unvarnished report, with the bark on.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">34
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">When Pawley told former President Herbert Hoover of his editorial dueling with </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">,
Hoover commented over lunch that the Time-Life organization currently had “about a hundred
pro-Communists and fellow travelers.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">35 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Fellow travelers was a term that emerged after the
Russian Revolution in 1917 for those who did not join the communist party but sympathized
with its goals.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">36 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley was not concerned about the Luce’s though, writing later in praise of
Henry Luce’s “absolute integrity and a deep faith in American traditions of political and
economic freedom. He was good enough to send me a subscription to a new fortnightly
magazine, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The Freeman</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">,” proclaiming in the promotional cover letter “at last America has a
journal of opinion which speaks up boldly for the great Liberal Tradition as against the
collectivist drift of our age.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">37
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s own belief in economic freedom led him to advise “President Dutra that friends
of mine, well versed in oil exploration believed that Brazil might be sitting on one of the largest </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">untapped petroleum reserves in the world. Oil could be the key to unlocking Brazil’s vast natural
wealth. Dutra and others found my enthusiasm contagious. Before long, we secured a
commitment from Standard Oil of New Jersey and other oil companies for a half-billion dollars,
following a trip I made to New York to enlist their support.” Pawley’s New York City office was
in Rockefeller Plaza, named for the founder of Standard Oil.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley “invited the son of former President Herbert Hoover, and his associate Curtis
[actually </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Arthur A. Curtice] </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">both international authorities on oil legislation, to fly down and
assist” Brazil but their mission was denounced as being anti-U.S. oil drilling. Then Congress
“wrote its own law, cluttered with restrictions and technicalities which would discourage foreign
investors.” In his autobiography, Pawley lamented about the small amount of oil production
Brazil had in the 20th century compared to what it could have had.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">38
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In August 1947, Curtice believed that for “</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">satisfactory oil legislation in Brazil to be
feasible” the nationalistic Army leaders would have to be dissuaded from their belief “that
keeping a close hold on Brazilian oil for strategic reasons was vital.” They needed to be assured
that relying on the know-how of U.S. oil production companies “would be to Brazil’s
advantage.” Curtice believed it would take the highly admired and respected Secretary Marshall
or Secretary Forrestal—not Pawley—to convince the Brazilian Generals to change their minds.
Ambassador Pawley indicated to Curtice that he hoped to get Secretary Marshall “away from Rio
and Petropolis for a week-end at a ranch shooting and there to indoctrinate him on the Brazilian
petroleum situation with a view to having him take the matter up with General Goes Monteiro.”</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">39
</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In 2023, Brazil was 10</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">in oil production but a leader in alternate fuel, producing ethanol from
sugar cane.)</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">40</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">When Dutra protested the American flag being flown on Brazilian soil at the U.S.
military bases, Pawley revealed that one “Air Force major general saw fit to ignore my explicit
instructions, flying his flag the very next day. I called Ike, Chief of Staff. The offending
commander was on his way home within twenty-four hours. Then Ike beat me to the punch at
our next encounter ... by thanking me for bringing the insubordination to his immediate
attention.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley also “negotiated a satisfactory settlement over partial repayment of the Lend-
Lease supplies furnished by us to Brazil during the War.” He used some of the funds to
consolidate the staff scattered among 17 buildings into a modern twelve-story chancellery
complete with “a theater, cafeteria and apartments for newly arrived Embassy personnel” until
they found their own accommodations.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">41
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s circle of friends now included those who influenced and controlled the most
powerful nation in the world as well as leaders of South America, India, Cuba and China. His
close friend General George C. Marshall would develop the Marshall Plan (formally known as
the European Recovery Plan) which would reshape the continent. Two decades later, Pawley
would donate his personal papers to the research center built in Virginia to honor Marshall.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">42
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">With American and Europe allied victory over Hitler’s ruthless forces, numerous
members of the Nazi party fled into hiding—even to the Western Hemisphere. In actuality, the
Nazi party itself had gained a foothold in Brazil two decades earlier and grew to about 5% of the
40,000 Germans whose families had emigrated to Brazil over the past century.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">43
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In November 1946, the State Department issued an alert “that the Foreign Office be
informed of the United States Government’s continued interest in removing dangerous Germans
from this hemisphere and preventing a resurgence of German influence in the American </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Republics. It is further suggested that, if practicable, some expression be obtained from the
Brazilian Government as to what steps, if any, it is planning to initiate pointing towards the
removal of those dangerous Germans still remaining in Brazil.” One of those Pawley was alerted
to was Hitler’s right-hand man, Martin Bormann, who was “reportedly travelling in Latin
America under the name Keller” in December of 1946.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">44 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">In actuality, Bormann had died the
previous year, but his body in a grave was not positively identified until 1998.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">45</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Two months later, Ambassador to Brazil Pawley sent an airgram to the Secretary of State
seeking clarification after receiving a </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">January 17, 1947 instruction to “the Embassy ‘to make no
further effort to obtain repatriation or punishment of comparatively minor offenders which still
remain unpunished in Brazil.’”</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">46
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On August 6,1947, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover received from Sam Papich in Rio de
Janeiro a secret air courier communication “re: Adolph Hitler and Eva Braun Information.” It
included three letters that U.S. Ambassador to Brazil Pawley received in June from Frederick D.
Hunt, American Consul, Martinique, French West Indies, regarding sightings of the two Nazis.
After the war there were numerous sightings in Latin America and the Caribbean of those who
looked like Hitler and his mistress Eva Braun, whom the U.S. government stated had committed
suicide rather than be captured and brought to trial for genocide.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">47
</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On September 1, 1947, President Truman arrived </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">for the </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Inter-
American Conference for the Maintenance of Continental Peace and Security, which had started
on August 15. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“The President visited with President Dutra at Palaciode Catete at 7 p.m.,
accompanied by Mrs. Truman, Miss Truman, Admiral William D. Leahy, General Harry
Vaughan, Admiral James Foskett, and Ambassador and Mrs</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley. Following this visit, they
returned to the American Embassy where they remained for the evening.”</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">48</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The next morning, the Trumans, Ambassador Pawley, Admiral William D. Leahy, and
the entire White House Staff and Press departed the American Embassy and drove to the
Quitandinah Hotel, where they were received by the Brazilian Foreign Minister. President
Truman addressed the Conference for 25 minutes. On September 3</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">rd</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, after a morning walk with
General Graham, the President spent most of the day working on his speech for the Joint Session
of the Brazilian Congress before attending the opera with Ambassador Pawley and Admiral
Leahy. The following day the Trumans accompanied by Admiral William Leahy, Ambassador
and Mrs. Pawley, General Harry Vaughan and Admiral James Foskett attended a small informal
dinner given by President Dutra. Following his speech, the President had a heart-stopping
moment when his car-skidded on a mountain road. He then sailed home, feeling triumphant but
weary, aboard the USS </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Missouri</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, the battleship upon which Japan had surrendered two years
earlier.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">49
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The trip was hailed as a victory with one million people greeting Truman.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">50 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley
recorded in his autobiography that the conference “marked a milestone in the strengthening of
hemispheric solidarity.” General George C. Marshall’s “large and distinguished delegation
labored diligently for thirty days” on “one of the finest treaties ever signed by the United States.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s autobiography also brings to light some funny insights about Truman who had
not only played the role of a statesman but also climbed the hill behind the embassy looking for
orchids. Then, while Margaret Truman and William Pawley’s niece Anita Pawley, went to the
opera, “Truman, Admiral Leahy and I smuggled ourselves out of the Embassy without calling
the Secret Service (at Truman’s request)” and snuck into the opera so Truman could hear Tosca
instead of the never-ending stream of “Missouri Waltz” and “Hail to the Chief.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">51 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Truman’s
disdain for the song was not widely known. In 2007, the curator of the Truman Library related </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">the story of how Richard Nixon many years later tried to ingratiate himself to former President
Truman by playing on the piano what he assumed to be Truman’s favorite song, “Missouri
Waltz.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">52 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">It would not be Nixon’s last sour note.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">While Ambassador in Rio, Pawley’s embassy staff included Walter McConaghy;
Clarence A. Brooks, an economist; and four future Ambassadors: Paul C. Daniels, Randolph
Kidder, John Howard Burns and David Key.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">53
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In addition, there was a “younger star performer”—assistant Military Attaché Major
Vernon “Dick” Walters—who was destined to rise to the top of the Central Intelligence Agency
during the 1970s. Educated in Switzerland and in command of eight languages, Walters was
assigned by Pawley to all “distinguished visitors.” Among the “distinguished” was General
George C. Marshall who, while in Moscow, “had been criticized for not mingling more with
other delegations, so he now made a point of calling on all the missions. To aid in his interviews,
Pawley had assigned to him Major Vernon ‘Dick’ Walters, an accomplished linguist, who was Assistant Military Attaché to Brazil.” In addition to Spanish, Portuguese and English,
Walters was fluent in Dutch, French, German, Italian, and Russian.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">54
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Vernon Walters made an indelible impression on Pawley in Brazil. Three decades later
Pawley wrote in </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">that during the 1951 oil crisis in Iran, Walters “was to act as
an aide to Harriman during negotiations with the pro-Communist Iranian Prime Minister,
Mohammed Mosaddeq, whose confidence Walters quickly won, so much so that Mosaddeq,
when frustrated, was not ashamed to shed real tears in front of him. And when the emotional
Prime Minister was seeing Harriman off at his plane, he said: ‘You know, if you let Walters
negotiate this, I think we would have reached an agreement.’”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">55 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Mosaddeq was overthrown by
the CIA in 1953 and replaced by the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s admiration of Walters continued into the Sixties. “And again, immediately
after the assassination of President Kennedy, when Brazil was on the verge of takeover by the
Soviets, under its pro-Communist leader Joao Goulart, the newly appointed American
Ambassador refused to assume his post unless he could have Vernon Walters with him. Today
[1975] a three-star general, and Deputy Director of the CIA, Dick Walters could serve his
country better than any man I know if appointed as our Ambassador to Brazil.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">56
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">For Pawley, the Inter-American Conference in Rio reaffirmed the Monroe Doctrine that
“any armed attack by one state in the Western Hemisphere against any other state would be
construed as an attack upon all.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">57 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Yet less than a decade later, he would find it acceptable for
the U.S. to overthrow the elected Arbenz government of Guatemala, and, after that, he also
would become enmeshed in the Bay of Pigs invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro and his own
plots.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s rabid hatred of Castro’s communism would eventually draw anger at him from
President John Fitzgerald Kennedy.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">58 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">But while Pawley was in Brazil, things were much
different. John and Bobby Kennedy’s father, Joseph P. Kennedy, wrote from Hyannisport,
Massachusetts on August 5, 1946 to “My dear Bill” thanking Pawley for “your kindness to
young Bob and his friend, Billings.” Joseph Kennedy “thought that in all his trip through South
America he should see at least one Embassy, and frankly I wouldn’t ask any of our other
representatives to do anything about it. I read occasionally that you will be brought back to State
Department in charge of South American affairs. That would be almost too good to be true!”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">59
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As Pawley’s tour of duty was coming to an end in Brazil in 1947, he became dismayed
with Rio’s most influential English-language newspaper, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Brazil Herald</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, which had grown hostile
to the United States. Pawley and Ralph Edward Motley, an Atlantic Refining Executive in Brazil </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">since 1929 and head of the American Society, “negotiated for control of the paper and got rid of
the anti-American editor”—replacing him with Pawley’s friend from Miami Beach, John D.
Montgomery to rebuild the Brazilian paper “into an organ worthy of the American colony”—an
odd description of a country that was a democratic federative republic and the world’s fifth
largest nation. A few years later Motley perished in a plane crash at age 48.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">60</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Footnotes:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Pawley Is Named Envoy to Peru.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, June 1, 1945. Page 5.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">11/13/1945 Memorandum “Subject: Mr. William D. Pawley, American Ambassador to Peru.” To: The Director of </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">the FBI [J. Edgar Hoover]. From: D. M. Ladd.</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Fred Lyon of the State Department advised telephonically on November 13 that Ambassador William
D. Pawley is presently in Washington. Mr. Lyon said Ambassador Pawley has indicated that he is anxious
to meet and pay his respects to you. He will be available at the State Department until the end of this week.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Ambassador Pawley arrived in Peru in July of this year. He is a businessman and this is his first diplomatic
post. He is reportedly a friend of President Truman. According to the Legal Attache in Lima he has been
very cooperative. At his request, in August of this year, Special Agent [redacted] of the Bureau conducted a
security survey of the Embassy in Lima which was apparently greatly appreciated by Ambassador Pawley.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">He was born at Florence, South Carolina, in 1896 and during recent years has resided in Florida at 3190
Pine Tree Drive, Miami Beach. He is a non-career diplomat and has been a successful businessman. He is
married and has two sons in the armed forces.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">From 1925 to 1927 Mr. Pawley was connected with various real estate promotion activities in Florida and
from 1927 to 1930 he was associated with the Curtiss Aviation organization in Puerto Rico. From 1930 to
1932 he was affiliated with a Cuban aviation company and in 1933 with the Inter-Continent Aircraft
organization. It is reported that he has also been interested in the Hindustan Aircraft, Ltd., Corp., of
Banglore India, and with the Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company of Lowing, China.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It is believed that Mr. Pawley has severed his connections with the above-mentioned organizations and it is
reported that the Inter-Continent Corporation, which has been a subsidiary of the Consolidated Vultee
Corporation has now been taken into the corporate structure of the latter organization.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley is quite wealthy and maintains a private plane and yacht in Lima. He has been very friendly
with the Bureau representative in Peru. He has expressed great respect for the FBI and the Director.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Bureau personnel openly assigned to Peru are listed below.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Presidential Daily Summary #63, April 29, 1946.” CIA Library Reading Room website. Page 4. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> This document was released by the CIA.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Historical Programs Staff, August 30, 1918. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Apra Enters.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 4, 1946.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Executive session testimony of William D. Pawley September 2 and 8, 1960” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Committee of the Judiciary’s
Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws,
Report, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">December 20, 1960. Pages 713, 716 & 722.<br />
>> After Michanowsky went to Mexico, he did not resurface in the United States until 1960 as far as Pawley knew.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/2/1953 FBI Memorandum “Subject: re: William D. Pawley.” To: D. M. Ladd. From: A. H. Belmont.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Memorandum prepared pursuant to telephonic request of Mr. [Clyde] Tolson on February 24, 1953, for
summary information on a former Ambassador Pawley whose home is in Florida. William Douglas Pawley
has been erroneously identified as [APPROXIMATELY 6 LINES REDACTED] ... No investigation has
been conducted on William Pawley who was a real estate broker in Florida, was actively interested in
airplane manufacturing and establishment of airlines in foreign countries before becoming Ambassador to
Peru in 1945. He was appointed Ambassador to Brazil in 1946 and as late as October 1952, was reported to
be special consultant with State Department. Pawley vigorously opposed withdrawal of FBI from SIS work
and protested personally to the Director, officials of State Department, General Eisenhower, General Hoyt
Vandenberg and President Truman. Expressed high regard for Bureau, the Director and its personnel in
Latin America ... In 1951 Pawley was interviewed at his request and made allegations that Braden was
under control of George Michanowsky, Political Advisor of Latin American Affairs for CIO in 1946, and
who was accused by Pawley of working with the Communist Party ... [and] recent activities with Iron
Curtain Refugee Committee headed by his good friend, General Carl Spaatz. Gave his reason for delay in
reporting above information as report given to him in confidence might have incriminated high officials in
State Department.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">RECOMMENDA TION:</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
None. This for your information, and for forwarding to Mr. Tolson.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In view of the above confusion as to both the first and last names, the following searches were made:
[REDACTED] William Douglas Pawley, William Douglas Pawley as well as variation Bill Pawley and Bill
Pauley.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... As a young boy he lived in Cuba with his parents and later moved to the Republic of Haiti where his
father had a business. From 1925 to 1927 he was a real estate broker in Miami...credited with organizing
the first commercial airline in Cuba, which he later sold to Pan American Airways. In 1934 he also
organized the first airline to operate in China and was credited with being the organizer of the American
group of Flying Tigers in China. In March 1945, he established the Intercontinent Aircraft Corporation of
Miami with offices at Rockefeller Plaza, New York City. In June 1945, Pawley was appointed Ambassador
to Peru and in April, 1946, was made Ambassador to Brazil. As late as October 1952, the files reveal that
he was listed as a special consultant with the Department of State.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The files reveal numerous reference reflecting contacts with the Bureau from 1945 through 1951. He
repeatedly expressed great respect for the FBI and the Director ...
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">From his various statements it appeared that Pawley was very anti-Communist...he was bitterly attacked by
such newspapers as “</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">La Epoca</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">,” official organ of the radical party in Argentina, and “</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Hoguera</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">” of Peru.
These newspapers called him a “slick promoter” and linked him with Wall Street and claimed that he made
“lucrative deals for himself in Peru.”
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">On August 1, 1951, William D. Pawley, consultant to the Secretary of State, was interviewed at his request
in the presence of [REDACTED] ... Pawley stated he heard that Michanowsky had made a deal with
Braden whereby the Democratic Party would receive six million CIO votes if certain activities of Braden,
particularly as they related to Latin America, could be directed by Michanowsky...a close personal friend
of [Gustavo] Duran who was at the time, confidential secretary to Braden. According to Pawley, Duran was
a Communist. He continued by saying that while under the direction of Michanowsky, Braden misdirected
the Government’s policy in Argentina, caused considerable embarrassment to the United States
Government and in fact, acted as an agent for the Communists. Pawley then commented that he never had </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">been friendly with Braden and considered him as an enemy insofar as the State Department and national
policy were concerned.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley stated in the early part of 1947, while he was still Ambassador to Brazil but was in New York on
private business, he received a personal visit from Michanowsky who stated ‘we realize Braden is all
washed up and we would like to see you get along in the State Department.’ He proceeded to offer him an
Assistant Secretary of State position if Pawley would in turn report State Department activities to him.
Pawley stated that he threw Michanowsky out of his office, immediately came to Washington and in the
company of General Eisenhower and the then Attorney General Tom Clark went to the White House and
told the story to President Truman. Mr. Pawley related that until a short time before the interview,
Michanowsky was attached to an organization in New York known as the Iron Curtain Refugee Committee
and that Mr. Gustavo Duran, at which time the United Nations Refugee Committee, was also indirectly
associated with the group. [REDACTED] the Refugee Committee which was reported to be sponsored by a
private group to look after political refugees entering the United States.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley desired to present the above-related activities of Michanowsky to the Bureau with the hope that
we would investigate him as well as any political refugees brought into the country at the instigation of
either Michanowsky or Duran.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">When the above interview with Pawley was reported the Director stated ‘It should be tactfully pointed out
that the delay of four years in bringing this to our attention by Pawley (if in fact he didn’t do so) will
seriously handicap this investigation.’
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It was determined after the interview on August 1, 1951 that Pawley had made allegation to the Legal
Attaché in May, 1947, to the effect that Spruille Braden was being influenced by Communist elements
including George Michanowsky of the CIO. He also advised our Legal Attaché in Paris in September,
1948, that Braden was controlled by the CIO and Pawley took credit for ‘breaking Braden.’ A review of the
files revealed that Pawley did not, at any time prior to August 1, 1951, furnish the bureau with information
concerning Michanowsky’s alleged contact with him in ‘early 1947.’
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In an interview on August 27, 1951, a tactful inquiry was made as to the reason of Pawley’s delay in
reporting the above matter to the FBI. He indicated at that time that a memorandum dated March 5, 1947,
which had been given in confidence, closely tied in with the matter. He stated that he was reluctant to make
the memorandum available because it concerned persons in the State Department, was given him in
confidence, possessed a great deal of ‘political’ significance and could be harmful if it fell into the hands of
the opposition party. At the conclusion of the interview he reluctantly turned over a copy of the
memorandum written by an unidentified author who said he said was [REDACTED PAGE].
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Messersmith’s Nose.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, April 15, 1946.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">4/24/1946 Message “re: Communist Activities in Peru Security Matter—C.” From the Legal Attache, Charles E.
McNabb, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">>> Labor article was referenced in this message.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"></span></p><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><div class="column"></div></div><div class="layoutArea" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><div class="column"></div></div></div><p></p><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“The Ambassador in Peru (Pawley) to the Secretary of State, October 19, 1945.” U.S. State Department Office of the Historian: Foreign Relations Of The United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945.<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The American Republics, Volume IX</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></p></div></div></div>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">5/1/1995 Interview “Ambassador John Howard Burns.” Interviewed by Charles Stuart Kennedy. The Association
for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project. ADST website.
http://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Burns,%20John%20Howard.toc.pdf
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">6/27/1946 Communication “Regarding William D. Pawley, United States Ambassador to Brazil, Foreign Political
Matter.” To: FBI Director Hoover. From: Sam J. Papich, Acting Legal Attaché.
</span></p><div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />Memorandum, U.S. State Department Summary of Telegrams </span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">NAID: 200252500 Department of State Office of the Secretary, Washington, June 21, 1946 </span></p></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">BRAZIL Ambassador Pawley reports that the Brazilian President and other high officials have urged an early understanding between the US and Argentina and believe that Argentine participation in a hemispheric defense plan is necessary and desirable. </span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">NAID 200252553 Department of State Office of the Secretary, Washington, August 14,1946 </span></p></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">BRAZIL Ambassador Pawley believes a definite date should now be set for the Rio Conference, thus giving notice to Argentina of a definite period during which is could fulfill its inter-American commitments and at the same time relieving Brazil of the impression that Argentina is arbitrarily holding up progress toward a defense pact between the US and the other American Republics. </span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">NAID: 200271778 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">Department of State Office of the Secretary, Washington, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;"> January 7, 1947 </span></p></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">BRAZIL Ambassador Pawley is convinced that the group of former pro-Axis individuals within this hemisphere is no longer considered generally to constitute a threat to the hemisphere. He adds that the need to strengthen relations among the American Republics, as a logical measure of defense and industrial and commercial progress, is generally conceded to be of greater urgency in the anticipation of possible future emergencies than a full and complete liquidation of past accounts. He states there is a widespread desire in Latin America that the US and Argentina adjust their differences as an essential step to achieving and implementing hemisphere solidarity. </span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">NAID: 200281142 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">Department of State Office of the Secretary, Washington, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;"> June 10, 1947 </span></p></div></div></div></div><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"></span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">BRAZIL Ambassador Pawley reports there is a possibility that Brazil could be persuaded to enter into arrangements with the US and UK governments to receive the bulk of all displaced persons from our occupation zones in Europe under a joint program, financed and directed by the three governments, which would necessitate the building of facilities in the interior of Brazil to receive these displaced persons. </span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 157-10002-10152 ~ 5/29/1975 SSCIA “Interview with Sam Papich.” Page 3 of 23.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">8/29/1946 Air Mail Letter. To: FBI Director Hoover at the Justice Department, Washington, DC. From: Pawley at</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">the American Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“June 24, 1940.” Timeline FBI History.” Federal Bureau of Investigation website.
http://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/historicdates.htm
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The FBI established a Special Intelligence Service (SIS) at President Roosevelt’s request. In connection
with the SIS, the Bureau dispatched agents to countries throughout the Western Hemisphere (except
Panama). FBI agents in South and Central America gathered intelligence information and worked to
prevent Axis espionage, sabotage, and propaganda efforts aimed against the U.S. and its allies. Special
agents assigned to posts in Europe, Canada, and Latin America began acting in an official liaison capacity.
After President Truman closed the SIS in 1946, these agent liaisons formed the basis of the FBI’s Legal
Attaché (Legat) Program. the </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 47.843140%, 71.764710%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">FBI’s Legal Attaché (Legat) Program</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">A Commemorative WWII History Series</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">
Part 2: The FBI’s Special Intelligence Service, 1940-1946
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Why was the SIS launched? </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Because by 1940 South America had become a hotbed of German intrigue.
More than half-a-million German emigrants—many supporters of the Third Reich—had settled in Brazil
and Argentina alone. In line with our earlier </span><span color="rgb(40.000000%, 40.000000%, 40.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">intelligence work on threats posed by Germany</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Roosevelt
wanted to keep an eye on Nazi activities in our neighbors to the south. And when the U.S. joined the Allied
cause in 1941, he wanted to protect our nation from Hitler’s spies and collect intelligence on Axis activities
to help win the war.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The President turned to the FBI to run the SIS (remember, this was before the CIA was created), and we
ended up sending more than 340 agents and support professionals undercover into Central and South
America over the next seven years.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">As you’d expect, there was a learning curve...and it took some time to master the languages and get
undercover operatives in place. But within months, the SIS was working well. We were gathering
information and sending it back to FBI headquarters in Washington, where it was crafted into useful
intelligence for the military and others. And overseas, we developed ways of sharing crucial information
with law enforcement and intelligence services there so they could round up Axis spies and saboteurs.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">How successful was the SIS? </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The numbers speak for themselves. By 1946, we had identified 887 Axis
spies, 281 propaganda agents, 222 agents smuggling strategic war materials, 30 saboteurs, and 97 other
agents. We had located 24 secret Axis radio stations and confiscated 40 radio transmitters and 18 receiving
sets. And we had even </span><span color="rgb(40.000000%, 40.000000%, 40.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">used some of these radio networks to pass false and misleading information back to
Nazi Germany</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The SIS was disbanded after the war, and the newly formed CIA was asked to take over its operations and
expand U.S. intelligence activities worldwide. But the SIS served the nation well: it helped protect the
homeland and win the war...provided valuable lessons in intelligence and undercover operations for the
Bureau for years to come...and set the stage for our overseas </span><span color="rgb(40.000000%, 40.000000%, 40.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Legal Attaché program
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">History of Legal Attachés
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In 1940—a year before the surprise attack at Pearl Harbor pushed the U.S. into World War II—President
Franklin D. Roosevelt realized that America needed more and better intelligence to understand the threats
posed by the Axis powers.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The FBI was in charge of domestic intelligence, but there was no CIA at that time to handle overseas
intelligence. Roosevelt decided to assign intelligence responsibilities for different parts of the globe to
various agencies. The Bureau landed the area closest to home—the Western Hemisphere.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Strategically, it made sense—South and Central America were fast becoming staging grounds for the Nazis
to send spies into the U.S. and hubs for relaying information back to Germany. In June 1940, the FBI
responded to the president’s charge by setting up a Special Intelligence Service that deployed scores of
undercover agents to ferret out Axis spy networks.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Around this time, the FBI also realized that it needed to establish official liaison with the many countries it
was working with across the world to coordinate international leads arising from the Bureau’s work and to
exchange information with the police and intelligence services of those countries. In 1940, the FBI
established its first international office in Mexico City to collaborate on a variety of criminal matters. By
the end of 1942, special agents also had been assigned to U.S. embassies in Bogota, London and Ottawa,
and they were all carried on the Department of State’s diplomatic roster and given the title of “legal
attaché” (or legat). The following year, a Liaison Section in the Security Division was established at FBI
Headquarters to maintain contact with the legats, the State Department, the Armed Services, and other
agencies.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">As the need for intelligence related to the Axis threat in the West diminished towards the end of the war,
the special agents assigned to posts in Europe, Canada, and Latin America began to make relationship-
building and/or training their top priorities. In 1947, the FBI’s Special Intelligence Service was disbanded,
and the newly formed CIA was tasked to take over foreign intelligence operations and to coordinate
intelligence activities worldwide. But the Bureau’s network of legats overseas had proven its worth and
continued to crystallize its liaison mission.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The number of legats operating from the 1950s through the 1980s fluctuated greatly due to crime trends
and budget allowances, with offices opening, closing, and reopening at various times. In the 1990s, FBI
Director Louis Freeh—recognizing that global crime and terror were on the rise—made it a priority to open
a series of new legal attaché offices. At the start of his tenure in 1993, the Bureau had 21 offices in U.S.
embassies worldwide; within eight years that number had doubled. Offices were opened, for example, in
such strategic locations as Pakistan, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, South Korea, and Saudi Arabia.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In 1999, an FBI agent was stationed full-time in Budapest, Hungary, at the request of the Hungarian
National Police to handle an increasing number of investigations prompted largely by a rise in organized
crime groups. In April 2000, this relationship was formalized into the FBI-Hungarian National Police
Organized Crime Task Force, the first FBI task force established outside of the United States. The work of
the task force continues to this day. A legal attaché office was later established in Budapest as well.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The attacks of 9/11—and the increasing need for global cooperation to combat terrorism and other
transnational threats—led to continued growth in the legal attaché program. By the end of 2006, the FBI
had 57 permanent offices and 13 sub-offices in place, with 278 employees stationed abroad, including in
new locations such as Baghdad, Iraq; Kabul, Afghanistan; Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Beijing,
China; Doha, Qatar; and Jakarta, Indonesia.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In 2009, the International Operations Division was created out of the former Office of International
Operations that had been set up by Director Mueller following 9/11.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In recent years, the work of legal attachés has been vital in major investigations such as the East African
embassy bombings of 1998, the attack on the USS Cole in 2000, 9/11, as well as countless other cases. Our
legal attaché personnel have also helped coordinate the FBI’s role in special events overseas such as
Olympic Games and the Bureau’s response to humanitarian crises beyond our nation’s borders.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Today, the Bureau has special agents and support professionals in more than 90 overseas offices and sub-offices, pursuing terrorist, intelligence, and criminal threats with international dimensions in every part of
the world.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">9/17/1946 FBI Internal Memo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 120-123. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 118-119.
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Memorandum of Telephone Conversation, by the Chief of the Division of Brazilian Affairs (Braddock), October 18, 1946.” U.S. State Department Office of the Historian: Foreign Relations of The United States, 1946. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The American Republics, Volume XI.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Vale History Book 5. Website no longer available.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">State Department History. Page 353
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/31/1947 Letter. To: William Pawley. From: Dwight D. Eisenhower.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 128-133.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Robert E. Hannegan Papers.” Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. National Archives.
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/hstpaper/hannegan.htm
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 128-133.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">CIA-RDP80R01731R002600420001-1 ~ “April 3, 1947 entry.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Diary, Lieutenant General Hoyt S. Vandenberg</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 5 & 6.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
“Donald H. Galloway, 82, Retired Army Colonel.” The </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, December 16, 1980. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Rebound Time,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, May 26, 1947.
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"></span></p><div class="page" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"></div></div></div><p></p><div class="page" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“The Ambassador in Brazil (Pawley) to the Secretary of State, Telegram, May 10, 1947, 1 p.m.” U.S. State Department Office of the Historian: Foreign Relations of The United States, 1947.<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The American Republics, Volume VIII.</span></p></div></div></div>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“The Outlaws.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, May 19, 1947. Page 17. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 128-133.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 135.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Rye Highball recipe.” Drinks Mixers website. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 136-137.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Auchinleck, Claude 1884-1981.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Dictionary of Ulster Biography</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Website no longer available.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">34 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 138.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">35 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 139-140.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">36 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Leon Trotsky, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Literature and Revolution</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Chapter 2: “The Literary ‘Fellow-Travellers’ of the Revolution.” </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><i> </i></span></span></p></div></div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">37 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 139.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">38 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, pages 124-125.
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">39 </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Memorandum of Conversation, by the Chief of the Division of Brazilian Affairs (Dawson) August 21, 1947. Subject: Proposed Petroleum Law in Brazil; Hoover–Curtice Mission.” U.S. State Department Office of the Historian: Foreign Relations Of The United States, 1947. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The American Republics, Volume VIII. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1947v08/d412</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">40 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Brazil posed to become significant exporter of sugarcane-based fuel.” Brazil Arab News Agency, July 13, 2004. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">41 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 142.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">42 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In the 1960s, Pawley was a member of board of the George C. Marshall Research Foundation and donated his
manuscript and personal papers to the Foundation in the 1970s.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">43 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Adolf Hitler – FBI Files.” Black Vault website.
>> 743 pages of declassified documents.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">44 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“FBI Document Re: Martin Borman </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">(sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">).” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Hunting Hitler </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(TV series). History Channel, Season 2. December
2016.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">45 </span><span color="rgb(12.549020%, 12.941180%, 13.333330%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Michael Miller, </span><span color="rgb(12.549020%, 12.941180%, 13.333330%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Leaders of the SS and German Police, Vol. 1</span><span color="rgb(12.549020%, 12.941180%, 13.333330%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. (San Jose, CA: R. James Bender, 2006).
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">"DNA test closes book on mystery of Martin Bormann." By Imre Karacs. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Independent</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. May 4, 1998.</span></p></div></div>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">46 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Airgram: “The Ambassador In Brazil (Pawley) To The Secretary Of State, Rio de Janeiro, February 12, 1947.”
U.S. State Department Office Of The Historian: Foreign Relations Of The United States, 1947. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The American
Republics, Volume VIII.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="section"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">A–167. Reference is made to the Department’s instruction no. 366, November 23, 1946, which reads in part
as follows:
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="section"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It is suggested that the Foreign Office be informed of the United States Government’s continued interest in
removing dangerous Germans from this hemisphere and preventing a resurgence of German influence in
the American Republics. It is further suggested that, if practicable, some expression be obtained from the
Brazilian Government as to what steps, if any, it is planning to initiate pointing towards the removal of
those dangerous Germans still remaining in Brazil.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="section"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The Department’s telegram no. 62, January 17, 1947, instructs the Embassy “to make no further effort to
obtain repatriation or punishment of comparatively minor offenders which still remain unpunished in
Brazil”.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="section"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The Embassy will appreciate receiving clarification of these conflicting instructions.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="page" title="Page 27">
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">47 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">8/6/1947 Air Courier Communication “re: Adolph Hitler and Eva Braun Information.” To: FBI Director J. Edgar
Hoover. From Sam Papich in Rio de Janeiro. Black Vault website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">48 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“September 1, 1947.” Daily Appointments of Harry S. Truman. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. National
Archives. Website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">49 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">September 2, 3, 4, 5, 1947. Daily Appointments of Harry S. Truman. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum.
National Archives. Website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Truman Safe as Auto Skids On Brazilian Mountain Road.” By C. P. Trussell. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, September 7,
1947. Page 1.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“President Sailing Directly For Home.” By C. P. Trussell. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, September 8, 1947. Page 1.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">50 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“1,000,000 Acclaim Truman on Entry in Brazil’s Capital.” By C. P. Trussell. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">September 2, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">1947. Page 1.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
“Rolling Down to Rio.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, August 18, 1947.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">A major logistics problem at the Rio Conference was the short supply of Scotch “at $115 a case ... to float
Ambassador Bill Pawley’s projected cocktail party for 2,000. When one businessman bragged that he
owned four bottles of Scotch, another cracked: ‘Don’t say that out loud or you’ll be giving a reception for
Marshall.’”
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">51 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 143-145.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">52 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Tour of the Harry S. Truman Library & Museum.” C-Span, September 21, 2007.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">53 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Ellis Briggs, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Proud Servant: The Memoirs of a Career Ambassador </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press,
1998). Page 152.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> The career of each diplomat can be found at U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian website.
</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Paul C. Daniels: Ambassador to Honduras (1947) and Ecuador (1951-53) and later a leading American
figure in the formulation of the Antarctic Treaty of 1959.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Randolph Kidder: Ambassador to Viet Nam (1955).
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">John H. Burns: Central African Republic (1961-63) and Tanzania (1965).
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">David Key, soon Ambassador to Burma (1950-1952).
</span></p>
</li>
</ul><ul style="list-style-type: disc;"><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Clarence Brooks is identified as an economist.</span></p></li></ul><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Australian Antarctic Data Centre website</span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
>> You must search results for Paul Daniels to see details.</span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">54 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/digital-archive/statesman-chapter-21-strengthening-latin-american- ties</span>“Vernon Walters.” George C. Marshall Foundation website </span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">55 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 117 and 118.
</span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Vernon A. Walters, Permanent U.S. Representative to the United Nations, May 1985 - March 1989.” History of
USUN Ambassadors, Archive, United States Mission to the UN.
</span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">56 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 141.</span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">57 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 143-144.</span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">58 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 431.</span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">59 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 436.</span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">60 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">William Pawley and Richard Tyron, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Why The Communists are Winning as of 1976</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Chapter 7. Gratisbooks.com </span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Ralph Edward Motley.” Family Search website.</span></p><br /><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;"><br /></p></div></div></div></div>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-24037690766330370292009-12-12T15:02:00.008-08:002023-10-04T16:57:30.356-07:005: "The Bogotázo” in Colombia<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">President Truman had accepted Pawley’s resignation reluctantly contingent upon him completing
preparation for the Ninth Conference of the Inter-American States in Bogotá. It proved to be one
of the most dangerous and disastrous events of his career even though he was aware of
widespread animosity toward the U.S. The assessment of Latin America that Pawley gave to
Secretary of State Marshall was reported in </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhCZlpuQrR6ql8xsShfDCynkmJaD4_Z6ekN2oW8eh3zDs-ygyxhGgGuWNmN87yc2kgulE7Cg7cK3abd4-gmHOPnRZyHBwm22f7CtGMthzaJwamxCVApQUSeqeorbdk2_hbKcjlNvx_gqDI2-EBpeACmp3rixKiXrr35hLmCUSWKnYdIX3NKQ7QYf96HiD8" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="2245" data-original-width="3535" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhCZlpuQrR6ql8xsShfDCynkmJaD4_Z6ekN2oW8eh3zDs-ygyxhGgGuWNmN87yc2kgulE7Cg7cK3abd4-gmHOPnRZyHBwm22f7CtGMthzaJwamxCVApQUSeqeorbdk2_hbKcjlNvx_gqDI2-EBpeACmp3rixKiXrr35hLmCUSWKnYdIX3NKQ7QYf96HiD8=w309-h197" width="309" /></a></span>magazine. “Bluntly, the U.S. Ambassador to
Brazil told his boss that things were going badly in Latin America. The latinos were sore because
they felt that the U.S. was neglecting them in favor of Europe, and something ought to be done to
straighten things out before next month’s Pan American Conference in Bogotá.” Marshall told
him to get to work, and Pawley soon was documenting how the European Recovery Program
would benefit South America.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On March 8, 1948, Pawley wrote Marshall to recommend an overhaul of the Foreign
Service Act to create Career Ambassadors “such as George F. Kennan, Charles E. Bohlen and
Walton Butterworth.” Pawley envisioned that the title could add prestige and improve “the
financial position of career men.” Pawley specifically mentioned Paul C. Daniels, Director of
American Republics Affairs as someone who could benefit. And touted his belief that “there is a
place for political appointees in the Foreign Service.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley then arranged an April trip to Medellin, Colombia, believing that Secretary of
State Marshall could use a change from the high altitude of Bogotá. The plane got a flat tire
when it landed on the bumpy runway, which caused much excitement among the crowds waiting
to welcome Marshall, but according to Edna Pawley, “No one was ever in danger.” While in
Colombia they lunched with local officials and visited one of Columbia’s largest orchid farms.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">While waiting for the cars to take them, Marshall realized a newsboy was holding a copy of the
April 3, 1948 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Semana </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">(Colombia’s version of </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">) which featured a cover story of the
upcoming Bogotá Conference complete with a caricature of Marshall.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Three days later, Marshall sent a note from Bogotá to Pawley in the same city on the
letterhead of the Delegation of the United States of America thanking him for a case of
champagne while adding, “I might say you are making it extremely difficult for me to live up to
my self-imposed pledge on this trip. I can hardly wait to get back to the States and put a bottle on
ice.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Vernon Walters, who assisted Pawley during his Ambassadorship, later wrote an
autobiography, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Silent Missions</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, in which he describes his “good friend” Pawley as a </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“truly great
and patriotic” man who spoke Spanish flawlessly, a major compliment from Walters who was
revered for knowing a half-dozen languages. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">The two men, as well as Edna Pawley, were
together in Bogotá when the economic conference that Pawley had organized at the request of
President Truman and Secretary of State Marshall was disrupted with violent riots resulting in
thousands of deaths. <span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">The April 9, 1948 “Black Friday” attack became known as the “Bogotázo”
and it would have a lasting impact on Pawley, the delegates of the Organization of American
States, Secretary of State Marshall, Averill Harriman and other U.S. leaders in attendance.</span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As the riots unfolded in Bogotá, Pawley told Walters to find and bring back Grady
Matthews, the pilot of Pawley’s private DC-3. Pawley then handed Matthews $5,000 and
ordered him to fly to Panama to buy turkey, ham, caviar and </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">foie gras </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">so that the Southern
Hemisphere delegates, who had been eating Army rations, could be convinced to remain for the
conference. The psychological ploy worked and impressed General Marshall as well as Walters
who also was amazed that Pawley never sought reimbursement from the U.S. government.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In a three-page typed letter to a friend, Celeste, Edna Pawley gave a “blow-by-blow”
description of “life in Bogotá during a revolution” from her perspective. “At least everything is
calm today so perhaps I can write without too much disturbance. What a week this has been!
Anita (Bill’s niece who does some of his secretarial work) and I were not outside the house for
three days and when we did venture out it was to move to quieter and more comfortable place.
Of course Bill was out the second day as our Delegates met at the Secretary’s house to discuss
the situation. I can now appreciate to the fullest extent the expression ‘Then came the
Revolution’!! Mr. Armour who was in two revolutions in Russia said this is much worse.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Edna Pawley then described the Friday morning of April 9, 1948, during which she had
“planned to go to the Plaza Bolivar to do some shopping and have lunch at hotel Granada.” She
was delayed, however. “Fortunately, Secretary Marshall drove by the house for a visit before
going on to his house for lunch, so that detained us and we decided to go after lunch; otherwise
we would have been in the midst of all the rioting which broke out at the moment Gaitan was
murdered. The first we heard about the disturbance was when the pilot came breathlessly to the
house, asking if we wanted to fly to Panama. Walter Donnelly (formerly our Counselor in Lima,
now Amb. to Venezuela and a delegate here) had had lunch with us and he and Bill had just left
but were back in a half an hour. They had gotten far enough into the city to see crowds of
agitators tearing down flags along the street and stopping cars. Walter—having lived in
Colombia and being married to a Colombian girl—was terribly upset and said then he was afraid
it would be very serious. He wanted us to go to his brother-in-law’s house which was on a
quieter street but we decided to stay where we were.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">They huddled around the radio that afternoon and realized that the local stations had been
seized “by the Communist agitators almost immediately after Gaitan’s death.” The airwaves </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">“were filled with rabble-rousing speeches in which they incited the masses and called on them to
go out with machetes and guns and take over all the strategic points of the city. None of which
they were able to do, fortunately and we had electric power and telephone service without any
break. Their broadcasts grew more and more inciting as the day wore on and their stories took on
fantastic proportions. We were told that President Ispino Perez had been killed; that the Capitolio
was completely destroyed and that the Liberales had full control of the Government.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 4"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Pawleys and their friends “stayed with the radio hoping to find a station that would
give us a calmer view of the situation but that didn’t happen until the next day. It was very
reassuring to see late in the afternoon tanks and jeeps and trucks filled with soldiers going at a
terrific speed toward the City. (The fact that it was all U.S. Lend-lease equipment added to our
reassurance.)”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">At the bottom of page one of her letter is a handwritten parenthetical note that states “At
Gen Marshall’s request his aid, Major (now Maj Gen) Vernon Walters telephoned to ask if I
would be home around 11:30 as the General wanted to stop for a short visit before going on to
home for lunch. Of course I said I would be at home and would be delighted to see him. If Gen.
Marshall had not left his office early and I had not known he was coming by both of us would
have been downtown in the most dangerous area of the rioting, shooting and killing.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As the Bogotázo increased in intensity, Edna Pawley recognized that fear was gripping
the police. “All policemen were on the side of the Conservatives and our police guard was
frightened to death! We looked outside and saw him hiding behind one of the posts of the garden
walk and we invited him into the house. We had heard on the radio just what they were doing to
the police and we felt much safer guarding him! He spent the night there and servants said he left
early the next morning. Our cook left the first night and never did come back and so did the </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">chauffeur. He not only left but took the car with him—the rascal. We were fortunate enough to
have some tinned goods I had bought at the commissary in Rio to supplement Bill’s diet—so
with the rice and potatoes on hand and the tinned goods from Rio we fared very well indeed for
three days. I did feel compelled to go to the kitchen and make soup to relieve the monotonous
diet—which, strangely enough, even Bill enjoyed. On one of the days when Bill was not there
for lunch Anita and I were reduced to Champagne and pate de foi gras. We had a wonderful time
until sleep overcame us!”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 5"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On Monday, April 12</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, they changed locations “and Bill sent the plane to Panama for
supplies” for the Pawleys, their guards and conference guests. “It seems now that I spend most of
my time rationing food for four soldiers who guard our house night and day, the five servants
and ourselves. I feel exactly like a French pension keeper with her chatelaine hanging securely at
her side! We have distributed the supplies to various delegates who had mentioned that they
were getting down to rock bottom. We also sent a large box to the households of Secretary
Marshall, Averill Harriman and Norman Armour. Our household is running very smoothly now
and almost every day Bill brings various Delegates home for tea (and I mean Tea). And do they
enjoy a cup of hot tea beside a cheerful fire? If one has never been to Bogotá it is difficult to
appreciate just what that means. We can’t have anyone for dinner as the curfew is still on and no
one is permitted out after seven. I certainly wouldn’t want to take a chance on being caught
out—with all the “trigger-happy” soldiers around!”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">It becomes obvious in the next paragraph that William Pawley had chosen for his second
wife, a woman who was not only attractive and adventuresome, but also had his voracious
appetite for following and analyzing news. “It is still difficult to know the whole story or to be
able to analyze just what happened. Perhaps we are still too close to it and there are so many </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">conflicting stories. It will be most interesting to know how the newspapers at home handled the
story. On Saturday night we heard Dubois of the </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Chicago Tribune </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">give his broadcast to the
States from Capitolio where he had been caught and had had to stay for two days. His broadcast
seemed to be a very accurate account of what happened. On Sunday night about ten o’clock the
representative of the </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Christian Science Monitor, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">whom we had known in Rio and later in Boston,
telephoned and as Bill was out at a meeting of the delegates, I answered the phone—in spite of
the fact that it had happened to be just at a time when the shooting was so close to the house that
I was going through my first real apprehension about the whole situation. I tried to talk to him
very calmly and did not mention the barrage going on just outside my window. He was very
anxious to get his story of what the newspaper boys were going through—there was shooting and
looting and burning going on next door; they were getting very short on food; there were no
guards at their building and—saddest of all—they could not get out of their stories. He said ‘The
Ambassador had always been so cooperative that they felt impelled to call on him and felt that he
could not get out their stories.’ I listened to his story—trying very hard to be patient and
sympathetically—and promised to do everything in ‘Bill’s’ power to help him! The moment
after we had said ‘Buenos Noches’ the telephone rang again and it was Maria Helena Donnelly
who wanted to assure me that she had just had word that the ‘hoodlums’ had left our street and
that Bill and Walter were on their way home. She had received a call from friends of her who
lived near us and they had told her how serious the shooting had been. I learned the next day
when all was ‘peace and quiet’ just how worried she had been when she called!”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In a parenthetical note on the bottom of page 2, Edna Pawley wrote: “After we were back
in the States, on several occasions Gen. Marshall would say to a group of friends—‘Mrs. Pawley </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">saved my life in Bogotá’. You can imagine how quickly that statement got everyone’s attention.
Usually I would reply “If what you say is true Gen. Marshall, then you also saved my life.” A
strong and lasting bond had been formed between them. Before concluding her letter to Celeste,
Mrs. Pawley turned backed to describing the activities that had been disrupted by the communist
agitators in Bogotá. She and Maria Helena Donnelly were hoping to go to Quito, Ecuador with
friends including Averill Harriman “but he left for home today.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Despite her harrowing experience, Edna had some favorable comments. “Actually,
Bogotá under normal conditions is much more attractive than I had anticipated. The day of our
arrival was sunny and when we had left the mountains and circled the green and fertile Savannah
or ‘Sabana’ as they call it, I was pleasantly surprised to find it similar to the Vale of Kashmir—
with a few exceptions of course, such as snow-capped mountains and an abundance of lakes and
rivers!” She also had “a very excellent library and we have enjoyed it so much during our
cloistered life. Fortunately many of them were in English.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Edna Pawley was not optimistic about the outcome of the Conference, but she was about
her future. “I believe the Conference may end sooner than it would have if this fiasco had not
occurred; however it is still difficult to know when it will be over. We are making bets on a week
from Wednesday. We plan on returning via Guatemala, Mexico City and Los Angeles to visit
Bill’s mother. Then we expect to be at Belvoir for a while. We have no immediate plans after
that but I know we will be in New York and I hope we can have some unrushed evenings with
you and Tom. Bill is feeling remarkably well considering all that he does. We had two very busy
weeks in Rio just prior to our coming here. The Foreign Minister had asked Bill to return to Rio
to settle some pending matters and that gave us an opportunity to say goodbuy [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">] to our
friends. The Brazilian Government gave Bill their highest decoration—one that is usually only </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">given to Chiefs of State. We are FREE people now though and that is a wonderful feeling.” She
signed off. “Bill joins me in sending our best to you and Tom and hope to see you soon. Edna
ECP”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the United States, Congressmen labeled the Bogotázo “The Pearl Harbor of Latin
America” and Admiral Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter, Director of Central Intelligence, was called
before Congress to answer why his newly formed agency had not seen it coming. Hillenkoetter
tried to imply that the fault lay with State’s failures to pass on intelligence information quickly
enough. A CIA review of the incident, nearly 50 years later, observed that the infighting between
State and CIA had been quelled by Marshall. “When Secretary Marshall heard of the rousing
events in Washington he ordered an end to the public dispute between State and CIA, and to the
airing of classified documents. His authority was sufficient to have his will prevail, though he
probably was aided by growing embarrassment among senior White House advisers and leaders
of Congress.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Despite the Bogotázo disruption, the Charter for the Organization of American States was
signed on April 30, 1948, by representatives from 21 countries including Cuba, Chile, Colombia,
Guatemala and other South and Central American and Caribbean nations. Signing for the United
States were Assistant Secretary of State Norman Armour, Ambassador to Colombia Willard L.
Beaulac, Ambassador to Venezuela Walter J. Donnelly, former Ambassador to Honduras Paul C.
Daniels and retiring Ambassador William D. Pawley.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On May 3, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">ran the page one headline “Success in Bogotá Held
Exaggerated: 21-Nation Agreement Is Viewed as Clouding Basic Inequality of Hemisphere
‘Partners’” and led with an opening paragraph that implied that some diplomats privately </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">“challenge former Ambassador William D. Pawley on his assertion that the ninth Conference of
the Inter-American States was a ‘magnificent success.’”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Whether a success or not, the conference triggered a new passion to fight communism.
As he wrote in his autobiography, Pawley got the name of the young man he believed was
responsible for the Bogotázo and six months later he had the evidence to make him his arch-
nemesis for the rest of Pawley’s life. “By October, 1948, reports had been filed by Army G-2,
office of Naval Intelligence (ONI), and a combined intelligence evaluation all of which identified
comrade [Fidel] Castro by name as a communist.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Their worlds would again collide a decade
later.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the midst of the aftermath of the Bogotázo, Pawley’s former wife, Annie Hahr Pawley,
asked the Florida courts to rule on the legitimacy of their five-year-old Cuban divorce. The
Florida judge “dismissed Annie’s suit for maintenance and delivered 1) a ringing tribute to
Pawley as a valuable citizen, 2) a ringing rebuke to Annie for ‘relentlessly poisoning the minds
of his superiors . . . with the purpose of ruining him.’”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">FOOTNOTES:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Customer’s Man,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 16, 1948.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">If Congress approves the European Recovery Plan “program of buying in Latin America, the latinos will be
invited to ship something like $11⁄2 billion of foodstuffs and raw materials to Europe by July 1, 1949. Bill
Pawley could point to this breakdown:
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">¶ $282,100,000 for 1,585,000 tons of bread grains, mainly from Argentina ... Argentina had to have such a
price, he explained, because half its wheat went as a gift to countries (e.g., France, Italy and Spain) that
cannot pay. Argentina’s net return was thus more like half the $5 price.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">¶ $1,151,100,000 for other grains, meat fats and oils, mainly from Argentina and Uruguay.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">¶ $136,600,000 for coffee. </span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">¶ $40,600,000 for rice.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
¶ $26,400,000 for nitrates.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">¶ $74,000,000 for beans, fresh fruit and cocoa. </span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">¶ $267,900,000 for sugar.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... [Latin Americans] also want dollars to help them build industry. In preparation for Bogotá, therefore,
Bill Pawley hoped to sell the U.S. State Department the Colombian scheme for a U.S.-financed Inter-
American bank to make hemispheric-development loans.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">That was a big program to sell to Washington in the six weeks before Bogotá. Bill Pawley thought he could
do it.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/8/1948 Correspondence. From: Pawley. To: Marshall. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“The Oral History Interview with Paul C. Daniels” </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/danielsp.htm</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> This identifies Daniels as a “U.S. Foreign Service officer, 1928-53,
with service as counselor of the Embassy, Bogotá, Colombia, 1943-45; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1945-47; Ambassador
to Honduras, 1947; U.S. rep. Inter-Am. Economic and Social Council, 1947-48; director American Republic Affairs,
U.S. Dept. of State, 1947-49; U.S. delegate to the 9th International Conference of American States, Bogotá, 1948;
Ambassador to the Council of Organization of American States, 1948-50; and as U.S. Ambassador to Ecuador,
1951-53. Also served later as a special adviser on Antarctica, U.S. Dept. of State, 1957-59.” </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> In the oral history, Daniels states: “Incidentally, here’s an interesting thing, parenthetically, which I did in
Brazil. This was at the time when Juan Peron was in Argentina. Spruille Braden was then Assistant
Secretary, and they didn’t like each other, of course. He brought out the ‘bluebook,’ telling how bad Peron
was and sending copies all around the continent. I had to take one to the Brazilian Foreign Office. That
began to worry me a little bit, and so I wrote a dispatch. I was then Charge. I was Charge there about six
months between Adolf Berle and Bill [William] Pawley, who came later. I was delighted to have the
opportunity to write this dispatch, but I didn’t want to call it ‘American-Argentine Relations,’ because that
would seem out of place coming from the Charge d’Affaires in Rio. So, I called it, I think, ‘Brazilian,
Argentine, and American relations’—something like that.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">4/1948 Letter. From: Edna C. Pawley. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folder 1.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">4/6/1948 Note. From: George C. Marshall. To: William Pawley. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders
1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Vernon Walters. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Silent Missions </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1978). Pages 143-4 and
165-6.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Nathaniel Weyl, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Red Star Over Cuba: The Russian Assault on the Western Hemisphere </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(New York: The Devin-
Adair Company, 1960). Page 34.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Executive session testimony of William D. Pawley September 2 and 8, 1960.” Committee of the Judiciary’s
Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws,
Report. December 20, 1960. Page 723.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">4/17/1948 Three-page typed letter with handwritten additions. From: Edna Pawley, Bogotá, Colombia on
Letterhead of The Foreign Service of the United States of America. To: Celeste. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers,
Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Celeste, in all likelihood, is Celeste Morgan, wife of William Pawley’s longtime business associate, Thomas Alfred
Morgan, former president and chairman of the board of Sperry Corp. who also had headed Eastern Airlines and
North American Aviation. Celeste’s name appears as his widow in his obituary: “Industrialist Morgan Dies At Age
of 80.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The High Point </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(NC) </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Enterprise</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, October 30, 1967. Page 17.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The Bogotázo, Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence, Release 1994.
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/docs/v13i4a07p_0007.htm
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Charter of the Organization of American States signed April 30, 1948.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Success in Bogotá Held Exaggerated: 21-Nation Agreement Is Viewed as Clouding Basic Inequality of </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Hemisphere ‘Partners.’” By Milton Bracker, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. May 3, 1948. Page 1. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 213.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Travel,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, June 14, 1948.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Florida Case Law, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Pawley v. Pawley</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, 160 Fla. 903 (1948) October 22, 1948.</span></p></div></div></div>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-9749356463105050182009-12-12T14:58:00.005-08:002023-08-27T16:20:13.892-07:006: Men and Women of Letters<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgs2uYPt_Xk3jnwMTJyVTzK_YObSdrnP5MDeWqn4mP7YnuPNvU4P10zrjgVF54xuQT2gau8F7IimsrzBoD00WANW1sYQdpNIcqHBdHrwxn5YQuxWyX9wp3q2M-6sONdz9t6MISzfy1kxMVT9SzZGVymof4p6OEBrBjKeIWHnWK2rWScwgJpKky-G3Kvm60" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="2329" data-original-width="1761" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgs2uYPt_Xk3jnwMTJyVTzK_YObSdrnP5MDeWqn4mP7YnuPNvU4P10zrjgVF54xuQT2gau8F7IimsrzBoD00WANW1sYQdpNIcqHBdHrwxn5YQuxWyX9wp3q2M-6sONdz9t6MISzfy1kxMVT9SzZGVymof4p6OEBrBjKeIWHnWK2rWScwgJpKky-G3Kvm60=w180-h238" width="180" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On a diplomatic level, General Marshall agreed to use Pawley for short missions such as
“negotiations to secure military installations, particularly bomber bases, in Spain.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">There also is
considerable evidence in The Pawley Collection at The George C. Marshall Library in
Lexington, Virginia, that Marshall came to treat Pawley as a friend and corresponded often with
Pawley and his wife, Edna, until Marshall’s death a decade later.
</span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A September 4, 1947 telegram was sent from Washington addressed “Personal for
Ambassador Pawley from General Marshall” which stated that “Katherine and I repeat again our
heartfelt appreciation for the bountiful hospitality of your Edna and you and of your untiring
efforts in our behalf.” Marshall asked Pawley to “make my compliments to the President and
Mrs. Truman and to Margaret” and noted President Truman “is famous this morning as a
mountain climber and orchid fancier meanwhile I have Lovett waiting at my side with the
multitudinous details of a sick world.” Lovett signed the telegram.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2<span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a>
<p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The following day, Marshall wrote to “My dear Mrs. Pawley” at the American Embassy,
Rio de Janeiro. “I sent your husband a radio yesterday morning reporting our safe arrival in
Washington the previous afternoon at 3:30 after a record-breaking trip—which I now understand
cut eight hours of the previous flying time. I want to tell you though how very much I
appreciated all that you did for our comfort, and particularly for Katherine’s pleasure and
comfort. I shall not forget your kindness and thoughtfulness.” Marshall ingratiated himself. “It
was a great pleasure to know you and I hope this is only the beginning of a pleasant association.
Certainly with our places so close together in Virginia it should not be difficult to get together in
the future, provided you can persuade your man to rest up a little bit. Make certain that he comes </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">up to the States within a few weeks fully prepared for a lengthy stay and a complete rest under
your guidance and control.” In his postscript to Edna Pawley, he mentioned that “Katherine went
directly from the plane to Leesburg and I hope to see her this weekend. Her daughter with her
grandchildren, and a Chinese maid with new teeth on display met us at the plane.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Ambassador Pawley responded immediately with a telegram to Marshall typed by his
niece, Anita Pawley. The draft exists and stated that he had “delivered your compliments to
President, Mrs. Truman and Margaret as requested for which they expressed appreciation. Edna
and I extremely grateful for your most generous telegram. It was indeed a pleasure and honor to
have had an opportunity to be with you and Mrs. Marshall [her first name Katherine was
scratched out on the draft] and for me to have had the opportunity to work with you and your
associate during the Conference.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On October 18, 1947, Pawley wrote from his Miami Beach home to Marshall in
Washington, D.C. enclosing a </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Miami Herald </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">newspaper clipping that spawned his concern for
Brazil which had not been invited to discussions of reparations at the Paris conference despite
having suffered “very large Naval and commercial losses” during World War II. Pawley urged
Marshall to give it his attention, noting “it is important that we hold the good will and respect of
Brazil in these troubled times.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Five weeks later, Pawley wrote from Washington, D.C. to Secretary Marshall in London
where he was attending a conference. “I am hoping to be able to get off to Boston and the Lahey
Clinic [which Pawley misspelled as Leahy, the name of President Roosevelt’s Chief of Staff]
either tomorrow morning, at the latest, the next day.” He also included a “few clippings” in case
the Secretary of State was not receiving a newspaper in England.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The day after Christmas, Pawley from his “Belvoir House” Virginia estate in The Plains,
updated Secretary Marshall in Pinehurst, North Carolina. “I do not anticipate being able to carry
out the suggestion made by Dr. Jordan and confirmed by Dr. Lahey. The time element involved
is such that I feel compelled to be available at the Department to assist on the development of the
program for the Bogotá conference.” Pawley revealed that Norman Armour’s “basic work being
done by those assigned to this project is progressing most satisfactorily. I have had several talks
with Paul Daniels, Chief of American Republic Affairs, who ... admits that is necessary that we
have some concrete proposal which can be offered by the American Government for economic
and agriculture development within the hemisphere.” Pawley concurred with Daniels and “I have
been working on this idea during your absence” which “will probably answer all of the
requirements of industrial and agricultural development with practically no chance of the United
States taking any financial loss in the process. I believe the plan sufficiently sound to meet with
Congressional approval.” Pawley referred to “two matters you spoke to me the day before you
left for Paris – replacement for myself and an idea for China – have also been given much
thought and I would appreciate an opportunity to submit ideas on these subjects.” He then
mentioned that he and Edna “will be flying almost over Pinehurst on our trip south, and if it
would not interfere with your vacation, we could stop by for an hour on Sunday afternoon.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">One of Pawley’s final White House meetings as an ambassador was on February 18</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">. It
included John J. McCloy who would later be involved with Pawley in a business venture. In six
years, McCloy’s law partner, Morris Hadley, would also serve alongside Pawley examining how
to strengthen the CIA.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The White House meeting was one of seven Pawley had with President
Truman—October 3</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">rd</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, November 18</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, December 22</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">nd</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, February 6</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, 12</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, and 18</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, and March </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">9</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">—between the Rio Conference and his scheduled resignation for medical reasons on March
16, 1948.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 4"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In writing about Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">described him as a fast-talking “millionaire go-getter, who
often invited 750 guests for cocktails” and showed “Brazil how a jet-propelled American does
business.” Pawley had envisioned Brazil opening its “oilfields to U.S. capital,” expanding and
updating its transportation network as he had done in Cuba, and “settling 700,000” displaced
persons in Brazil’s vast Amazon region. But Brazilians were slow to adopt his ideas and it often
angered him. His only real successes at the Embassy were the Rio conferences and making
Brazilians “more receptive to U.S. investment in oil development.” A Brazilian businessman
praised him “as the best we’ve ever had” while a Brazilian professor complained that Pawley
“doesn’t know a single man of letters, only businessmen.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Upon Ambassador William Douglas Pawley’s departure from his position in Brazil, the
country conferred on Pawley the Grand Order of the Southern Cross for outstanding service.
Both he and Edna felt that their Brazil experience had been richly rewarding. In reflection
decades later, his biggest regret was not being able to create “an integrated petroleum industry”
which financially hurt the country when imported fuel and oil became more costly.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley left proudly as one of the few American signatories to the historic Rio de Janeiro
Treaty, elevating his stature to the same level as “George C. Marshall, Arthur Vandenberg,
Warren R. Austin, and Sol Bloom.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s foreign-affairs associates were reshaping the world. General George C.
Marshall served as both Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense. Sol Bloom had chaired the
House Committee on Foreign Affairs in 1938 and served as a delegate to the San Francisco
Convention that led to the establishment of the United Nations in 1946. Arthur Vandenberg, a </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Republican, had headed the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and helped create the United
Nations. Warren Austin as a UN Ambassador dealt with the development of Israel</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">—and later
he was involved in China and Korea issues and Austin appeared on the </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">as “counsel for the
free world.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 5"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On February 7, 1949, Pawley wrote from Miami to George C. Marshall in San Juan,
Puerto Rico that he had been in touch with his aide, General Marshall Sylvester “Pat” Carter,
who built enough of a strong global foundation in that position to eventually rise to Deputy
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency and Director of the National Security Agency.
Pawley asked Carter about George C. Marshall’s health and extended to the Secretary of State an
invitation to come to Sunset Island No. 2 to recuperate from his nephrectomy and relax without
being disturbed by “traffic or sightseers.” Pawley further elaborated, “Our phones are unlisted ...
it is considerably cooler here than it is at San Juan.” As a further inducement, Pawley offered
him more than a ride from the airport. “If you decide to stop by and would care to have my DC-3
come down for you ... it will be no trouble at all to have it make the trip.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley also mentioned that the “Bruces” just spent “days with us enroute to
Washington.” In all likelihood he was referring to Ambassador James Bruce who was stationed
in Argentina, dealing with President Juan Perón and Foreign Minister Juan Bramuglia. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">described Bruce as a “convivial customers’ man and millionaire” who was sent to Buenos Aires
“to make friends with Argentines” and succeeded with Perón, the cardinal primate, local
governors and embarrassingly with “some nationalist generals.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The other prominent Bruce at the time was James’s brother, David K.E. Bruce, a career
diplomat who served over time as U.S. Ambassador to France, West Germany and the United
Kingdom, an American envoy at the Paris peace talks between the United States and North </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Vietnam in the early 1970s, and, probably to Pawley’s dismay, was the first United States
emissary to the communist People’s Republic of China. His final official post was as ambassador
to NATO.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In his February 12</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, response to Pawley’s invitation, George C. Marshall quipped about
Pawley’s address, “No.2, whatever that means—I am kind of interested in No. 1” while stating
that he was “on the mend and can put on my clothes with some comfort” and had already
returned to his office in The Pentagon. He closed with “affectionate regards to Edna and
yourself.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Six days later, Pawley clarified to Marshall, now in Pinehurst, that “Island No. 1 is no
nicer than Island No. 2” and assured him he would enjoy “the quiet beauty of Miami Beach.”
Pawley also pointed out that “General and Mrs. ‘Spec’ Wheeler were in for lunch day before
yesterday. They are on a short vacation before he resigns to join the World Bank.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On February 21, 1949, General Carter wrote to Pawley saying General Marshall had
asked him to make travel arrangements relating to a March invitation to address the Savannah
Rotary Club. “Would motor there, then have Pawley’s plane pick us up, drop Katherine at West
Palm Beach for Ann Robertson’s place, and I go on to Pawley’s for 5 day visit. Then have his
plane pick me up at West Palm Beach (I would spend one nite with Robertson’s) and fly us to
Pinehurst. All quite problematical.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">During the second week of March, Marshall in Pinehurst telegrammed Pawley in Miami
Beach. “Would it be convenient to have your plane pick us up Sunday or Monday?”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Several days later Pawley and Marshall visited with President Truman who was
vacationing at the Little White House in Key West. Joining them at the March 15, 1949 lunch
was Admiral William Leahy. Then “the President and Mr. Pawley retired to a living room where </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">they conferred for 25 minutes.” Pawley and Marshall departed shortly thereafter and returned to
Miami.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Truman’s vacation was marred by aerial paparazzi who took newsreels and pictures of
the President and his guests on the beach, and the White House was so furious it put curbs on
five photographers.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">At the time, the White House claimed it was purely a social get together, but </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The New
York Times </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">speculated that it may have been focused on the debate about the proposed filibuster
rule and Truman’s nomination of former Washington state Governor Monrad Wallgren to the
National Security Resource Board. (Hannaford, Washington was the site of a huge facility built
during World War II to secretly process uranium for atomic bombs; the public was told it was a
steel mill but some were skeptical.) Wallgren withdrew his name in the spring.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The meeting may have also included a discussion of Pawley’s talks with Perón
representatives because Pawley appeared in Washington the next day with “Ambassador James
Bruce ... and officials of the River Plate” to discuss the Perón regime’s “further nominal step to
improve trade prospects with the United States.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On March 21, 1949, Marshall wrote “My dear Pawley” a thank you note from Pinehurst
on his “gold plated typewriter. The typing, however, is not on the high level of the machine.”
Marshall gratefully effused, “Edna and you made our visit perfectly delightful ... Your
thoughtfulness in getting me the heat pad and particularly in sending it up to Palm Beach was
very much appreciated. I am mailing it back tomorrow.” He told Pawley his generosity had
“somewhat overwhelmed me, that beautiful rod and reel, the bath robe and even sneakers. Really
you fitted me out complete.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Marshall also revealed, “I had a jolt today. Churchill radically altered his plans” on being
in Washington. “I was to have him to dinner about April 5</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">.” This meant Marshall would have to
try to be “carefully omitted from the White House dinner ... I have a hell of a time loafing!”
Marshall took “the liberty of enclosing $5.00 for the sick little house boy who was not on hand
the day we left.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Mrs. Marshall also wrote a thank-you note to Edna Pawley, “We had a nice trip home ...
Bill and you gave us such a lovely change. I loved your house—so fresh and charming—we
enjoy each day with you.” In another correspondence that month she related, “We have just
returned from New York after ... Bay St. Louis and New Orleans. It is lovely in Pinehurst ...
George will phone Bill as soon as he knows definitively what his plans in Washington are. I gave
him your phone no—the Mardi Gras was a gay and wonderful sight ... Affectionately Katherine
Marshall.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">George Marshall also wrote a note to “Dear Edna” when William Pawley finally
addressed his stomach ailment. “I’m glad Pawley is taking a complete rest while they are
examining him, but I do hope that they do not find an operation necessary ... he should be a
Christian Scientist. Give him all my sympathy and prayers for his future.” Marshall was “glad
‘Queed’ arrived. Brentano could not find “Amos Judd” in print, but I had my secretary locate a
second hand copy which should have reached you by this time. The last is romance and drama—
at its fictional best, in my opinion; Queed is well written, an interesting and slightly mysterious
story, a curious character and very interesting discussions.” Marshall revealed his upcoming
obligations which included traveling the next day to Raleigh as “guest of the Governor, for a
dinner and a little bond selling ... The Lovetts arrive in the afternoon [Wednesday] to spend the
night enroute north. He has to appear before the Foreign Relations Committee. I was scheduled </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">to do so also, but Acheson got me out of it.” Marshall then told Edna that “I find my bone fish
fame has followed me up here by way of Washington and Sergeant George. Tell Pawley my
fishing friend ... catches them with streamer fly in Cuba.” Marshall’s postscript noted “I am on a
strict diet and can’t use the mixer for milk shakes ala Pawley!”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Months later, Pawley informed Marshall that he had just been operated on and “hope to
be out of hospital in a few days.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On April 25, 1949, Marshall sent a telegram. “Delighted to learn you are over the hump
but don’t rush matters. Katherine and I send our love and prayers for a quick recovery.”
Marshall, who had a kidney removed earlier in the year, quipped, “Be a patient patient. Obey the
doctors religiously and obey Edna meticulously and all will be well.” A note written the same
day from Marshall at The Homestead, Hot Springs, Virginia stated that they closed the Pinehurst
cottage and “sent the servants off to Leesburg day before yesterday.” Marshall expressed hope
that Pawley was “not suffering any more pains as I did.”</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28
</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Katherine let it be known to Edna, “We have been thinking of Bill and of you so much ...
I know the anxiety that you are going through and the pain for Bill. We are so thankful the
operation is over and pray the mending will be as rapid ... We hope for warm sunny weather at
Leesburg—and we hope for the arrival of Bill and you as neighbors before too long.”</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29
</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley tried to assuage the Marshalls’ concerns nine days later by stating that he was
home “feeling fairly fit” and despite “some discomfort from the incision and the mauling that I
got on the inside ... I realize that the stomach difficulty I have experienced for more than twenty
years cannot be corrected overnight.” He insisted that Marshall had a far more “serious operation
with much more discomfort and pain than I have experienced. I am certainly delighted that is all
behind you and that you are in such good shape now.”</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Marshall, whose stationery varied over the years, wrote on May 5, 1949, a note using
letterhead of the General of the Army G.C. Marshall, and the salutation “Dear Pawley” to
announce, “I am flying to New York to accept the presidency of International House at dinner to-
night.” He requested that Edna have niece Anita “type me off an intelligence report on you. I
don’t want Edna bothered with writing” and he outlined impending activities. “I hope to have
lunch with Lovett and Jessup to-morrow re Berlin Airlift and C.F.M.”—a reference to the
Council of Foreign Ministers.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">International House was funded in 1924 by John D. Rockefeller Jr. and the Cleveland H.
Dodge family to promote international culture exchange. Over the decades notable government
officials who have served in top positions have included the High Commissioner of Occupied
West Germany John J. McCloy; Secretary of State Henry Kissinger; and President Gerald Ford
to name a few.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32
</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley was not healthy enough to attend President Truman’s 65</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">birthday party on April
12</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">given by Tom Clark. A few weeks later, Pawley wrote to his friend at Marshall’s “Dodona
Manor” home in Leesburg, Virginia to explain that his absence was due to “accepting doctor’s
orders.” The doctor had “found no organic or ‘mechanical’ difficulties. He did find, however,
four or five fairly bad adhesions, which were partially blocking the intestinal tract. These were
removed.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley also expressed his distress over the U.S. position regarding Spain at the United
Nations. “We do not have to take sides with Franco, but we do need Spain very much in the
over-all picture ... We should not penalize the people of Spain because we do not like the head of
their Government. If that were the case, we might not like to have Argentina as a member, or </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Russia, or Poland. We probably should not have had Brazil during Vargas’ regime. Certainly he
was as much a dictator as is Franco.”</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In early June, the Marshalls were gifted with a portrait that Pawley had commissioned to
be painted of the Secretary of State. Mrs. Marshall gushed about the “wonderful lovely thing”
Pawley had “done for all of our family.” After they finished dinner “we hung George’s portrait. I
am just as proud as I can be of it—Mrs. C. (his secretary) agrees with me It is the best—by far—
ever done of him ... We want you to come over soon. I shall phone.”</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">34
</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">By the fall of 1949, former Ambassador William Pawley was physically in full swing
again and requested Marshall to attend an event being hosted by “a very close personal friend.
Mrs. Harold E. Talbott, whom you may recall having met in Palm Beach.” Pawley stated that
Talbott’s “war effort was outstanding” and he tempted Marshall with “my understanding that one
thousand of New York’s most prominent citizens will be present.”</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">35
</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Margaret Thayer Talbott was the daughter of a woman who survived the sinking of the
Titanic but whose father was a vice president of the Pennsylvania railroad before the iceberg
took his life. Her husband, Harold, was a prominent Republican and former chairman of the
executive committee of North American Aviation. A few years after her event, Harold became
the third person to be named United States Secretary of the Air Force, but lost the position when
it was disclosed he used his government letterhead to solicit private business. Nearly a decade
later she would plunge to her death from her 12</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">floor New York apartment, leaving notes
explaining her depression over the loss of Harold </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">five years earlier.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">36
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the spring of 1950 it was Mrs. Marshall’s turn for a health problem, and her husband,
writing as President of the American National Red Cross, told Pawley she was in her fifth month
of shingles in her eyes which were being looked at by doctors at Walter Reed.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">37 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Ten months later</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley was still expressing hope that Mrs. Marshall “is fully recovered.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">38 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">He had no idea how
unbearably impactful shingles would later be in his life.
</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As the fifth decade of the twentieth century was beginning, “President Truman offered to
reappoint Marshall to the American Red Cross position, but the General declined. He did accept
the nonpaying chairmanship of the American Battle Monuments Commission that had once been
held by his old chief, General Pershing. He also accepted the nonpaying position of Chairman of
the V.M.I. Foundation, fundraiser for his alma mater. But Marshall did not go on boards of
corporations. Early in 1950, his old friend Edward Stettinius had persuaded him to become<br />
a director of Pan American Airways, headed by Stettinius’s brother-in-law, Juan Trippe.
Marshall received a director’s fee for attending one or two board meetings but he resigned when
he was appointed Secretary of Defense.”</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">39
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In September of 1950, Pawley sent General Marshall in Leesburg a Western Union
Cablegrama from, Autobuses Modernos, his new business in Havana, Cuba—the city that played
a prominent role in his contentious divorce. His cable congratulated Marshall for accepting the
post of Secretary of Defense. Pawley also let President Truman know he approved of the
appointment, and Truman responded back “I am especially grateful for this assurance of your
approval. Very sincerely yours, Harry Truman” sending the response to Pawley’s home in The
Plains, Virginia.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">40
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Shortly thereafter Marshall thanked Pawley for his telegram and advised that he and Mrs.
Marshall “had leased an apartment here in Washington.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">41
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In early January 1951, Secretary of Defense Marshall dropped a note to let Edna in Cuba
know he had seen William when he visited Washington. His fondness for writing Edna was </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">exemplified again when she received correspondence in March from Secretary of Defense
Marshall indicating that the Chinese Nationalists had sent him a gift—two orchid plants—</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">
that he wanted her to have and possibly to avoid the appearance of benefitting personally from
his government position. “We remember that at the time of your return from South America you
brought with you numerous orchid plants, and we would like very much to add this specie to
your collection.” Marshall noted that Edna must have had her “hands full in the past several
weeks trying to get settled at Belvoir Place. Please be careful that you do not overwork yourself.”
He also expressed “affectionate regards to you, Bill, and Anita” and closed with “Faithfully
yours.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">42
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Edna had become a very good friend of one of the most important men of the 20</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">century
and Katherine Marshall would even compliment the “fine job” done when Edna had her trees
sprayed.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">43
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In early September, the Pawley’s were featured on the social page of the </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Miami Daily
News </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">when William Pawley gave his niece, Marcia Pawley a trip from Coral Gables to the
Pawley’s farm in Virginia, followed by a weekend trip to the Waldorf hotel in New York City
and tickets to four Broadway shows. Marcia was the daughter of William’s brother George and
sister of his essential administrative assistant</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">44
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On September 12, 1951, William Pawley expressed to Marshall his dismay. “I have just
learned that you have resigned as Secretary of Defense ... I cannot help but regret the loss of your
contribution to our many problems resulting from these troubled times.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">45 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Three months earlier
conservative demagogue, Senator Joseph McCarthy, had questioned Marshall’s military
performance and patriotism in a speech before the United States Senate on June 14, 1951.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">46</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The following summer, the Marshalls sent a postcard from Santa Barbara, California
advising the Pawleys that they were “both feeling well after a month in this wonderful climate.
We sail from the U.S. Sept 5</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">aboard S.S. United States for six weeks abroad. Will return to
Leesburg Oct 16</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">and hope to see you then.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">47 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In mid-September, they wrote again, this time
from Venice and said they “had four hectic but interesting days in Paris ... leave Monday for
Rome, Florence & Capri ... Your beautiful basket of fruit and box for G. were a joy on our way
across. Both send love Thanks – K.T.M.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">48
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On November 8, 1953, Edna Pawley jotted off a note to General Marshall congratulating
him on receiving an award of global significance. “No one has ever done more to deserve the
Nobel Peace Prize—and I’m sure this is the sentiment of millions throughout the world.” She
wrote that Bill is “in Mexico City for a few days but asked me to include his warmest
congratulations with my own.” She also said that they hoped “you are continuing to improve and
that Mrs. Marshall is well. We send our love to her.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">49
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">When Marshall thanked her, he said it was “sweet” of her to write but “I must admit that
the Nobel Award came as a complete surprise, as I had no idea my name was under
consideration.” He further communicated that he would be leaving for Oslo to receive the award
on November 28 aboard the Andrea Doria. “I think the eight days aboard ship will do me a world
of good.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A few years later, the SS </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Andrea Doria </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">sank after colliding with the MS </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Stockholm</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">;
1,660 passengers survived, but 46 died. One of the survivors, Mike Stoller, learned upon his
arrival back in New York that the composition he co-wrote with his partner, Jerry Leiber, for Big
Mama Thorton—"Hound Dog”—was the #1 song in the U.S. song by a young, virtually </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">unknown Mississippi named Elvis Presley. Stoller and Leiber would go on to pen two more #1
songs for Elvis, “Don’t and Jailhouse Rock.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Marshall let Edna know he was keeping abreast of “Bill’s activities” noting that William
Pawley had been traveling considerably and was headed to South America with Frank Nash
making Edna “the widow of ‘Belvoir House.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">50
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the summer of 1954, Marshall thanked Edna for a gift: “The mangoes arrived this
afternoon just as I returned from a 3 hour session with the dentist at Walter Reed.” Marshall
planned to serve the fruit as a first course in a Sunday mid-day dinner with Field Marshall Earl
Alexander, British Minister of Defense. “The last we heard ... you had about 30 Latin Americans
due ... and a number of house guests. I hope you arrived in style.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">51 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The reference was to the
Pawleys June gathering at their Belvoir estate where they displayed their southern hospitality to a
gathering of South and Central American ambassadors and other influentials.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Pawleys received bad news from Katherine in December 1955. “George and I are
well for old folks—but do not accept many invitations and pretty much home bodies. Sterling
Lacy dies last March—and two weeks later my sister had a stroke. She has been completely
helpless ever since. This has changed Leesburg for me and we have decided to sell ‘Dodona
Manor’” she sadly wrote.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">52 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley was faced with the fact that one of his most influential
friends, the highly admired Secretary of State, was beginning to slip away.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“I am not up to travel and visiting yet. My trouble is fading somewhat but not sufficiently
for me to do much ... I am troubled by loss of balance when I walk.” Marshall reflected on his
time with the Pawleys in Florida. “I think wistfully of your lovely island very often. You were
very generous to propose the plane ride. Give my special love to Edna. Affectionately, GCM”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">53</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
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</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the summer of 1957, the Marshalls were wondering why they hadn’t heard from Edna
and William. Mrs. Marshall finally sent a note to the Pawleys which contained a reference to a
popular Fifties quiz show and news that makes the mid-Fifties seem so long ago: “The $64,000
question with the Marshalls is ‘Where oh where have the Pawleys gone’?” Katherine continued
“The only home news is that Floyd our colored-man has a new son. He was all smiles until
yesterday—when the Dr’s bill of $150 arrived with another one from the hospital. He has not
smiled since.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">54
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the fall, Mrs. Marshall wrote a note to Edna saying “Your wonderful invitation came
yesterday—How perfect it all sounds—but we have to face facts—our visiting days are over.
George is very frail. He no longer takes the drive up to Washington to Walter Reed—The Dr’s
come down here to give him injections ... I do not think they know just what is the trouble except
a general breakdown.” The note also encouraged Edna to inform “Bill that Jim Bruce is running
for ‘The Senate’ from Maryland. They are just back from a two month’s rest in Scotland. Ellen
dreads this campaign which—I fear—will be a very difficult one.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">55
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Two years later, the Pawleys received a thank you note in from Katherine Marshall that
presented a grim picture of the former Secretary of State’s condition. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">“</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Your lovely flowers are
giving me so much pleasure and seeing you was a real joy. You both looked so well and I told
George of your visit. He seemed to understand but I can not tell.” Katherine noted that his
“doctors seem to feel he is not holding his own—as they have said up to now. I think he knows
me—by the way he holds on to my hand as if it gives him a feeling of security. These are such
sad tragic days for me and your visit has help. My love to you both.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">56</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Following a series of strokes, General George C. Marshall—one of the most profound
thinkers of the 20</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">century, the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for the Marshall Plan and
twice </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">magazine’s “Man of the Year”—passed away at Walter Reed Hospital on October
16, 1959. He was buried next to both his first wife, Elizabeth Carter Coles (1875-1927) who had
rejected an earlier marriage proposal from George’s brother—and his second wife, silent-movie
actress Katherine Tupper Brown (1882-1978)—in Arlington National Cemetery near both the
U.S. Department of State and the Pentagon. Both women’s names appear on the headstone along
with that of his first mother-in-law. The other side is adorned with 5 stars and notes “Chief of
Staff U.S. Army, Secretary of State, President of American Red Cross, Secretary of Defense.”
The George C. Marshall Foundation in Lexington, Virginia was dedicated in 1964 and houses
millions of documents and manuscripts including William Douglas Pawley’s unpublished
autobiography.
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small;">FOOTNOTES:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Page 148.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">9/4/1947 Telegram. From: General Marshall, SecState Washington. To: Personal for Ambassador Pawley. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Periods are absent between sentences in the telegram:<br /></span></p></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
...Katherine and I repeat again our heartfelt appreciation for the bountiful hospitality of your Edna and you
and of your untiring efforts in our behalf Please make my compliments to the President and Mrs. Truman
and to Margaret He is famous this morning as a mountain climber and orchid fancier meanwhile I have
Lovett waiting at my side with the multitudinous details of a sick world. [Signed by Lovett]
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">9/5/1947 Note of appreciation. From: From George C. Marshall, The Secretary of State, Washington. To: Mrs.
William D. Pawley, American Embassy, Rio de Janeiro. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">My dear Mrs. Pawley:
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I sent your husband a radio yesterday morning reporting our safe arrival in Washington the previous
afternoon at 3:30 after a record-breaking trip – which I now understand cut eight hours of the previous
flying time. I want to tell you though how very much I appreciated all that you did for our comfort, and
particularly for Katherine’s pleasure and comfort. I shall not forget your kindness and thoughtfulness.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It was a great pleasure to know you and I hope this is only the beginning of a pleasant association.
Certainly with our places so close together in Virginia it should not be difficult to get together in the future,
provided you can persuade your man to rest up a little bit. Make certain that he comes up to the States
within a few weeks fully prepared for a lengthy stay and a complete rest under your guidance and control.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">With warm regards to you both, Faithfully yours, G Marshall
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">P.S. Katherine went directly from the plane to Leesburg and I hope to see her this weekend. Her daughter
with her grandchildren, and a Chinese maid with new teeth on display met us at the plane.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">9/5/1947 Telegram Draft. From: William Pawley typed by Anita Pawley. To: Secretary Marshall. Marshall
Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[I] delivered your compliments to President, Mrs. Truman and Margaret as requested for which they
expressed appreciation. Edna and I extremely grateful for your most generous telegram. It was indeed a
pleasure and honor to have had an opportunity to be with you and Mrs. Marshall [her first name Katherine
was scratched out on the draft] “and for me to have had the opportunity to work with you and your
associate during the Conference ...
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10/18/1947 Letter. From: Pawley at 2555 Lake Avenue, Miami Beach. To: Secretary of State Marshall,
Washington. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">This story raises a serious problem with reference to Brazil. Although Brazil fought in World War II, that
country was not invited to participate in the Paris Conference where reparations were discussed, and the
Brazilian Government has held this against us as a very serious lack of consideration ...
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Brazil claims that she has suffered very large Naval and commercial losses in pursuing her war effort and
that replacement in shipping ...
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I bring this to your attention as I am sure you will want it investigated and a Brief prepared covering this
subject from the beginning of this difficulty.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">11/26/1947 Correspondence. From: Pawley. To: Marshall. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Admiral Leahy interfaced with his three service chiefs at the time, Admiral Ernest King of the Navy, General
George C. Marshall of the Army, and General Henry Arnold of the Army Air Forces.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">12/26/1947 Correspondence. From: Pawley. To: Marshall. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I do not anticipate being able to carry out the suggestion made by Dr. Jordan and confirmed by Dr. Lahey.
The time element involved is such that I feel compelled to be available at the Department to assist on the
development of the program for the Bogotá conference.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Norman Armour tells me that the basic work being done by those assigned to this project is progressing
most satisfactorily. I have had several talks with Paul Daniels, Chief of American Republic Affairs,
who...admits that is necessary that we have some concrete proposal which can be offered by the American
Government for economic and agriculture development within the hemisphere.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I, too, have a very strong feeling, as expressed to you the day before you left for Paris, that it is essential
that we be prepared at Bogotá to offer a very constructive program of assistance, and I have been working
on this idea during your absence.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... [it] will probably answer all of the requirements of industrial and agricultural development with
practically no chance of the United States taking any financial loss in the process. I believe the plan
sufficiently sound to meet with Congressional approval ...</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The other two matters you spoke to me the day before you left for Paris – replacement for myself and an
idea for China – have also been given much thought and I would appreciate an opportunity to submit ideas
on these subjects.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">We will be flying almost over Pinehurst on our trip south, and if it would not interfere with your vacation,
we could stop by for an hour on Sunday afternoon ...
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Wishing you and Mrs. Marshall a very happy New Year ...</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“In Washington Yesterday,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 19, 1948. Page 4.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">President Harry S. Truman, Calendar: February 18, 1948, 10:45 a.m. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.trumanlibrary.org/calendar/index.html</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Attendees: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Honorable John W. Snyder, Secretary of the Treasury; Honorable A. Lee M. Wiggins, Under </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Secretary of the Treasury; Honorable Robert A. Lovett, Under Secretary of State; Honorable William McC. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Martin, Jr., Chairman; and President, Export-Import Bank of Washington; Honorable Willard J. Thorp, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Assistant Secretary of State; Honorable William Pawley, U. S. Ambassador to Brazil. Honorable John </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">McCloy.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Low Pressure Diplomacy,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, September 1, 1947.<br />
“Pawley Returning to U.S.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, September 20, 1947. Page 8.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">President Harry S. Truman, Calendar: October 3, 1947, 11:40 am; November 11, 1947, 11:15 am; December 22,
1947, 12:20 pm; February 6, 1948, 12:30 pm; February 12, 1948, 10:15 am; February 18, 1948, 10:45 am; March 9,
1948, 3:25 pm. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum.<br />
</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.trumanlibrary.org/calendar/index.html
</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> After his resignation, Pawley would visit Truman several more times:
</span></p>
<div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">May 12, 1948, 11:45 am (with his daughter)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">June 29, 1948, 4:25 pm June 30, 1948, 3:30 pm</span></li><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">July 6, 1948, 10:00 am (among the attendants for this off the record political meeting was Secretary of</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';"> </span>Defense James Forrestal)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">July 22, 1948, 8:00 pm July 28, 1948, 3:45 pm</span></li><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">December 10, 1948, 11:15 am</span></li><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">May 13, 1949, 8:30 am (to present President Truman a portrait that Pawley had commissioned for him </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">using artist J. A. Wills who was in attendance)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">July 28, 1949, 12:20 pm</span></li><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">May 1, 1951, 11:30 am</span></li><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">July 26, 1951 11:30 am (a half-hour before the Interdepartmental Committee meeting attended by Sheffield </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Edwards, Director of Security of the CIA, and J. Patrick Coyne, National Security Council Representative </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">on Internal Security who would later be involved with the Doolittle Committee).</span></li></ul><p></p></div></div>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Diplomats Resign Posts,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, March 17, 1948. Page 17. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Pawley’s Testament,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, April 26, 1948.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 149.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 148 and 149.</span><br /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">General George C. Marshall (1880-1959) </span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Arthur Vandenberg (1884-1951)</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Sol Bloom (1870-1949)
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Dan Lieberman, “The Recognition of Israel – The impact, legacy and relevance of an earlier history.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Atlantic
Free Press</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. May 23, 2008. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.atlanticfreepress.com/content/view/3955/81</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... on April 26, 1947, a tired and irked British government requested the UN General Assembly to consider
the Palestine problem. On May 15, the UN created the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine
(UNSCOP). The committee outlined a partition plan with the city of Jerusalem under a UN trusteeship.
Truman instructed his state department to support the partition plan. UN Ambassador Warren Austin and
the state department’s Near East Division, led by Loy Henderson, doubted that partition could resolve the
situation. Austin favored a single state and the Near East Division favored not disturbing the Arabs. </span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 1744-Present.
http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000565
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Warren Austin appeared on the February 5, 1951 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Stephen E. Schlesinger, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations: A Story of Superpowers, Secret
Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. (Cambridge, MA: Westview, Perseus
Books Group, 2004). Page 237.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/7/1949 Letter. From: William Pawley. To: General Marshall. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders
1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Marshall Sits Up at Hospital,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Dec 9, 1948.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Gen. Marshall S. Carter Dies at 83; Leading Intelligence Official in ’60s.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 20, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">1993.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Customers’ Man,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, May 1949.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> James Bruce became a millionaire as a result of his involvement in National Dairy Products Corp. and Baltimore
Trust.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Oral History Interview of David K. E. Bruce by Jerry N. Hess, March 1, 1972.” Harry S. Truman Library &
Museum.<br />
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/bruce.htm
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> David K. E. Bruce (1898-1977) was head of the European branch of Office of Strategic Services (O.S.S.) in World
War II then was with the Economic Cooperation Administration administering the Marshall Plan before serving as
U.S. Ambassador to France (1949-1952); West Germany (1957-1959); and the United Kingdom (1961-1969). Bruce
eventually served as an American envoy at the Paris peace talks between the United States and North Vietnam in
1970 and 1971, and probably to Pawley’s dismay as the first United States emissary to the People’s Republic of
China 1973-1974. His final official post was ambassador to NATO (1975-1976).
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Tim Weiner, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(London: Allen Lane, 2007). Page 133.<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">>> Prior to his assignment to West Germany, he wrote a secret report for President Eisenhower that was critical of the
CIA’s covert activities under Allen Dulles’s leadership, but Dulles remained in charge until President Kennedy fired
him after the Bay of Pigs fiasco.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/18/1949 Letter. From: William Pawley. To: General Marshall. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders
1-5.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/21/1949 Letter. From: Marshall S. Pat Carter. To: William Pawley. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1,
folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/10/1949 Telegram. From: George C. Marshall in Pinehurst. To: William Pawley in Miami. Marshall Library,
Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Log of President Truman’s [Sixth] Trip to Key West and Orlando, Florida, March 6-19, 1949.” Image of text
Page 52. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum.
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/calendar/travel_log/key1947/sixthtrip_toc.htm
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“White House Censors Air Pictures Of President on Vacation Beach: White House Curbs 5 Photographers” By
Anthony Leviero, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, March 15, 1949. Page 1.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Vinson, Marshall at Truman Lunch: Significance Called Only Social – President Silent on Wallgren Defeat,
Filibuster Issue.” By Anthony Leviero. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. March 16, 1949. Page 5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Upon seeing the gigantic Hannaford facility, Edgar Carl Cannon, my grandfather who was an engineer and
supervisor at a US Steel plant in Donora, Pennsylvania told his son, Daniel, that Hannaford definitely was not a steel
mill as the public was being told at the time of construction.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Peron Move to Aid Payments In U.S.: Argentine President to Have Percentage of Dollars Ear-marked for Use
Here.” By Milton Bracker. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. March 17, 1949. Page 39.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/21/1949 Letter. From George C. Marshall. To: William Pawley. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1,
folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/22/1949 Handwritten note. From: Katherine Marshall in Pinehurst. To: Edna Pawley in Miami. Marshall
Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/1949 Note. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">4/18/1948 Handwritten note. From: General G. C. Marshall in Pinehurst, North Carolina. To: Edna Pawley.
Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folder 1.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28 </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">4/25/1949 Telegram. From: G.C. Marshall. To: Pawley. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Handwritten note from Marshall at The Homestead, Hot Springs, Virginia. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">#1, folders 1-5. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">“So You Want To Retire ...” January 13, 2021. MarshallFoundation.org: Articles and Features. The George C. Marshall Foundation. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">https://www.marshallfoundation.org/articles-and-features/so-you-want-to-retire/</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29 </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">4/30/1949 Handwritten note. From: Katherine Marshall in Hot Springs, Virginia. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Marshall Library, Pawley
Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt;">30 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">5/3/1949 Correspondence. From: William Pawley in Miami. To: General George C. Marshall “The Homestead” </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Hot Springs, Virginia. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31 </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">5/5/1949 Handwritten letter. From: General of the Army G. C. Marshall. To: Pawley. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Marshall Library, Pawley
Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">International House is located at 500 Riverside Drive in New York City
http://www.ihouse-nyc.org</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33 </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">5/9/1949 Letter. From: Pawley in Miami. To: General George C. Marshall “Dodona Manor” Leesburg, Virginia
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5).
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">34 </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">6/6/1949 Handwritten note. From: Katherine Marshall. To: The Pawleys. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box
#1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt;">35 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">10/3/1949 Personal invitation. From: William Pawley at "Belvoir House" The Plains, Virginia. To: General George C. Marshall at Dodona Manor" Leesburg, Virginia. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">36 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">“Talbott Widow Dies in 12-Floor Plunge.” </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Akron Beacon Journal</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">. July 14, 1962. Page 25.</span></p><p>
</p><div class="page" title="Page 22">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span color="rgb(7.058824%, 7.058824%, 7.058824%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Talbott Resigns Air Post; President Commends Him, Calls Decision 'Right One'; Ties Under Fire Secretary
Leaving To Avoid 'Embarrassing' The Administration Talbott Resigns As Air Secretary.” By Russell Baker. </span><span color="rgb(7.058824%, 7.058824%, 7.058824%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The
New York Times</span><span color="rgb(7.058824%, 7.058824%, 7.058824%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. August 2, 1955. Page 1. </span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">37 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">4/5/1950 Letter. From: General Marshall on American National Red Cross Office of the President letterhead. To: </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley in Miami. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">38 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/23/1951 Thank you note. From: Pawley at Mayflower Hotel, Washington, DC. To: The Secretary of Defense,
Department of Defense. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">39 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">“Fully the Equal of the Best” George C. Marshall and the Virginia Military Institute</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. A George C. Marshall
Foundation Publication. Page 1.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">40 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">9/13/1950 Western Union Cablegrama. From: Pawley at Autobuses Modernos, Galiano 213, Havana Cuba. To:
General George C. Marshall, Leesburg, Virginia. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">9/15/1950 Response. From: President Truman at the White House. To: Pawley in The Plains, Virginia. Marshall
Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">41 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">9/23/1950 Letter. From: General Marshall on American National Red Cross Office of the President letterhead. To
Pawley in Miami. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">42 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/19/1951 Note. From: The Secretary of Defense, Washington. To: Mrs. William D. Pawley, Belvoir Place, The
Plains, Virginia. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folder 1.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Through the kindness of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Chinese Nationalist Government in Taiwan,
Mrs. Marshall and I received two orchid plants native to the area. We remember that at the time of your
return from South America you brought with you numerous orchid plants, and we would like very much to
add this specie to your collection.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">43 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">7/10/1951 Handwritten note. From: Katherine Marshall, Dodona Manor, Leesburg, Virginia. To: Edna Pawley.
Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">44 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Pretty Postcards Arrive from Miami Vacationers.” By Helen Wells. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Miami Daily News</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, September 5, 1951. Page
2-C.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">45 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">9/12/1951 Correspondence. From: William Pawley. To: George C. Marshall. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers,
Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">46 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“The Real McCarthy Record.” By James J. Drummey. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New American</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Vol. 12, No. 18, September 2, 1996.
Original appeared May 11, 1987.<br />
http://www.thenewamerican.com/tna/1996/vol12no18.htm
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Modern History Sourcebook: Senator Joseph McCarthy: The History of George Catlett Marshall.” Fordham
University, 1951. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1951mccarthy-marshall.asp
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10/3/1949 Personal invitation. From: William Pawley at “Belvoir House” The Plains, Virginia to General George
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">C. Marshall “Dodona Manor” Leesburg, Virginia
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span color="rgb(7.058824%, 7.058824%, 7.058824%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Talbott Resigns Air Post; President Commends Him, Calls Decision 'Right One'; Ties Under Fire Secretary
Leaving To Avoid 'Embarrassing' The Administration Talbott Resigns As Air Secretary.” By Russell Baker. </span><span color="rgb(7.058824%, 7.058824%, 7.058824%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The
New York Times</span><span color="rgb(7.058824%, 7.058824%, 7.058824%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. August 2, 1955. Page 1.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">"William Rusher, 87, Dies; Conservatives' Champion." By Robert D. McFadden. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, April 19,
2011. Page B-16.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">During the Nixon administration, Rusher often spoke proudly about the U.S. role in overthrowing "communist
Salvador Allende" by General Pinochet, even though Allende had been elected in a democratic process. Author
David Cannon challenged Rusher at a talk he gave in New Jersey in the 1970s, pointing out that if Rusher’s
contention that it was appropriate to overthrow Allende in 1973 because he had received less than a majority of the
vote, then the argument could be used to overthrow President Nixon in 1968 when he garnered 43% of the vote,
Hubert Humphrey 42% and George Wallace 13.5%.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Jennifer Ross, “Human Rights Victories Stir Resentment.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Times, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">February 8, 2005.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In 2005, Pinochet went on trial for nine kidnappings and a murder. During his reign from 1973 to 1990, there were
3,000 deaths and disappearances of political opponents; one of Pinochet’s associates, Col. Germain Barriga Munoz
chose to leap 18 floors to his death rather than stand trial.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">47 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">8/28/1952 Handwritten postcard. From: The Marshalls, Santa Barbara, California. To: Ambassador & Mrs.
Pawley at The Plains.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">48 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">9/21/1952 Handwritten postcard. From: Katherine Marshall in Venice. To: The Pawleys at Belvoir House.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">49 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">11/8/1953 Handwritten Note. From: Edna C. Pawley at Belvoir House, The Plains, Virginia. To: General Geo C
Marshall. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box 1, Folder 1.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">50 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Letter from George C. Marshall. To Edna Pawley. George C. Marshall Foundation Library, William Pawley
Papers.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">From Frank Nash via Colonel George I keep pretty well posted on Bill’s activities. It appears that he has
been doing considerable traveling of late, and I understand that he is going to make a trip to South America
with Nash. It sounds like you are the widow of “Belvoir House”.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I feel that considerable progress has been made, and ... should be on my way back to Mrs. Marshall this
coming week end. She writes me almost daily reporting that all is well, and I will see that she learns of your
greetings. Affectionate regards, GCM
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">51 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">July 16, 1954. Note. From: General G. C. Marshall, Dodona Manor, Leesburg, Virginia. To: Mrs. William D.
Pawley (Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5)
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">52 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">December 2, 1955. Handwritten note. From: Katherine on General and Mrs. Marshall Note Paper Pinehurst. To:
Edna and Bill Pawley (Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5)
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">53 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/5/1957 Handwritten note. From: George C. Marshall, Pinehurst. To: William D. Pawley. Marshall Library, Pawley
Papers, Box #1, folder 1.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">54 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">7/10/1957 Handwritten note. From: Mrs. George C. Marshall, Dodona Manor, Leesburg, Virginia. Marshall
Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">55 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">9/19/1957 Handwritten note. From: Mrs. George C. Marshall, Dodona Manor, Leesburg, Virginia. Marshall
Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Jim Bruce was the brother of David K. E. Bruce. They were sons of William Cabell Bruce. Jim had been a U.S.
Ambassador to Argentina, 1947-49, during the Peron era and Pawley’s Ambassadorship in South America.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-size: 12px; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS;"><i> </i></span></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">56 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">October 1959 (UNDATED) Handwritten Thank You Note. From Mrs. George Catlett Marshall. To Edna and Bill.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 24">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><br /></p>
</div>
</div>
</div><br /><br />David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-19130770839257514682009-12-12T14:55:00.010-08:002023-08-28T12:21:58.546-07:007: Truman Likes Ike<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Upon returning to the U.S. in the summer of 1948, former Ambassador William Douglas Pawley
immersed himself in President Truman’s re-election, meeting off-the-record with the President
on July 6</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">. In attendance were several cabinet members including Secretary of Defense James V.
Forrestal and Attorney General Tom C. Clark, who some two years later would be sitting as an
Associate Justice serving on the United States Supreme Court when Annie Pawley’s case against
William came before it.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1
</span></p>
<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgvRIca5kfyiTSV5H7mO0BKR-3LImZUQwFE2_c6Ad6NfOReyZY2B7SB7Ui6rMOhCkEsPcOEsQgnTkdr3pyBALbnt5rXvx_YYoRLSgjzGb4jUhqdIlJLC42171PczPF2_-aMYgpUIssPkMMOdYqvbu3apxoNKTtiymMQ9n4LgBse2V_e9tCUzFtQQwmcUQo" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1484" data-original-width="1910" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgvRIca5kfyiTSV5H7mO0BKR-3LImZUQwFE2_c6Ad6NfOReyZY2B7SB7Ui6rMOhCkEsPcOEsQgnTkdr3pyBALbnt5rXvx_YYoRLSgjzGb4jUhqdIlJLC42171PczPF2_-aMYgpUIssPkMMOdYqvbu3apxoNKTtiymMQ9n4LgBse2V_e9tCUzFtQQwmcUQo" width="309" /></a></div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Truman was feeling out of place as President. Personally, he hoped that General Dwight D. Eisenhower, fresh off his victory in Europe, would run as a Democrat in 1948—with Truman stepping down to be his Vice President—but the General rebuffed the offer, and the reluctant Truman was compelled to run against New York’s popular Governor Thomas Dewey.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">That same day Pawley had written from his Belvoir farm address in Virginia to the
Secretary State to let him know that while visiting Cuba in June he had spoken for an hour to
Cuban President Carlos Prio Socarras who was “looking forward to an invitation to visit the United
States in the immediate future. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a>Pawley thought Prio should come to the U.S. first before visiting
Venezuela and Mexico where he had already been invited. Prio confirmed his agreement “in a
discussion with Mr. Burke [probably Burt] Hedges, an important American industrialist who has
resided in Havana since his childhood.” Pawley described Prio as an “Ardent anticommunist”
which was important in light of the “substantial headway” communism was making in the
Americas—“Venezuela and Mexico, run Cuba a good second.”<p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley hoped General Bradley would invite Prio to visit “some of our military
establishments” and that “during Prio’s visit to Washington a great deal can be done to influence
him toward enacting labor legislation that will in no way deprive labor of the principal objectives
gained in recent years, but will not completely kill all investment incentive and the survival of
business, which has made Cuba such a prosperous country.” In closing, Pawley wrote that there </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">were “a number of other things which he discussed but which I do not feel free to talk about,
except with you personally or with Mr. Lovett or Mr. Armour.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On July 22, 1948, Pawley attended his second campaign meeting in the White House at 8
p.m. in the evening. Again, Attorney General Tom Clark was there along with Clark Clifford and
other political advisors. The topic was the selection of more members to the Democratic National
Committee’s Finance Committee. According to Chapman, the group selected Oscar Ewing and
“Bill Pawley.” The following week </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">reported that the group also considered
two men for chairman: Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force, and
William Pawley. Whitney rejected the offer, but, instead of Pawley, the group eventually chose
Louis Johnson</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Johnson would raise $1.5 million for Truman’s whistle-stop campaign. Cornelius
“Sonny” Vanderbilt Whitney, who helped found and finance Juan Trippe’s Pan American
Airways would lend the DNC “money when things were at their gloomiest” and be rewarded
after Truman’s re-election with a promotion to Under Secretary of Commerce. Also helping out
that summer was the husband of famed aviatrix Jacqueline Cochrane, Floyd B. Odlum, who
headed Atlas Corp. a conglomerate with interests in Consolidated Vultee, United Fruit, and
American & Foreign Power. For his part, Pawley as well as Averill W. Harriman and other
former Ambassadors would each kick in the legal limit of $5,000.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 3">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In 1948, Harriman was assigned to Paris to oversee the administration of the Marshall
Plan for Europe’s recovery from the devastation of World War II. One of his aides at the
Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) in Paris was E. Howard Hunt, a former writer for
publisher Henry Luce and then a member of the Office of Strategic Services in the Far East.
Hunt’s wife, Dorothy Louise Goutierre Hunt, also worked for the ECA. As fate would have it,
Hunt’s request for a raise from ECA was turned down so he resigned and joined the CIA in
November 1949, despite an FBI background check that revealed that “Paris informants”
described him as highly intelligent and imaginative but also blindly selfish and egotistical to both
colleagues and superiors.” He would spend the next four years in Mexico as Chief of Station and
then Chief of Mission. In the early Sixties with the CIA, he would become intertwined with
Pawley on planning an invasion of Cuba.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On September 7, 1948, Horton R. Telford, Legal Attaché, Paris, France, sent a letter to
FBI Director Hoover regarding William Pawley whose name he misspelled as Pauley. Telford
had dinner on September 1</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">st </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">with William and Edna Pawley, John S. (“Shipwreck”) Kelly and
his wife, and Albert Dewey, of Washington, D.C. Pawley regaled them with tales about his
South American ambassadorship before expressing his disdain for ex-Ambassador Spruille
Braden who “was given his first government post by President Roosevelt through the pressure of
the CIO.” Pawley also claimed that the labor organization envisioned Braden becoming
Secretary of State and he “alleged that [Gustavo Duran] was forced onto Braden by the CIO and
that while in Cuba he, Duran, organized and controlled the Cuban Communist Party.” Pawley
believes Braden is “a Communist sympathizer” who diverted attention toward Nazis and away
from the Red menace while forcing the FBI “to withdraw from the foreign field.”
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 4">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">According to Telford, Pawley may have “conducted a personal investigation of Duran the
results of which he made known to Secretary Marshall, the President and Attorney General
Clark.” As a 100% backer of the FBI who enthusiastically praises Director Hoover, Pawley
“fought to the end against their withdrawal from South America, having made special trips to
Washington to defend the Bureau. On one occasion he told President Truman that withdrawing
the FBI from SIS was a greater disaster to our country than Pearl Harbor, and he still thinks so.”
Telford concluded (after a redacted paragraph) by mentioning that William and Edna were “now
on vacation and will still visit several other European countries before returning to the States in
October.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Rather than being on a vacation, Pawley, at the behest of the Truman Administration, was
negotiating air bases in Spain with General Francisco Franco</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">who some Americans considered a
fascist dictator for his suppression of opposing views.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">While Pawley was gaining a reputation as a friend of the FBI, some 12,000 others were
added to a security index of disloyal Americans and suspected communists whom Director
Hoover wanted rounded up and imprisoned in military facilities to “protect the country against
treason, espionage and sabotage.” The plan to suspend habeas corpus on orders of President
Truman first caught Hoover’s fancy in March of 1946. In August 1948, “Attorney General Tom
Clark gave the F.B.I. the power to make a master list of such people.” The decision rested in the
National Security Council which included “the president, the secretary of defense, the secretary
of state and the military chiefs” and Sidney W. Souers, a special national security advisor to
President Truman who soon became the first director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
Although the law incorporating the detention of radicals was passed in September 1950, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">President Truman never called for a roundup even after declaring a national emergency three
months later when China entered Korea.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 5"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Back in Miami on October 19, 1948, Pawley wrote to Secretary Marshall at the American
Embassy in Paris and mentioned that he was having serious labor problems at his recently
acquired Miami Transit Company. Pawley’s decision to take over the transportation company
was made after learning that “the head of the local labor union was actually running” Miami
Transit “permitting many payments of extremely substantial sums” which was practically
bankrupting the company. “I purchased it with outstanding obligations in excess of $1,500,000 in
addition to the price that I paid for the stock and the $1,300,000 needed for new equipment
purchased by me two months ago.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">When Pawley took steps to run the company “this labor leader became indignant, and
immediately a breakdown in service commenced, which grew into actual sabotage of an
extremely serious character.” Pawley “told the City Commission that Mr. Frazier, the labor
leader, had publicly expressed himself, prior to my arrival, as determined to bankrupt the
company.” Fortunately, Pawley told Marshall “the A.F. of L. in Detroit and Washington have
taken a hand in an effort to clean up this bad situation” and Pawley believed “the company can
now be saved.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley also informed the Secretary of State “that Mrs. Pawley would leave Sunday,
October 24</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">for Paris.” He then turned his attention to Truman. “I saw the President at the White
House on Saturday afternoon and again here in Miami yesterday where he addressed the
American Legion. I explained to him that I was returning to Paris Sunday in order that my
services would be at your disposal for the duration of the Conference. The President, on both
occasions, requested that I not leave before the election. I told the President that I had already </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">personally advanced $15,000 toward the campaign and that I had very little opportunity to do
anything further and therefore would like to keep the schedule as planned.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley emphasized his loyalty to Truman. “As you know, Mr. Secretary, I am not a
candidate for any post, nor am I seeking any favors, but I do have a very deep personal regard
and friendship for President Truman and under no circumstance do I want him to think that I am
neglecting his interest, which is certainly not the case.” He concluded by indicating he would
“await word from Mr. Lovett as to your views.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Carlisle H. Humelsine on October 28</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">informed Pawley at the Mayflower Hotel in
Washington that Marshall wants him to set his own travel date and just let him know “of your
and Edna’s movements.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A week later, President Truman unexpectedly defeated his
Republican opponent, Thomas Dewey.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Truman’s surprising victory made him a target again of </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">which wrote
on November 8, 1948, that some diplomats were critical of presidents handpicking special
envoys under the headline “U.S. Diplomats Abroad Deplore Private Envoys: Unofficial
Representatives Have Confused Foreign Governments and Our Staffs.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s own attempts to influence foreign policy included sending a letter to Secretary
of State Dean Acheson suggesting that a group of up to 150 civilian economic advisors and
retired military officers be sent to Taiwan to support Chiang in his opposition to Mao’s
communists who were taking over the Chinese mainland. While this initiative may have been
spurred by the head of Reynolds Aluminum which had interests in Taiwan, it undoubtedly was
one Pawley could easily get behind. Acheson was willing to support the use of civilians for
bolstering Taiwan, but he voiced opposition to the involvement of military advisors. Nonetheless
Admiral Charles Cooke approached conservative Admiral William Leahy who was more </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">sympathetic to the Nationalists than the Truman administration. Cooke eventually led the
informal group of advisors.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In January 1950, Commerce International China, a subsidiary of World Commerce
Corporation, was established to provide the advisors to Chiang. The parent company was
controlled by former Office of Strategic Services head William Donovan, and its president was
Frank T. Ryan, who had been in the OSS in Spain. Others involved in the company were W.T.
Keswick, a British intelligence chief in Asia; Nelson Rockefeller who had begun supplying
medical drugs to China Defense Supplies, Inc., a Delaware chartered corporation founded by
T.V. Soong; former War Department Assistant Secretary John J. McCloy; and not surprisingly,
William Douglas Pawley. They believed strong support for their effort would roll in once
Truman was out of office, and Donovan believed the communists could be thwarted if General
Claire Chennault was named minister of defense for the exile regime.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Chennault, however, wanted nothing to do with Pawley after the war. The proof of this
lay in the fact that when Pawley was Ambassador to Brazil, he offered $10,000 to George
“Pappy” Paxton to start a Flying Tiger Association for former members of the American
Volunteer Group. When Chennault heard about Pawley’s gift, he telegrammed Paxton: “Will not
accept membership in any organization with Pawley who was never a member of the AVG and
who failed to serve us in the most critical hour.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">John J. McCloy was known for his wisdom. He had served as Assistant Secretary of War
during World War II and helped guide Presidents Roosevelt and Truman away from embracing
Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau’s proposal to execute millions of Germans at the
end of the war in retaliation for the Nazi atrocities. McCloy and others argued that a weakened
Germany would make it too easy for the communists under Stalin to advance into Western </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Europe. Morgenthau had countered with a cautionary warning to General Marshall that the
Germans would win World War III if they were allowed to rebuild. England’s Winston Churchill
neutralized Morgenthau’s stance by stating that policy should not be based on “the vast emotions
of an outraged and quivering world.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">When the Soviet Union in June of 1948 attempted to gain control of all of Berlin by
cutting ground transportation into the city, disrupting business and starving the population, the
Truman Administration sent daily airlifts of food and supplies into West Berlin to neutralize the
Soviet effort. Soviets eventually ceased on May 12, 1949; the U.S. Berlin Airlift’s humanitarian
effort continued until September.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Even chocolate candy and chewing gum was dropped to win
the hearts and sweet tooths of German children, a concept of pilot Gail Halvorsen—known as the
“Candy Bomber” for the rest of his life which extended karmically to over 101 years of age
when he passed in 2022.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">President Truman originally placed General Lucius Clay in charge of overseeing the
initial efforts to demilitarize, decartelize, democratize, and denazificate the German nation.
Truman then appointed McCloy as the first U.S. High Commissioner to Occupied West
Germany. For McCloy, it was a renewal of his old ties to the nation, where he formerly was a
Wall Street attorney arranging German financing before the war. McCloy served in Germany for
almost three years.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">This period became one of great secrecy as some former Nazis were allowed to enter the
United States because they possessed advanced scientific or weapons technology knowledge or
had insights into fighting the Soviets. Millions of pages of documents from the period remained
classified for over half-a-century, until Congress, led by Ohio Republican Senator Mike DeWine,
demanded their release. These included 1.25 million pages from the Office of Strategic Services </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">and later the CIA, both of which had relationships with war criminals including five assistants to
Adolph Eichmann, the architect of the plan for exterminating millions of Jewish people during
World War II.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">General Douglas MacArthur was given a similar assignment to McCloy’s—heading the
Allied occupation of Japan after the war, at a time when concerns of a resurgent Japan were
exceeded by fears of the spread of communism from Russia and China which now was on
everyone’s mind</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">as it had been on Pawley’s for the past decade.
</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On May 13, 1949, Pawley visited President Truman at the White House with J.A. Wills,
an artist Pawley had commissioned to paint a portrait of Truman, and they presented the painting
to the President that morning as the Administration basked in the success of the Berlin Airlift.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">While post-war attention was primarily focused on Germany and Japan, Secretary State
Marshall also worried that the Rio Pact may fall apart. Near Thanksgiving, Marshall
telegrammed Pawley and told him to contact Juan Atilio Bramuglia, the Foreign Minister in
Argentina—who had become President of the United Nations National Security Council—to let
him know that the Secretary was sorry not to have seen him before departing Paris. “Say to
Bramuglia that on my return to Washington I found Vandenberg much disturbed over the fact
that the Argentine Government [under Juan D. Peron] has not yet ratified the Rio Pact. Fourteen
ratifications are required to make the Pact effective, thirteen have been deposited and one more is
expected within a few days ... it is most important in the present state of affairs for Argentine to
give evidence of support of the Pact.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley responded from Paris the next day that Bramuglia had told him the Argentine
Senate voted unanimously in favor of ratification and it has been referred to the House of
Representatives which will act on it in four months. “He says that Mexico’s ratification will </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">make 14 and that Argentina will participate fully.” Jockeying went on for another week with
communications being shared by Marshall, Pawley, Vandenberg, Bohlen, Jessup and Dulles
(presumably John Foster, not his brother Allen).</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The following month, Pawley and the President met with representatives of the Argentine
Republic at the invitation of Secretary of State Marshall. Five days later, the Argentine Foreign
Minister </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">on behalf of President Peron, “invited American capitalists to invest in Argentina.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A month after Truman won the election of 1948, Pawley’s old friend, Madame Chiang,
tried to lobby Secretary Marshall for more U.S. support against the communists who were
gaining control of China. According to </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, Madame Chiang “was the guest of Mrs. George
Marshall at Leesburg, Va., and had twice gone to Walter Reed Hospital to see the Secretary of
State” who had was recuperating from the surgical removal of a kidney. The Secretary was
unsympathetic to her requests for more U.S. aid because the “Chinese Nationalists had
surrendered 236,000 rifles, 14,000 machine guns and 26,000 tommy guns in recent battles to the
Communists without a fight.” The highlight of her trip may have been riding to Blair House in
“the Secretary of State’s glittering limousine (U.S. Government license 120)” in her “old nutria
coat over a long black Chinese dress.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">coverage was important to the Chiangs. </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The publication in 1937 had named
Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-Shek “International Man & Wife of the Year.” Over the
next 18 years, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">the Chiangs were on the cover of </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">eleven times, and Clare Boothe Luce, in
1942 described Madame Chiang as the world’s greatest living woman. The Luce publications
also followed the comings and goings of Claire Chennault and Anna, the Chinese woman he wed
in 1947 who would become an influential member of the China Lobby—even influencing a U.S.
election two decades later. Why so much attention to China? Henry Luce’s parents had been </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">missionaries there at the time of his birth, and in 1947 he registered the China Institute of
America, as a foreign agent representing the Nationalist Chinese.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">and </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Life</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, two of
America’s most trusted publications, had split loyalties.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On December 7, 1949, the communists under Mao Zedong won the Chinese civil war and
drove millions of Chiang Kai-shek’s Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) followers to retreat
to Taiwan, about 100 miles off mainland China. U.S. Representative Walter Judd (R-Minnesota)
raised the specter of China soon overrunning Korea—an action that Chiang Kai-shek perceived
as a wonderful opportunity for his forces to engage the enemy alongside General MacArthur’s
United Nation’s troops. Judd, a former medical missionary in China, would eventually become a
driving force behind the formation in 1953 of the “Committee of One Million Against the
Admission of Communist China into the United Nations,”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">an effort that Pawley embraced.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The fear of communism had already led the U.S. Army to consider pursuing the use of
radioactive poisons to assassinate military and civilian leaders and contaminate populated or
critical areas, according to memos released six decades later. According to Associated Press,
“One memo from December 1948 outlined the project and another memo that month indicated it
was under way. The main sections of several subsequent progress reports in 1949 were removed
by censors” before their release to the news agency despite the number of decades that had
passed.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“The Dec. 16, 1948, memo said a lethal attack against individuals using radiological
material should be done in a way that makes it impossible to trace the U.S. government's
involvement, a concept known as ‘plausible deniability’ that is central to U.S. covert actions.”
The Armed Forces Special Weapons Project run by the Army Chemical Corps was overseen by
Maj. Gen. Alden H. Waitt; the Manhattan Project’s Maj. Gen. Leslie R. Groves; and his </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">successor Maj. Gen. Kenneth D. Nichols; RAND Corp physicist Samuel T. Cohen; and Herbert
Scoville, Jr.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Defense Department appears to have stopped the radiological warfare project in
favor of nuclear weapons six years later.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Scoville went on to argue for a U.S.-Soviet Test Ban
Treaty, and, at the CIA, he became “one of the original developers of the technology required for
independent verification, an essential ingredient for arms control treaties.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27
</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On July 28, 1949, Pawley met just before lunch with President Truman. Later in the day,
the President held a news conference at which one reporter asked about </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“reports in Paris that the
Russians had exploded an experimental atomic bomb in Siberia. Has there been any official
report?” The President said he knew nothing about it.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Thirty-seven days later, the first evidence
of radioactivity in Siberia was detected by an American U-2 spy plane.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In February of 1950, Truman announced the arrest of Klaus Fuchs, a scientist who helped
the U.S. develop the atomic bomb and then passed the secrets to the Soviets. Fuchs was charged
with violation of the Official Secrets Act and convicted quickly—in 90 minutes—on March 1,
1950. The British Security Service MI5 worked closely with the U.S. in exposing the betrayal,
and Fuchs was stripped of his British Citizenship in 1951. After serving 9 years in prison, he
moved to Soviet-controlled East Germany where he married and became head of the Institute for
Nuclear Research in Rossendorf.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In 1951, Pawley heard from Deputy Secretary of Defense Robert Lovett under Marshall. “For some time both General Marshall and I have felt the need of having
readily available a ‘trouble-shooter’ on whom we could dump any particularly nasty problem
that did not normally fall into appropriate staff channels, or to whom we could look for
assistance and guidance and action on a complicated matter involving delicate negotiations. I </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">have in mind such things as searching out and recommending remedial action on occasional
industrial bottlenecks or production slowdowns, special projects possibly involving personal
liaison with some of my opposite numbers in other countries, and, in general, keeping me out of
trouble in certain areas where my regular staff would not normally operate. I don’t know whether
this sounds attractive or not—in any event I can assure you it will be varied and certainly not
dull.” In a postscript, Lovett balanced this global responsibility with recognition of a Pawley
family concern. “Carter has just told me of your son Clifton’s illness. I want you to know that my
thoughts are with you and if there is anything we can do please let us know.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s son, Clifton, died in Mexico from polio on September 26, 1951—the day that
Lovett wrote his troubleshooter request. William and Edna arrived that Wednesday morning at
the British American hospital in Mexico City and were at Clifton’s side when he passed.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On December 11, 1951, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">announced that Pawley accepted and
served as special assistant to Defense Secretary Robert A. Lovett as “his ‘personal trouble
shooter’ to help break defense bottlenecks” in 1951 and 1952.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">By March of 1952, the writing was on the wall for Truman; his favorability in the polls
had fallen to 22%, and Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver won the Democratic primary in New
Hampshire. Americans had grown disillusioned with the economic slowdown; Truman’s ties to
the corrupt Prendergast political machine in Missouri; his failure to stop the spread of
communism against the forces of Chiang Kai-shek’s KMT; and Truman’s handling of the
“police-action”—a term used because Congress did not declare war—in Korea where China and
the Soviet Union loomed large in the background. Truman announced he would not seek a third
term and, after the Democratic convention in the summer, threw his support to the selected
candidate Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson, rather than back General Dwight D. Eisenhower </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">whom Truman had once hoped would be the Democratic standard-bearer but now had agreed to
head the Republican ticket. The “I Like Ike” campaign attracted 55% of the popular vote and
nearly five times the electoral college vote than Stevenson.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Truman’s appointment of WWII-hero General Douglas MacArthur to command
American troops in South Korea, followed by relieving the popular General of his command
there for defying a direct order to negotiate a ceasefire in hopes of being able to attack
communist China in April 1951 may have cost Stevenson votes, too.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">34 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Even Pawley, the close
political adviser who queried Ike about running with Truman, switched from Democrat to a
Republican in a painful betrayal of Truman.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">35
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Decades later, in his autobiography, Pawley claimed that he had a conversation with
President Truman half-a-year before the Korean police-action. “I urged the President, with all the
persuasion I would muster, never to get involved in a land war in Asia” pointing to how half-a-
million French soldiers had been mired for years in Vietnam.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">36 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Truman paid the price for not
listening to the more worldly Pawley who then raised $250,000 in contributions for Ike.
President Eisenhower soon came to rely on Pawley to play invaluable roles in his first and
second terms as President.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">37
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">FOOTNOTES:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">President Harry S. Truman, Calendar: </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">July 6, 1948 10:00 am. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Harry S. Truman Library & Museum.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Off the Record—Political Meeting in the President’s Study attended by: Senator J. Howard McGrath; Mr. Joe </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Blythe; Honorable Oscar Ewing; Secretary of Commerce Charles Sawyer; Secretary of Agriculture Charles F. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Brannan; Secretary of the Navy John L. Sullivan; Honorable Wayne Coy; Honorable Samuel I. Rosenman; Mr. Jack </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Redding; Secretary of the Treasury John W. Snyder; Honorable Stephen T. Early; Honorable Oscar Chapman; The </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Attorney General Tom C. Clark; Honorable Wm. Pawley; Honorable Leslie Biffle; Secretary of Defense James </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Forrestal; Secretary of the Army Kenneth C. Royall. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley also met privately with the president on July 28, 1948, 3:45 pm. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.trumanlibrary.org/calendar/index.html</span></p></div></div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 15">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Memorandum on William Douglas Pawley Letterhead, Belvoir Farm, The Plains, Virginia. July 6, 1948.” To: The
Secretary of State. From William Douglas Pawley. Subject: Visit to the United States of the President-elect of Cuba.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In the 1960s, Francisco G. Cajigas, a wealthy Cuban businessman who fled after Castro took power, described Burt
Hedges as an unscrupulous businessman whose financial contributions to the Cuban exile FRD were designed to
buy him power in Cuba after the exiles ousted Castro.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Truman Diaries, July 25, 1947.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Stephen Ambrose’s <i>Eisenhower </i>as reported in </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, 2003.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Oral History Interview with Oscar L. Chapman by Jerry Hess, August 18, 1972.” Harry S. Truman Library &
Museum.<br />
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/chapman.htm
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Campaign strategists included Attorney General Tom Clark; Secretary of Commerce Charles Sawyer;
Clark Clifford; Oscar Ewing, the head of the Federal Security Agency; Oscar Chapman, Under Secretary of
the Interior; Leslie Biffle; Senator Carl Hatch; Stephen Early; Judge Samuel I. Rosenman; and Matthew J.
Connelly.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“The Angels of the Truman Campaign,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, June 6, 1949.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10119-10317 ~ 8/30/1971 CIA “Profile of Everette Howard Hunt Jr.” From: PES. To: AC/CB.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> From May 1948 until February 1949, Hunt was at ECA. The CIA’s background check noted that prior to joining the
ECA and CIA, he had been a writer for publisher Henry Luce’s Time Incorporated and then member of the Office
of Strategic Services in the Far East.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Howard Hunt, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Give Us This Day </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Arlington House, New Rochelle, NY 1973). Page 28.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">September 7, 1948. Letter re William Pauley (misspelled throughout the document). From: Horton R. Telford, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Legal Attache, Paris, France. To: FBI Director Hoover.</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley spoke very freely and frankly regarding his experiences in South America, and particularly
against ex-Ambassador Spruille Braden, whom he particularly dislikes.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley claims that Braden was given his first government post by President Roosevelt through the pressure
of the CIO, and that he was completely under their control. The CIO plan was that he should start out as an
ambassador, then assistant Secretary of State, and finally Secretary of State. Pawley takes credit for finally
“breaking” Braden.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley discussed Gustavo Duran at some length and...alleged that Duran was forced onto Braden by
the CIO and that while in Cuba he, Duran, organized and controlled the Cuban Communist Party. Braden,
whom Pawley considers a Communist sympathizer, while ambassador and assistant secretary concentrated
on non-existant (</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">) and imaginery (</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">) “Nazis” in order to divert attention from the greatest menace, the
Communists. According to him [Pawley], when the FBI cleaned up the Nazi situation and directed its
attention more to our real enemies, the Communists, Braden became alarmed and it was actually he who
forced the Bureau to withdraw from the foreign field.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley intimated that he himself conducted a personal investigation of Duran the results of which he made
known to Secretary Marshall, the President and Attorney General Clark.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley said he was 100 per cent for the Bureau and fought to the end against their withdrawal from
South America, having made special trips to Washington to defend the Bureau. On one occasion he told </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">President Truman that withdrawing the FBI from SIS was a greater disaster to our country than Pearl
Harbor, and he still thinks so.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley was most enthusiastic in his praise of the Director and the FBI.
[REDACTED]
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The Pawleys are now on vacation and will still visit several other European countries before returning to
the States in October.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>
<div class="page" title="Page 16">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> During the course of the above conversation, the writer [Telford] took no part in the discussion nor made any
comments.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Executive session testimony of William D. Pawley September 2 and 8, 1960.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Committee of the Judiciary’s
Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws, Report
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">December 20, 1960. Pages 712 and 755.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Hoover Planned Mass Jailing in 1950.” By Tim Weiner. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, December 23, 2007.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10/19/1948 Correspondence. From: William Pawley. To: Secretary of State Marshall. Marshall Library, Pawley </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I saw the President at the White House on Saturday afternoon and again here in Miami yesterday where he
addressed the American Legion. I explained to him that I was returning to Paris Sunday in order that my
services would be at your disposal for the duration of the Conference. The President, on both occasions,
requested that I not leave before the election. I told the President that I had already personally advanced
$15,000 toward the campaign and that I had very little opportunity to do anything further and therefore
would like to keep the schedule as planned.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">As you know, Mr. Secretary, I am not a candidate for any post, nor am I seeking any favors, but I do have a
very deep personal regard and friendship for President Truman and under no circumstance do I want him to
think that I am neglecting his interest, which is certainly not the case.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... Bob [Lovett] suggested that in view of the President’s feeling I postpone my departure until the flight of
Sunday, October thirty-first. I explained to Bob that this late date might not meet with your approval;
however I want you to know that either of the dates above referred to are satisfactory with me and I shall
await word from Mr. Lovett as to your views.”
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10/28/1948 Correspondence. From: Carlisle Humelsine. To: William Pawley. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers,
Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“U.S. Diplomats Abroad Deplore Private Envoys: Unofficial Representatives Have Confused Foreign
Governments and Our Staffs.” By C. L. Sulzberger. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, November 8, 1948. Page 12.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Bruce Cumings, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Origins of the Korean War Volume II</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Roar of the Cataract: 1947-1950 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Princeton, New
Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990). Pages 509-11.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Anthony R. Carrozza</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">, William D. Pawley: The Extraordinary Life of the Adventurer, and Diplomat Who Cofounded
the Flying Tigers. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 70.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Jack Samson, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Flying Tiger: The True Story of General Claire Chennault and the U.S. 14</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 6pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Air Force in China
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Guilford, Connecticut: The Lyons Press paperback, 2005). Page 254.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“The Berlin Airlift.” Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/berlin_airlift/large/docs.php.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 17">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Gail Halvorsen, ‘Candy Bomber’ in Berlin Airlift, dies at 101.” By Ricard Goldstein. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">,
Updated February 19, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/17/us/gail-halvorsen-obituary.html
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Michael Beschloss, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler’s Germany 1941-1945
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002). Pages 60, 144, 180, and 271-73.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“John J. McCloy, Lawyer and Diplomat, Is Dead at 93,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, March 12, 1989.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Malia Rulon, “CIA to Release Nazi Documents,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Herald </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Bradenton), February 7, 2005.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Robert A. Fearey, 85; Foreign Service Officer,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, March 6, 2004, page B07. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">The obituary stated that as an analyst in the State Department Robert Fearey developed plans for the occupation of
Japan, and his paper on postwar agrarian land reform there was adopted by General MacArthur.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">MacArthur dismissal, CNN Specials.
http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/Macarthur
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">President Harry S. Truman, Calendar: May 13, 1949, 8:30 am. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum.
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/calendar/index.html
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">November 24, 1948 – Telegram to the United States Mission to the United Nations, American Embassy Paris.
Additional telegrams dated November 25 and November 30. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">President Harry S. Truman, Calendar: December 10, 1948, 11:15 am. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum.
http://www.trumanlibrary.org
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Bramuglia Invites U.S. Investments: Argentina’s Foreign Minister Says That His Government Would Guarantee
Stability.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, December 15, 1948. Page 2.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“House Guest,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">December 13, 1948.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
“Mme. Chiang Sees Marshall 4 Hours; Wife of Generalissimo Says She Is ‘Encouraged’ by Talk but Divulges No </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Details.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. December 4, 1948. Page 5. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, page 275. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">1947 could be a mistaken reference; 1948 seems more likely.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Man and Wife of the Year.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1937.
http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2019712_2019710_2019671,00.html
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">archive, http://www.time.com
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company (CAMCO) was run by Edward D. Pawley, who was later described
by </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Life </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">magazine as "always able to be at the right place a few minutes before the right time." The contracts made
no mention of the true nature of the service, stating that the signatories were hired to "manufacture, repair and
operate aircraft."
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">http://m2reviews.cnsi.net/reviews/allies/us/cleaverp40b.htm
“Talk & Ceremony,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, June 11, 1945.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Madame Chiang Kai-shek Dies; Chinese Chief’s Powerful Widow.” By Bart Barnes. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">October 25, 2003. Page B06.</span></p></div></div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 18">
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Fortune’s Wheel,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, January 28, 1946.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Barbara Stuhler, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Ten Men of Minnesota and American Foreign Policy, 1898-1968 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(St. Paul, Minnesota Historical </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Society, 1973). Page 185.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">When Chiang Kai-shek offered his Nationalist Chinese forces to do battle in Korea, he was rebuffed by the U.S.
officials who felt it would provoke the Peoples Republic of China to side with the Soviets and North Koreans.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Robert Burns, “U.S. Considered Poisons for Assassinations,” The Associated Press, October 9, 2007. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, page 277.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Biography of Herbert Scoville, Jr. (1915-1985).” Council for a Livable World website.
http://www.clw.org/scoville/scovbio.html
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">President Harry S. Truman, Calendar: July 28, 1949, 12:20 p.m. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum.
Public Papers, Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">http://trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/viewpapers.php?pid=1184</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Klaus Fuchs,” History, Security Service MI5
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">U.S. and British intelligence agencies worked together on the Venoma project to break Soviet code system. Their
success helped translate communications Fuchs during his passing of the atomic secrets.
https://www.mi5.gov.uk/klaus-fuchs#:~:text=Introduction%20to%20Klaus%20Fuchs, teaching%20post%
20at%20the%20university.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">9/26/1951 Letter. From: Robert Lovett on The Secretary of Defense letterhead. To: William Pawley at “Belvoir
House, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Plains</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Virginia. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Clifton Pawley Dead; Son of Ex-Envoy to Brazil a Victim of Polio in Mexico.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, September
27, 1951. Page 31.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Executive session testimony of William D. Pawley, September 2 and 8, 1960.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Committee of the Judiciary’s
Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws, Report
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(December 20, 1960). Pages 712, 755.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“W. Pawley to Aid Lovett on Defense.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">December 11, 1951. Page 4. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Truman Diaries, July 25, 1947.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Truman declines to seek another term, March 29, 1952,” By Andrew Glass, This Day in Politics, Politico
https://www.politico.com/story/2019/03/29/truman-declines-to-seek-another-term-march-29-1952-1238358
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Stephen Ambrose’s </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Eisenhower</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, 2003.<br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">34 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“The Firing of MacArthur, National Archives, Truman Library Museum
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/education/presidential-inquiries/firing-macarthur<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Robert A. Fearey, 85; Foreign Service Officer.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, March 6, 2004. Page B07.
MacArthur dismissal. http://www.cnn.com/SpecialS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/Macarthur. </span></p></div></div>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">35 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Anthony R. Carrozza, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">William D. Pawley: The Extraordinary Life of the Adventurer, and Diplomat Who
Cofounded the Flying Tigers. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 734.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">36 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Chapter 23. Conversation with Truman December 17, 1949</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">37 </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Murray Illson, “</span><span color="rgb(7.058824%, 7.058824%, 7.058824%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">A Lone and Varied Career.” </span><span color="rgb(7.058824%, 7.058824%, 7.058824%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times. </span><span color="rgb(7.058824%, 7.058824%, 7.058824%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">January 8, 1977. Page 22.</span></span></p></div></div></div>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-7886503501694171982009-12-12T14:53:00.016-08:002023-08-28T12:32:48.145-07:008: Father of the Groom of Elizabeth Taylor
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<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: large;">Throughout the spring and summer of 1949, members of the Pawley household had more than
politics, China and William’s abdominal surgery on their minds. Hollywood’s famous 17-year-
old, Elizabeth Taylor, who achieved stardom five years earlier as a steeplechase horse rider in
“National Velvet” was on the lips of Pawley’s son William Douglas Pawley, Jr.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';"><span style="font-size: large;">In March, while visiting Miami, Elizabeth and her mother, Sara, met 28-year-old William
D. Pawley, Jr., as they celebrated the child-star’s 17th birthday on Star Island, Miami, Florida on March 3, 1949. Eleven years older, with dark hair the strikingly handsome--"profoundly conservative"--Bill Pawley had been a wartime Burma Hump flyer and now headed the family's bus operations in Miami. Bill taught Elizabeth how to drive a car; play golf; took her to parties and dances; and further bonded with her during a $145 long-distance phone call to Hollywood.</span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">1</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';"><span style="font-size: large;">At Easter, the Taylors stayed and swam at Pawley’s Miami Beach home with views of palm trees
and boats traversing the bay. Elizabeth soon broke off her engagement to former West Point
football star Glenn Davis, a Heisman Trophy winner All-American known as “Mr. Outside.” She
had been wearing his gold football ring as “‘part of growing up.’” In early June, again as house
guests of William and Edna, Sara Taylor announced that the raven-haired beauty with jewel-like eyes
was engaged to the young Bill Pawley, and she was sporting a three-and-a-half carat, emerald-
cut “‘nice piece of ice’” as Bill termed the diamond engagement ring. The wedding was
scheduled for the following spring when Elizabeth would be 18.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p></p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span><p style="text-align: left;"></p></div></div></div><div class="page" style="text-align: left;" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;">Coincidentally when the Taylor-Pawley engagement announcement appeared in </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: large; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;"><span>, it
was just above a blurb about a friend of the elder Pawley—T.V. Soong, 55, the onetime Premier
of China now considered a war criminal by the Chinese communists, had arrived in New York
for a three-month stay to see his three daughters attending U.S. schools. Soong told reporters he
would also visit his sister, Mme. Chiang Kai-shek</span><span>.</span></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small; vertical-align: 4pt;">2
</span></span></p>
<p><span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;">The early passion between Taylor and Pawley, soon subsided as Bill let her know he had
his own version of marriage which came with a variety of misogynistic controls: The movie star
would have to give up her career, live in Miami not Hollywood, and become known as Elizabeth
Pawley not Taylor.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small; vertical-align: 4pt;">3
</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;">As the summer unfolded, Elizabeth became increasingly disenchanted with her autocratic
lover’s pressure to cut her ties with the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) studio and set a wedding
date. Days before summer ended, Pawley flew back from Hollywood to Florida, and the press
learned that the engagement was off.
</span></p>
<p><span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: large; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;">and </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: large; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;">reported that the couple parted ways, and that Elizabeth
kept the 3 1⁄2 carat diamond.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">4</span> </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;">Ironically, the following year, she made her first successful movie
as an adult, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: large; font-style: italic;">Father of the Bride</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;">. In May 1951, Elizabeth and hotel-heir Conrad “Nicky” Hilton
were briefly married.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small; vertical-align: 4pt;">5
</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;">The younger Pawley turned his attention back to his first passion, sailing. A year before
he met Elizabeth, he had received a patent for a sailboat enhancement that would make it lift out
of the water like a speedboat. Fifty years later, it was still his love, and he applied for an
enhancement to his patent and in his application wrote: “My original U.S. Pat. No. 2,444,526
was granted on Jul. 6, 1948. The test boat built in about 1948 was sailed only three times before
it was wrecked against a seawall in a thunder storm. I know of no other boat ever having been </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;">built, because it wasn’t very practical the way the sails and rigging were built.” He explained, “I
am now applying for a New Patent based upon an improvement in the design of the Sails and
Rigging. These improvements were learned from the test boat that was lost. The patent
application is not for the boat, but rather for the design of the Sails and Rigging.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small; vertical-align: 4pt;">6</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;">The Elizabeth Taylor publicity had made the Pawleys society celebrities, worthy of social
as well as political and business columns. A month after the engagement was broken off, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: large; font-style: italic;">The
New York Times </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;">mentioned the family while declaring President Truman’s speech on plans to
expand the economy was well received;</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7</span> </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: large;">and two weeks later when a young Pawley got a
German-bred stallion at auction for $20,000.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small; vertical-align: 4pt;">8
</span></span></p>
<p><span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; vertical-align: 4pt;">FOOTNOTES:</span></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1</span> </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">“Big Dig.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">, August 22, 1949.
</span></span></p>
<p><span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">“The Old Gang.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">, September 26, 1949.
</span></span></p>
<p><span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span> </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">“Family Circles.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">Time, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">June 20, 1949.
</span></span></p>
<p><span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3</span> </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">The Guardian </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">(London), Weekend Page, February 11, 1995. Page 12.
</span></span></p>
<p><span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">4</span> </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">“Family Circles.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">, June 20, 1949.
</span></span></p>
<p><span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">“Big Dig.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">, August 22, 1949.
</span></span></p>
<p><span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">“The Old Gang.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">, September 26, 1949.
</span></span></p>
<p><span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">“W.D. Pawley, Jr., Elizabeth Taylor Break Engagement.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">, September 20, 1949.
</span></span></p>
<p><span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">5</span> </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">The Independent </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">(London), April 16, 2000. Pages 2 and 21-4.
</span></span></p>
<p><span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">United States Patent, U.S. 6,435,118 B1, August 20, 2002, Pawley Sailboat and Rigging Design, Inventor: William
Douglas Pawley, Jr., 9830 SW. 158</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">St. Miami, FL (U.S.) 33157.
</span></span></p>
<p><span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7</span> </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">“President Flies Back to Capital: Pleased by Reaction to Speech—He Promises the Moon, Says GOP Chairman.”
By Anthony Leviero. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">, October 1, 1949. Page 23.
</span></span></p>
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<p><span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">8</span> </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">“Stallion Brings $20,300: Young Pawley Gets German-Bred Nordlicht at Auction.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">The New York Times, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">October
19, 1949. Page 42. </span></span></p>
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<strong></strong>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-17257610995462702332009-12-12T14:51:00.008-08:002023-12-06T16:04:00.174-08:009: Forrestal Plunges into the Cold War
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<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgnNfGheGHqYFZseO4yL9R0F9HLlBS2KJuZw1lbiJScDy0m8LUKcAWrv3x2XKUD4qnl8ZklHGnbq1yf22gLB6WC1GqdYKhVFb8nqRYODOiwtbWTMVm0GrOeBT3jwBfIMKuNjZ2QlDCVi1_J4nWaBSFG8h7WYL6AtTR6qy-lU4D4_Zy83IiNK8P3pzVOaGc" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1831" data-original-width="1425" height="347" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgnNfGheGHqYFZseO4yL9R0F9HLlBS2KJuZw1lbiJScDy0m8LUKcAWrv3x2XKUD4qnl8ZklHGnbq1yf22gLB6WC1GqdYKhVFb8nqRYODOiwtbWTMVm0GrOeBT3jwBfIMKuNjZ2QlDCVi1_J4nWaBSFG8h7WYL6AtTR6qy-lU4D4_Zy83IiNK8P3pzVOaGc=w270-h347" width="270" /></a></div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">On the Sunday night of May 22, 1949, former Secretary of the Navy and recent first Secretary of
Defense James Forrestal was found dead on the ground outside Bethesda Naval Hospital. A few
months earlier he had been asked to resign as Secretary of Defense by President Truman and
then spent time with Robert Lovett in Hobe, Florida before entering Bethesda Naval Hospital for
depression.</span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">While some questioned if he had intentionally died by suicide, fallen accidentally or been
induced to jump by experimental drugs or nefarious forces, Senator Joseph McCarthy of
Wisconsin was convinced that “communists hounded Forrestal to his death. They killed him just
as definitely as if they had thrown him from that sixteenth-story window in Bethesda Naval
Hospital.” McCarthy also stated that “while I am not a sentimental man, I was touched deeply
and left numb by the news of Forrestal’s murder. But I was affected much more deeply when I
heard of the communist celebration when they heard of Forrestal’s murder. On that night, I
dedicated part of this fight to Jim Forrestal.” McCarthyism was born.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1<span></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">These were no longer the days of Roosevelt’s “nothing to fear but fear itself.” Now there
was much to fear in the world—from Minsk to Vladivostok and Shenyang to Kashgar—and
McCarthy knew how to exploit it. Fear of dark, Red forces could get Americans to march in
lockstep to the voting booth and oust progressive candidates. A lesson not lost in the 21</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">st
</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">century on Rupert Murdoch as he crafted a mix of fear and angertainment at Fox Corporation to
build audiences and ad revenue.
</span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">James J. Drummey, a former senior editor of </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The New American</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, wrote a 1987 defense of
McCarthy’s tactics, asserting that the Senator “was receptive in the fall of 1949 when three men </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">brought to his office a 100-page FBI report alleging extensive communist penetration of the State
Department.” </span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Senator McCarthy vowed to take on the task of awakening America to the danger of
communism that had begun in the 1930s and grew worse with the postwar consolidation of State
with OSS, the Office of War Information, and the Foreign Economic Administration. One of the
nation’s leading patriots, William Pawley, also saw communist sympathizers in the State
Department when China fell to the Reds: “this whole fiasco, the loss of China and the subsequent
difficulties with which the United States has been faced, was the result of mistaken policy of
Dean Acheson, Phil Jessup, [Owen] Lattimore, John Carter Vincent, John Service, John Davies,
[Oliver Edmund] Clubb, and others.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the opinion of Pawley and McCarthy, these were not “sincere mistakes of judgment”
but something far more sinister. A number of Washingtonians sided with Pawley’s conspiratorial
viewpoint, including a young congressman, John F. Kennedy, and William Rusher, who became
a counsel to the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee and socialized with McCarthy up to the
Senator’s death from hepatitis on May 2, 1957 at Bethesda Naval Hospital, where Forrestal met
his demise and President Kennedy’s autopsy was performed in 1963.<span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Following McCarthy’s death Rusher was hired by William F. Buckley to run the business
operations of his conservative publication, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">National Review</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">. Decades later, he spoke publicly
about his support of Nixon overthrowing Chile’s President Salvador Allende of Chile, a Marxist
who had won the election in the kind of democracy Pawley had envisioned for South America
during his ambassadorships. But McCarthyism was so malignant even the patriotism of Pawley’s
close friend General George C. Marshall was questioned in the summer of 1951.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3<span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">One of the China experts fingered by Pawley, Owen Lattimore, sent a cable to the
Associated Press on March 27, 1950, assailing McCarthy’s rantings as “pure moonshine.” Born </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">in Washington, Lattimore had spent most of his 49 years in Asia as a political adviser to Chiang
Kai-shek at President Roosevelt's request. He also served as deputy director of the Office of War
Information’s overseas branch and was part of Pawley’s reparations mission in Japan and
Manchuria following World War II.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley saw the communist menace as being ubiquitous. From his vantage point in
Havana where he was enhancing the transportation system by “substituting 1200 modern buses
for the 450 ancient electric cars.” The electric trollies were constantly breaking down and slowly
repaired. Collective bargaining in the transit system “‘as I learned the hard way, was often
conducted by pistol-packing labor leaders, mostly Communists, backed by menacing squads of
goons. Open assassinations on the streets were commonplace.’”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">While Pawley could see “Cuba was unstable” with rampant vice under the Presidency of
Dr. Carlos Prío Socarrás, Pawley nonetheless accepted Prio’s invitation to start running the
Havana bus system like the one he ran in Miami. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, noted the “tall, tough” 53-year-old
millionaire, was “a combination financial wizard and philanthropist” who already “had organized
Cuba’s first commercial airline and built most of its airfields.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">After being turned down by eleven U.S. banks, including the Export-Import Bank,
Pawley received the $7.7 million financing from The British Export Credits Guarantee
Department which enabled Pawley's Autobuses Modernos to buy 620 buses from England's
Leyland Motors. He received a $120,000 commission plus an annual salary.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Cuban press both attacked and praised the Pawley deal. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">El Mundo</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, which had a
major financial interest in the distribution of General Motors Coach buses purchased by a
competitive bus system in Havana, labeled Pawley in unflattering terms as “a rapacious promoter
internationally known for his misdeeds and crooked deals, a buzzard who presents himself to us
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">disguised as the Holy Ghost, a speculator in shady business, a knave with hands of silk.” But
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Bohemia </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">praised Pawley as “one of the most distinguished figures in the U.S., whose various
enterprises, including aviation firms in India and China, make his biography a true teaching in
industry and social service.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">detailed the $10 million bus order orchestrated by Pawley. A few
weeks later, his name appeared again when the newspaper reported that American aircraft
technicians were being outsourced to India to recondition the aircraft Pawley had left behind
when WWII ended.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s Autobuses Modernos received a 25-year franchise, which would have lasted
until 1975 if President Prío had not been ousted by Fulgencio Batista in a coup d’état</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">that was
then followed by Fidel Castro seizing control of Cuba, ending Pawley’s annual salary as
company president and manager.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s nemesis, lawyer Fidel Castro, had run for Congress as a candidate of the
Orthodox Party, while Fulgencio Batista was running for president a second time. Batista soon
realized he would not win. Instead, Batista staged a successful coup and cancelled the election,
suspended the constitution and became the first dictator in Cuba.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In April 1952, the Truman
Administration officially recognized his government and began sending military and economic
aid.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Soon thereafter Batista began a campaign of suppression, which was met with rebellion by
those who opposed the dictatorship. Among those arrested was the head of the transport union,
who had been an annoyance to Pawley when the American entrepreneur took over modernization
of Havana’s Autobuses Modernos. Marco Antonio Hirigoyen was charged with a five-year old
murder. Nine years later, after Castro seized control of Cuba, Hirigoyen fled Cuba to Miami
where the Dade County legislature eventually adopted a proposal to name a major street for him </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">based on his labor leadership including his time as Cuba’s “‘Czar of Transportation.’”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley
never received such an honor.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 5"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Havana’s hotels and casinos were among the major beneficiaries of Pawley’s efficient
transportation system. Each modern bus could carry up to 41 tourists and employees quickly
through the city’s traffic to the exciting casinos, glamorous dinner clubs with big name
American musical performers, and rooms with easily obtainable recreational drugs and call girls
controlled by Mafia kingpins such as Lucky Luciano, Santo Trafficante, Sam Giancana and
Meyer Lansky. Lansky personally profited from guests at the Hotel National—the place Pawley
called home when he claimed Havana residency before divorcing Annie. Today photos of
celebrities and mobsters now grace its walls. Havana was so profitable, Lansky in 1957 built a
second hotel, the Havana Riviera, with gold-plated slot machines, that would only be a Mafia
profit center until Castro seized control.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the fall of 1950, the CIA opened a 201 File on William Pawley (201-262094) and
circulated a classified memo covering his biography and business data and dealings.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A 201 file
is created when someone becomes a focus of interest of the intelligence organization.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley was now entrenched in what Thomas Wise dubbed the “Invisible Government”
that operates behind the scenes, shaping policy by influencing changes in the power structure of
the world. At the behest of William M. Boyle, Jr., an attorney who also was chairman of the
Democratic National Committee, Truman assigned Pawley to special missions in the State
Department—despite the objections of Secretary of State Acheson whose political leanings
Pawley disdained.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As 1951 began, the Korean War was turning into what the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)
considered “one of the greatest dangers in history” not just to South Korea which had been </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">established after the defeat of Japan’s control of the Asian peninsula at the end of WWII, but to
its 38</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">parallel defender, the United States of America. The JCS viewed China and the Soviet
Union as a potentially united communist front that would launch a global war against the U.S.
and believed it was time to double down on a previous change in U.S. policy. </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“The National
Security Council, taking cognizance of the vicious covert activities of the USSR, its satellite
countries and Communist groups to discredit and defeat the aims and activities of the United
States and other Western powers, has determined that, in the interests of world peace and U.S.
national security, the overt foreign activities of the U.S. Government must be supplemented by
covert operations.” Thus, “</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'Cambria'; font-size: 12pt;">operations of the Office of Special Operations [OSO], the Office of
Policy Coordination [OPC] and the Contact Branch of the Office of Operations should be
integrated under single over-all direction in an </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">operations division, with its separate
administration, within CIA.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“Plausible deniability” was a keystone. Actions must be </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">“</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">so planned and executed that
any U.S. Government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons, and that if
uncovered, the U.S. Government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility for them. Specifically,
such operations shall include any covert activities related to: political manipulations;
propaganda; economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage,
demolition and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to
underground resistance movements, guerrillas and refugee liberation groups, and support of
indigenous anti-communist elements in threatened countries of the free world. Such operations
shall not include armed conflict by recognized military forces and cover and deception for
military operations; nor shall they include espionage and counter-espionage as provided for<br />
in NSCID 5.”
</span></p>
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<p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The new office overseeing the strengthened OSO/OPC/Contact Branch organization
“shall operate independently of other components of the Central Intelligence Agency” and would
be led by a “highly qualified ... Assistant Director, CIA” nominated by both the Secretary of
State and Secretary of Defense. One “unit shall plan and conduct covert political and economic
warfare and propaganda operations in peace and war. All covert operations authorized in
peacetime shall be conducted under the direction of this unit.” The Joint Chiefs of Staff would be
involved in planning and coordination.</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Within this increasingly dangerous world William Douglas Pawley’s daughter, Annie
Hahr Pawley (her name is the same as his ex-wife who now was in a mental institution)
proceeded with her wedding plans. She and Hobart Boomer McKay tied the knot in Miami
Beach on February 4, 1951.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Two weeks later the new bride’s dad was sworn in as a special assistant to the Secretary
of State. William Douglas Pawley was pleased to see Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall
there and four days later sent him a thank you note.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">During his renewed international service to the Truman Administration, Pawley traveled
to Paris to discuss the building of ten U.S. Air Force bases in France. Later, he attended a NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) conference in Lisbon, Portugal.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Despite his experience
with Far East matters, the State Department hoped Pawley would keep away from the topic of
the Korean conflict out of fear he would inflame the situation.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On May 1</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">st</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, Pawley had an off-the-record meeting with President Truman and in July
scheduled another meeting with him.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s new activities brought discussions of moving to a furnished home in
Washington, DC, and Katherine Marshall commiserated with Edna Pawley saying. “I well know </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">the strain of trying to live in city, country and up in the air – for my life has become a three ring
circus ... Spent this week at the Apt in Washington to be with George during his days on the
Hill.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In June, American Ambassador to Spain Stanton Griffis extended an invitation to Pawley
to meet in secret with Generalissimo Franco, whose regime had been condemned by Truman and
Acheson. Franco was despised by the British who did not want Spain as a member of NATO
because of Franco’s support of Hitler. In turn, Franco himself felt the British were socialists.
Thus secret negotiations were essential. As “an expert negotiator on strategic materials,”
Pawley’s role was to open discussions on establishing U.S. air bases on Spanish soil.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s travels as an envoy not only took him to Europe, but also to the Near East and
South Asia.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Like William, his Cuban-born brother Edward Porcher Pawley Jr. had spent most of the
decade in India, China and Burma working for Intercontinent Corporation which had created
“India’s only aircraft factory” in Mysore. Edward in effect had been a “‘business manager’” for
the Flying Tigers, while William as “executive vice-president of Central Aircraft, which
employed and paid the renowned Tigers.” Edward presided over the company When William
was named an Ambassador, Edward presided over the company and, in 1949, turned over to the
government of India the company’s $10 million ammonium sulfate manufacturing plant in
Tranvancore for the “vast improvement in Indian agricultural production and methods.”
Intercontinent continued to operate in India exporting “agricultural implements and machines,
particularly to the Orient and South America.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On June 23, 1951, William Pawley arrived in New Dehli, India and held a press
conference during which he reassured India that “there was absolutely no ulterior motive” in </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">America’s sudden interest in the country—not the failure of Truman to prevent the spread of
communism within China and beyond. India was simply ripe for foreign investment.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">What he
didn’t say was that the U.S. hoped to keep the minerals India possessed that were needed for
nuclear weapons didn’t fall into China’s hands.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">NEXT CHAPTERS</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><ul id="recently" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.61px; list-style: none; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-11-father-of-groom.html" style="color: #225588;">10: Defense Department Troubleshooting</a></li><li style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-12-betting-on-nationalists.html" style="color: #225588;">11: Going Bananas in Guatemala 1954</a></li><li style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-13-plunge.html" style="color: #225588;">12: The Doolittle Report on CIA Covert Activities</a></li><li style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-14-background-checks.html" style="color: #225588;">13: CIA Director Allen Dulles Survives the Doolitt...</a></li><li style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-15-fruits-of-pbsuccess.html" style="color: #225588;">14: Pawley's Caribbean Oyster</a></li><li style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-16-doolittle-committee.html" style="color: #225588;">15: Suspicious Minds</a></li><li style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-17-lawyer.html" style="color: #225588;">16: Find Me Someone to Kill Castro</a></li><li style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-18-accountant.html" style="color: #225588;">17: QDDALE</a></li><li style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-19-general.html" style="color: #225588;">18: Controlling Cuban-Exile Chaos</a></li><li style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-20-fact-finding-and-forgetting.html" style="color: #225588;">19: CIA Informant R-1</a></li></ul><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small;">FOOTNOTES:</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Milwaukee Speech by Senator Joseph McCarthy in 1952. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning,
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“The Real McCarthy Record.” By James J. Drummey. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New American</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Vol. 12, No. 18, September 2, 1996.
Original appeared May 11, 1987.<br />
http://www.thenewamerican.com/tna/1996/vol12no18.htm
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Modern History Sourcebook: Senator Joseph McCarthy: The History of George Catlett Marshall.” Fordham
University, 1951. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1951mccarthy-marshall.asp
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">"William Rusher, 87, Dies; Conservatives' Champion." By Robert D. McFadden. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, April 19,
2011. Page B-16.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">During the Nixon administration, often spoke proudly about the U.S. role in General Pinochet's 1973 coup that ousted communist
Salvador Allende (leading to his suicide), even though Allende had been elected in a democratic process. Author
David Cannon challenged Rusher at a talk he gave in New Jersey circa 1974, pointing out that if Rusher’s
contention that it was appropriate to overthrow Allende because he received less than a majority of the
vote, then one could argue that President Nixon in 1968 should have been overthrown because he garnered only 43% of the vote (Hubert Humphrey got 42% and George Wallace received 13.5%).
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Jennifer Ross, “Human Rights Victories Stir Resentment.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Times, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">February 8, 2005.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In 2005, Pinochet went on trial for nine kidnappings and a murder. During his reign from 1973 to 1990, there were
3,000 deaths and disappearances of political opponents; one of Pinochet’s associates, Col. Germain Barriga Munoz
chose to leap 18 floors to his death rather than stand trial.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Denial.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Facts on File</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, March 30, 1950.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Wizard at Work</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">March 20, 1950.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“British Bus Makers Get $10,000,000 Cuba Order.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, June 22, 1950. Page 8.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“India Speeding Up Aircraft Industry: U.S. Technicians Help Convert Surplus Planes—Most Craft Reconditioned.”
By Robert Trumbull. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, July 9, 1950. Page 13.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 348.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The term “hob” is a British colloquialism for “mischievous behavior.” Pawley probably picked it up in India.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 10">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Wizard at Work</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">March 20, 1950.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Cubans Are Confused, Resentful But Hopeful Over Batista's Coup.” By Herbert L. Matthews. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, April 17, 1952. Page 3.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Batista Dies in Spain at 72; Unending Exile Succession of Jobs Cuba for Cubans' Public Works Projects.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, August 7, 1973. Page 73.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Cuban Labor Chief Held for Murder: Arrest of Hirigoyen, Head of Embattled Transport Union, May Test Batista </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Regime.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, June 29, 1952. Page 16.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Miami-Dade Legislative Item File Number: 032032 Resolution codesignating SW 32</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">nd </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Street from SW 82</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">nd </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Avenue </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">to SW 87</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Avenue as Marco Antonio Hirigoyen Street. Agenda Item Number 7P2D Sept.</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">WHEREAS, this Board has conducted a public hearing to consider codesignating SW 32nd Street from
SW 82nd Avenue to SW 87th Avenue as Marco Antonio Hirigoyen Street; and</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
WHEREAS, Marco Antonio Hirigoyen was known as the "Czar of Transportation" in Cuba; and </span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">WHEREAS, Marco Antonio Hirigoyen rose from a trolley driver to head a 9000 member Cuban
Transportation Union; and</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">WHEREAS, Marco Antonio Hirigoyen was a founding member of The International Federation of Free
Labor Unions and The International Confederation of Workers, and he co-hosted a television program
about union affairs on Miami Cablevision; and</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
WHEREAS, Marco Antonio Hirigoyen escaped from Cuba in 1961 and arrived in Miami where he
immediately continued his labor struggle and became labor steward of employees at Deauville Hotel in
Miami Beach; and
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">WHEREAS, Mr. Marco Antonio Hirigoyen passed away in March, 1987; and</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
WHEREAS, this proposed codesignation is located in County Commission District 10; and</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">WHEREAS, this Board would like to honor the memory of Marco Antonio Hirigoyen,</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS OF
MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA, that:</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Section 1. This Board approves the codesignation of SW 32nd Street from SW 82nd Avenue to SW 87th
Avenue as Marco Antonio Hirigoyen Street.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Section 2. The Clerk of the Board is hereby directed to transmit a certified copy of this resolution to the
United States Postal Authority, the Traffic Signals and Signs Division of the Public Works Department and
Land Development Division of the Public Works Department, the Police Department, and the Fire
Department. 9, 2003.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">“</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">When the Mob Owned Cuba,” Interview of T.J. English by Simon Worrall, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Smithsonian Magazine</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, October 28,
2016
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Meyer Lansky’s heirs want their hotel back.” By Cindy Adams. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Post, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">March 29, 2016. Page 6. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Before the Revolution: Socialites and celebrities flocked to Cuba in the 1950s.” By Natasha Geiling. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Smithsonian </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Magazine</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, July 31, 2007.</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Cuba's reputation as an exotic and permissive playground came to light in the 1920s, when the country
became a favorite destination for robber barons and bohemians. Scions like the Whitneys and the
Biltmores, along with luminaries such as New York City Mayor Jimmy "Beau James" Walker, flocked to
Cuba for winter bouts of gambling, horse racing, golfing and country-clubbing.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Sugar was Cuba's economic lifeline, but its tropical beauty—and tropical beauties—made American
tourism a natural and flowing source of revenue. A 1956 issue of </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Cabaret Quarterly</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, a now-defunct
tourism magazine, describes Havana as "a mistress of pleasure, the lush and opulent goddess of delights."
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">By the 1950s Cuba was playing host to celebrities like Ava Gardner, Frank Sinatra and Ernest Hemingway.
But the advent of cheap flights and hotel deals made the once-exclusive hotspot accessible to American
masses. For around $50—a few hundred dollars today—tourists could purchase round-trip tickets from
Miami, including hotel, food and entertainment. Big-name acts, beach resorts, bordellos and buffets were
all within reach.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">"Havana was then what Las Vegas has become," says Louis Perez, a Cuba historian at the University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill. It attracted some of the same mafia kingpins, too, such as Meyer Lansky and
Santo Trafficante, who were evading a national investigation into organized crime. In Cuba, they could
continue their stock trade of gambling, drugs and prostitution, as long as they paid off government officials.
The fees, however high, were a small price for an industry that raked in millions of dollars every month.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">But while tourists eagerly spun the roulette wheel in sexy Havana, a revolution brewed in the less
glamorous countryside. The sugar boom that had fueled much of Cuba's economic life was waning, and by
the mid-'50s it was clear that expectations had exceeded results. With no reliable economic replacement in
sight, Cubans began to feel the squeeze. Poverty, particularly in the provinces, increased.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Unlike other Caribbean islands, however, Cuba boasted a large upper-middle class. Cubans had fought
vehemently for independence from Spain from the 1860s to the 1890s, but by the 20th century, the country
had become beholden economically to the United States.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">By the late '50s, U.S. financial interests included 90 percent of Cuban mines, 80 percent of its public
utilities, 50 percent of its railways, 40 percent of its sugar production and 25 percent of its bank deposits—
some $1 billion in total. American influence extended into the cultural realm, as well. Cubans grew
accustomed to the luxuries of American life. They drove American cars, owned TVs, watched Hollywood
movies and shopped at Woolworth's department store. The youth listened to rock and roll, learned English
in school, adopted American baseball and sported American fashions.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In return, Cuba got hedonistic tourists, organized crime and General Fulgencio Batista. In military power
since the early 1930s, Batista appointed himself president by way of a military coup in 1952, dashing
Cubans' long-held hope for democracy.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Not only was the economy weakening as a result of U.S. influence, but Cubans were also offended by what
their country was becoming: a haven for prostitution, brothels and gambling.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">"Daily life had developed into a relentless degradation," writes Louis Perez in his 1999 book </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">On Becoming
Cuban</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, "with the complicity of political leaders and public officials who operated at the behest of
American interests."
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In 1957, a group of students fed up with government corruption stormed the National Palace. Many
historians consider this a turning point in the revolution.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Over the next few years, bursts of violence erupted throughout the city. Bombs exploded in movie theaters
and nightclubs. Gunshots rang out. Dead bodies turned up on sidewalks and streets.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">"There had been an idealization of the [Cuba's] War of Independence and of being a revolutionary," says
Uva de Aragon, a Cuban academic now living in Miami. "In this climate, people thought revolution was a
solution to problems."
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Bloody battles ensued between Batista's troops and the rebels in the mountains. Still, Cubans tried to keep
some normalcy in their lives, going to school, watching baseball games and taking cha-cha lessons.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">"It was surreal," says de Aragon. "There was a lot of fear in those last two or three years." A teenager at the
time, she was particularly aware of what was happening because her step-father, Carlos Marquez Sterling,
had run for president against Batista and lost; Marquez wanted negotiation, but Batista's camp claimed
power.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">All classes of Cubans, including the very rich, looked to the young and charismatic Fidel Castro as their
hope for democracy and change. Castro, a young lawyer trained at the University of Havana, belonged to a
wealthy landowning family, but espoused a deep nationalism and railed against corruption and gambling.
"We all thought this was the Messiah," says Maria Christina Halley, one of Uva's childhood friends. Her
family later fled to the United States and now she teaches Spanish in Jacksonville, Florida.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">When Castro's entourage finally arrived in Havana in January of 1959 after defeating Batista's troops,
Batista had already fled in the middle of the night, taking more than $40 million of government funds.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In protest of the government's corruption, Cubans immediately ransacked the casinos and destroyed the
parking meters that Batista had installed. Castro also eliminated gambling and prostitution, a healthy move
for the national identity, but not so much for the tourism industry.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">More than 350,000 visitors came to Cuba in 1957; by 1961, the number of American tourists had dropped
to around 4,000. The U.S. government, responding to increasing intolerance of Castro's communism,
delivered a final blow by enacting the trade and travel embargo in 1963, still in place today, closing off the
popular Caribbean playground to Americans.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Still, the excitement and solidarity brought by the new government didn't last long, Halley says. Many of
Castro's supporters ended up fleeing when they realized his Communist intentions. Between 1959 and
1970, half a million Cubans left the country.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">"It all happened so fast," says Halley, who boarded a plane with just one suitcase in 1960, expecting to
come back in a few months. Almost 50 years later, she and many others who left are still waiting for a
chance to return.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">RIF 1993.08.03.17:12:28:560028 ~ 11/18/1950 “Biographic and Business Data on William D Pawley.” Subjects:
Pawley, W.D.; Business deals; Bio data.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Pawley had personal relationships with Walter Bedell Smith, the Director of Central Intelligence, and his
successor, Allen Dulles.
</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc; text-align: left;">
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1951/7/13 Telegram. To: Pawley. From: CIA Director General Walter B. Smith.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></li></ul></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Happy to hear you are comfortably located and feeling much better. Have a thorough rest and report </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">back when you yourself feel ready for duty.</span></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><ul style="list-style-type: disc; text-align: left;">
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1951/8/31 Letter. To: Pawley at the Mayflower Hotel, Washington DC. From: CIA Director Walter B. Smith. </span></p>
</li></ul></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Smith thanks Pawley for his letter of August 29, 1951 containing a list of individuals, “some of whom you feel
could be of assistance to this Agency. I have turned this list over to General Trubee Davison, our Director of
Personnel.”</span></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><ul style="list-style-type: disc; text-align: left;">
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1951/8/31 Note. To: A.W. Dulles.<br />
</span></p>
</li></ul></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">I remember our associations together during the war.</span></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><ul style="list-style-type: disc; text-align: left;">
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1951/10/10 Thank You Note.<br />
</span></p>
</li></ul></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">The Honorable William Douglas Pawley</span></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Dear Ambassador,</span> </p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">I want to thank you for remembering my personal interest in very good cigars and for the box of my
favorite brand of Monte Cristo. Looking forward to seeing you soon, I remain,</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Sincerely yours,</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Allen W. Dulles.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><ul style="list-style-type: disc; text-align: left;">
</ul>
</div>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Proposed NSC 10/3 National Security Council Directive On Covert Operations.” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945–1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment 419. Memorandum from the Secretary of State’s Special Assistant for Research and Intelligence (Armstrong) to the Under Secretary of State (Webb), Washington. March 6, 1950.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Miss Pawley Bride of Hobert B. McKay.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Miami Daily News</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 5, 1951. Page 7. </span></p></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span color="rgb(17.647060%, 17.647060%, 17.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Attendants included Miss Irene Pawley (maid of honor); Mrs. Clifton Pawley, (matron of honor); Miss Anita Pawley </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">and Mrs. George Bishopric. Ushers were John G. McKay, Jr. (best man); William D. Pawley, Jr.; Clifton Pawley; </span><span color="rgb(17.647060%, 17.647060%, 17.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">and Robert McKay. The groom was leaving his job at Merrill, Lynch for military service on March 1</span><span color="rgb(17.647060%, 17.647060%, 17.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">st</span><span color="rgb(17.647060%, 17.647060%, 17.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/23/1951 Thank you note for attending swearing in. From: William Pawley at Mayflower Hotel, Washington,
DC. To: George C. Marshall, The Secretary of Defense, Department of Defense. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers,
Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Executive session testimony of William D. Pawley, September 2 and 8, 1960.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Committee of the Judiciary’s
Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws, Report
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(December 20, 1960). Pages 712 and 755.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Bruce Cumings, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Origins of the Korean War Volume II</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 564 and endnote 88, Chapter 4.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">World Who’s Who in Commerce and Industry, 1966-67 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Chicago: Marquis - Who’s Who, 1967). Page 1015. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Pawley Former Envoy, Made Aide to Dean Acheson.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 21, 1951. Page 17. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Pawley on Mission for Acheson.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, June 2, 1951. Page 3.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Carrozza, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">William D. Pawley</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 172.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">President Harry S. Truman, Calendar: May 1, 1951, 11:30 am and July 26, 1951, 11:30 am. Harry S. Truman
Library & Museum.<br />
</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.trumanlibrary.org/calendar/index.html
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">May 14, 1951. Handwritten note. From: Mrs. George C. Marshall, Dodona Manor, Leesburg, Virginia, Telephone
Leesburg-4. To: Edna Pawley (Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5).
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Jill Edwards, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Anglo-American Relations and the Franco Question, 1945-1955 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Oxford, New York: Oxford
University Press, USA 1999). Pages 48 and 230.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Hoffman and Pawley in Madrid.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, June 14, 1951. Page 12.<br />
“Precise account of visit to Spain, of William D. Pawley, 15 June 1951.” National Archives Record Group 330,
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, CD 092-2 (Spain) (1951).<br />
Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Chapter 13.<br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“E.P. Pawley, Jr. Here; Was Ten Years In Orient.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Florence Morning News</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, May 5, 1949. Page 8-b.
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Interest of U.S. Friendly, Pawley Reassures India.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, June 23, 1951. Page 5.
</span></p>
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<p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/d419.
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</div>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-52182936078008839672009-12-12T14:50:00.012-08:002023-08-29T10:59:04.293-07:0010: Defense Department Troubleshooting<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiSXeiYofjlVjOLL6XPIJtdiLDbEI97wxImKRD-Cd3LsXgvSdHs6bwKTB-IRQN6zNmVDoqzlqUax3YzMgGJoYh0Y4whOkQF4fyVnmuwIwJQB7k8kr3gCuGqVBtMMRKkn_xXyf0iErFcegRdA1lUZpsUvqenxrGcMNZ-07HftAY_M_RUAWjlG4rNmxbzGTE" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="556" data-original-width="1033" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiSXeiYofjlVjOLL6XPIJtdiLDbEI97wxImKRD-Cd3LsXgvSdHs6bwKTB-IRQN6zNmVDoqzlqUax3YzMgGJoYh0Y4whOkQF4fyVnmuwIwJQB7k8kr3gCuGqVBtMMRKkn_xXyf0iErFcegRdA1lUZpsUvqenxrGcMNZ-07HftAY_M_RUAWjlG4rNmxbzGTE=w278-h150" width="278" /></a></div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">While sensitive talks were going on in India, a background check on William Douglas Pawley
(EE-7144-A) was requested on October 3, 1951 which circulated for months before he could serve as special assistant to Secretary of Defense Robert Lovett who had replaced George C Marshall the month before. Those queried
included the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Office of Naval Intelligence, State Department,
Central Intelligence Agency, House Committee on Un-American Activities, CSC (possibly Civil
Service Commission), OSI (Office of Scientific Intelligence), and ASCI (U.S. Army’s </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Assistant
Chief of Staff for Intelligence)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1</span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On January 24, 1952, one of the security checks “by the Bureau of Internal Revenue in
1944-45” revealed some derogatory information from Pawley’s days in India building planes for
China. Multiple people described Pawley “as a ‘shady, slick, business operator’. Subject was
considered by several representatives of the British-Indian Government and the U.S. Consulate,
Madras, India, as having a questionable reputation and was also considered dishonest by some of
his previous associates.” Significant among them: “General Chennault who was one of the
individuals contacted during investigation stated that he regarded Subject’s record in India and
China as questionable and stated that Subject was ‘involved in attempted bribery’.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley however was not considered “disloyal by any of the persons contacted” so the
State Department name check “was returned with a notation that the subject’s investigative file
could not be made available for review. In the absence of any derogatory information as to
Subject’s loyalty, and in view of Subject’s prominence in the United States, it is felt that he
should be placed in the Approved/Caution category.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2<span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a>
<p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">An earlier accusation was also ignored in Pawley’s favor. Joy Lamont had provided
information regarding smuggling activities between the U.S. and Mexico that implicated Pawley </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">through what was considered by a Treasury investigator to be a tenuous connection to smuggler
Jack Lamont.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Throughout the summer, additional security checks were conducted on William
Pawley.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In addition to surviving the scrutiny of extensive background checks, Pawley had to
endure the loss in September of son Clifton Pawley to accept and serve as Special Assistant to
Secretary of Defense Robert A. Lovett as “his ‘personal trouble shooter’ to help break defense
bottlenecks.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On January 10, 1952, Lovett outlined Pawley’s new international mission “as my
personal representative” looking “into all aspects of the U.S. defense effort in Western Europe.”
Lovett was “greatly concerned about responsibilities of the Department of Defense” there “with
particular reference to France, and wish to assure myself that our politico-military efforts in that
area are so organized and so executed as to produce the maximum result and at the same time get
the maximum possible return for the U.S. defense dollar expended.” Lovett “would be delighted
to have” Pawley’s “views on any aspect of the situation.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Among the Secretary’s major concerns were the procedures needed to make provisions
for the tactical airfields in Germany and France that were required for logistical support of
NATO ground forces. Lovett also wanted Pawley to explore a cost-sharing formula, existing
working relationships, the “readjustment of existing machinery brought about through the current
plan to simplify the North Atlantic Treaty Organization structure” and the “relationship of
responsibility for off-shore procurement in Western Europe to other Defense functions in that
area.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In April, Lovett sent a memo for “Mr. William D. Pawley, Special Assistant to the
Secretary of Defense” regarding “Negotiations for Military Operating Facilities in Western </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Europe.” Lovett wanted Pawley to stop “off in France for a week or ten days, en route to India”
to determine “the feasibility of Ambassador Dunn, Ambassador Draper and yourself approaching
the French Government in support of the military Facilities Negotiating Group” that are “of vital
interest to our respective countries.” In mid-April Pawley flew to Paris.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Throughout that spring, when William and Edna Pawley were in Paris for the Truman
Administration, they often ate lunch or dinner with Mamie and General Eisenhower who was
engaged in talks at the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe. During this period, they
discussed the prospect of Ike running for President of the United States.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In August, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">reported that delays had been overcome and work was
proceeding on “the construction of an imposing supply line, or line of communication, stretching
nearly 1,000 miles from Bordeaux in southwest France to Kaiserlautern” and that there were
“150 U.S. supply depots in France.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The United States brought Japan to its knees by dropping horrifically deadly atomic
bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which quickly hastened the end of World War II. U.S. Air
Force General Carl Spaatz described the B-36 intercontinental bomber and the atomic bomb as
“the greatest forces for peace in the world.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Obtaining fissionable materials—and preventing
the enemies of America from acquiring them—soon became of utmost importance to the U.S.
national defense.
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Immediately after the war, Ilia Tolstoy, who obtained the radio transmitter for Tibet with
a Pawley brother, undertook another secret OSS mission to find uranium in China.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Members of
Congress and the Atomic Energy Commission were concerned that Soviet or Chinese
communists could get their hands on the material needed to build atomic bombs.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley specifically worried about India’s vast thorium-rich monazite which India’s
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru had embargoed shipping to the U.S. since 1946 in a display of
his disapproval of America’s use of nuclear weapons. Pawley envisioned approaching Nehru in
1951 with an offer he couldn’t refuse—wheat to help stave the vast starvation in India in
exchange for monazite.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Secretary of Defense Robert Lovett and Secretary of State Dean Acheson agreed with
Atomic Energy Commission Chairman Gordon Evans Dean that William Pawley should be
“authorized to negotiate” a contract to buy 1,000 tons of monazite annually from India for
“medical reasons.” Pawley “should be instructed to get a commitment in writing from the Indian
Government if possible that it would not ship monazite or its derivatives to any Iron Curtain
country.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">An October 1952 memorandum from Robert Lovett to Pawley showed some other details
of the importance of the negotiation with India. “The Department of Defense will make available
out of ‘Contingencies, Defense’ up to $1,400,000 which may be used, in your discretion.” DOD
and AEC “will use their best efforts to interest a competent U.S. firm in providing technical
management or assistance in setting up and operating the proposed monazite processing plant in
India.” And like Rosslyn, the U.S. Navy would play a role as “the executive agency responsible
for ... all necessary contracts.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13
</span></p>
</div>
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley kept detailed notes on his discussions at India House, London, England with Mr.
N.R. Pillai and Dr. S.S. Bhatnagar, representing the Government of India, relating to the
establishment and operation of a Joint Indo-American Monazite-Processing Plant in India.
Pawley reiterated that “the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission was prepared to take all thorium
compounds made available by India” and “he believed the United States Government could
purchase $500,000 worth of other end-products” over “one or two years.” Regarding U.S.
technical assistance, Pawley suggested that “American opinion emphasized the desirability of ...
a competent private American firm” as opposed to a U.S. government agency.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In his autobiography, Pawley wrote that he also was dealing with India’s Atomic Energy
Commission Chairman Dr. H. J. Bhabha, “a brilliant young atomic scientist” who as a former
“Communist in his youth” needed to receive security clearance so he could come to Washington
to discuss a second monazite plant. Dr. Bhabha got “a special dispensation” and “we finally
reached agreement with India that the United States would import all of that country’s surplus
thorium and substantial quantities of her rare earths.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley proved to be the perfect individual for the sensitive mission—a special envoy
possessing the diplomatic skills, contract-negotiating expertise and the in-country knowledge
essential for success.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Even though he was already conducting the most sensitive of discussions for the nation,
Pawley continued to be the focus of the security checks throughout the summer</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">and fall of
1952.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">During William Pawley’s monazite mission, two decades of Democrats occupying the
oval office came to an end with the inauguration of President Dwight Eisenhower and Vice </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">President Richard Nixon.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Both would rely on the former confidante to President Truman in the
decades ahead.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">With Pawley’s mission complete, interest in Pawley ended, and his covert security
clearance was cancelled at the end of December.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Despite this cancellation, new information was still surfacing, and soon other background
checks were initiated with respect to Pawley’s investment in Civil Air Transport (CAT) and
possible criminal acts regarding the reporting of income.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Over the next four decades, CAT
became a transport arm of the CIA and provided cover for CIA operations in China and
Southeast Asia.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On January 22, 1953, R.L. Bannerman of the CIA Deputy Security Office drafted a
memorandum for the file regarding Pawley and CAT. “Confidential source advises that William
Pawley ... was one of the original investors in CAT. It is believed he has since disposed of his
investment in CAT, however some facts attendant to this investment appear to have an unsavory
nature. The Secret Service conducted a full investigation of this matter and the file is supposed to
be on record in Secret Service.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In addition to CIA, Secret Service, and Army Criminal Investigation Division interest in
the matter, the FBI’s Washington Field Office (WFO) was told to handle the case by Robert H.
Cunningham.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The FBI’s A.H. Belmont sent a March 2, 1953 memorandum to D.M. Ladd which
disclosed some confusion regarding the spelling of Pawley as Pauley (at the time, there was a
prominent oilman and Truman political adviser named Edwin Pauley). The memo was prepared
at the request of FBI director Hoover’s close associate Clyde Tolson who mentioned Pawley’s
friendliness to the FBI and “high regard” for the Bureau and Director Hoover. The memo pointed </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">out that in 1951, Pawley “made allegations that [Ambassador Spruille] Braden was under control
of George Michanowsky, Political Advisor of Latin American Affairs for CIO in 1946” whom
Pawley had accused “of working with the Communist Party.” Pawley further asserted “that
Michanowsky had made a deal with Braden whereby the Democratic Party would receive six
million CIO votes if certain activities of Braden, particularly as they related to Latin America,
could be directed by Michanowsky.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the summer of 1953, another nemesis of Pawley’s would make a significant move. On
July 26, 1953, Fidel Castro, and his brother Raul led a group of revolutionaries in an attack on
the Moncada Army Barracks in Santiago de Cuba. The brothers were captured and imprisoned
and more than 100 were killed. Defending “himself in a trial open to national and international
media, he [Fidel] was convicted and jailed, and subsequently was freed in an act of clemency,
before going into exile in Mexico. There he organized the ‘26th of July Movement’ with the goal
of overthrowing Batista, and the group sailed to Cuba on board the yacht Granma, landing in the
eastern part of the island in December 1956.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Prior to leaving for the Governors Conference, President Eisenhower and Mamie spent a
day with the Pawleys in Virginia and received an enormous offer. Pawley wanted to buy the
President a 500-acre farm in Virginia (some 300 acres smaller than Pawley’s). The next day Ike
rejected the offer in writing, saying that Mamie was too attached to their Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania farm, so he would be rebuilding the farmhouse.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the Fall of 1953, General Marshall was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for proposing
and implementing the Marshall Plan for the economic recovery of Europe, much to the delight of
the Pawleys.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28
</span></p>
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">During that same quarter, the Special Security Division finished its Pawley name check
for the FBI. The investigation reported that nothing was found on Pawley at the House
Committee on Unamerican Activities and “suggested further information may be available at the
Department of State.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">William and Edna went back to Mexico City in early December 1953 but returned to
Miami in time to spend Christmas at home with Mr. Pawley’s daughter, Irene, a junior in Hollins
College.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The New Year would bring the troubleshooter into a profound new role.
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">FOOTNOTES:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.07.31.10:52:29:560034 ~ 10/3/1951 “Case Processing Record on Pawley, William Douglas.”
Subjects: Case record; Pawley, William. From: [None]. To: [None].
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.07.31.09:44:50:340034 ~ 1/10/1952 “W. D. P. (Pawley) – EE -7144-A-Results of Inquiries at Federal
Agencies.” From: Farrell. Francis. To: [None].
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10139-10017 ~ 1/24/1952 “Security Check on William Pawley.” From: O’Rourke, George, C/SD/I&SS.
To: Chief, Contact Division, OO. Subjects: Pawley, William.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10139-10018 ~ 1/24/1952 “Pawley, William Douglas EE-7144-A.” From: O'Rourke, George. To:
Osborne, W.A. Subjects: Pawley, William.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.05.08:45:09:960007 ~ 1/10/1952 Page 6: Form signed 1/11 by Francis M. Farrell. Subject: W.D.P.
EE-7144-A.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Results of Inquiries at Federal Agencies
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[Hand notes] <span> <span> </span></span>AGENCY<span> RETURN<span> DATE</span></span> <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">FBI<span> </span><span> <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span><span>L-5<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> NIC<span> </span><span> </span><span> 11/17</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span><span><span>ONI<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> L-3<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> NR<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> 10/26</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></p></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">ACSI<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> L-2<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> SA<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> 12/4</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span><span><span>STATE<span> </span><span> </span><span> <span> </span>L-1<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> SA<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> 11/1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>PD<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>CSC<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> L-6</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>HCUA<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> NR<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> 11/5</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>OSI<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <span> </span>L-7<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> 11/5</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>DCII<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> L-9</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Biographical Data on Page 7 indicated Pawley lived at 2555 Lake Avenue, Sunset Island #2, Miami, Florida and his employment included:
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Present <span> </span>Chairman of Board, Intercontinent Corporation </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Also is
President of Miami Beach Railway
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1948 <span> </span><span> </span>U.S. Ambassador to Brazil</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span> ?</span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>U.S. Ambassador to Peru</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span> ? </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>President of Cuban Airways</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span> ?<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span>Employed by Pan-American Airways in an advisory capacity.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10122-10056 ~ 1/24/1952 Memorandum. From: George O’Rourke. To: Mr. W. A. Osborne. Subject: Pawley, William Douglas EE-7144A.</span><br /><ul style="list-style-type: none;"><li>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Subject was investigated by the Bureau of Internal Revenue in 1944-45... several persons described Subject
as a “shady, slick, business operator”. Subject was considered by several representatives of the British-
Indian Government and the U.S. Consulate, Madras, India, as having a questionable reputation and was
also considered dishonest by some of his previous associates. General Chennault who was one of the
individuals contacted during investigation stated that he regarded Subject’s record in India and China as
questionable and stated that Subject was “involved in attempted bribery”.</span></p></li></ul><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">NARA Record Number 104-10133-10185. August 31, 1954. Pawley, William Douglas - #78435 – Info for Subject
File. From [None]. To: [None]. Subjects: Subject File TS Clearance, Pawley.</span></div><div class="column"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">NARA Record Number 1993.08.09.17:42:39:250007 ~ 6/6/ 1951 “Information Supplied by Mrs. Joy Lamont
Relative to Suspected Narcotics and Smuggling Activities Between Mexico and the United States.” From: Speakes,
John, N., FBI (Mexico). To: Cauchon, J. E., Treasury (Mexico). Subjects: Smuggler; Lamont, Jack [The connection
to Pawley seems tenuous].</span><br />
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.05.09:02:37:710007 ~ July 8, 1952 (finished October 7, 1952) “IID Check - William D Pawley.”
From: Williams, M., CIA Special Security Div/I&SO. To: [None]. Subjects: Pawley, William.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.05.10:02:01:430007 ~ 9/10/1952 ”Handwritten notes about cables on William Pawley.” Tolstoy
Project; Rosslyn Materia. From: Nealon, John, SA/Spec. Subjects: Pawley, William. Referral Br. To: Memo for
Files.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.04.10:35:49:930006 ~ 9/10/1952 Note re William D Pawley. Subjects: OSO; Security check; Pawley,
William. From: [[DELETION]], Special Agent. To: [None].
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10138-10189. ~ 9/10/1952 “Pawley, William D: Following cables were found.” Subjects: Pawley,
William; OSO files. From: SAIC. To: [None].
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“W. Pawley to Aid Lovett on Defense.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">December 11, 1951. Page 4.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">January 10, 1952. Memorandum for Mr. W. D. Pawley. From: Robert Lovett, The Secretary of Defense, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Washington. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box #1, folder 3.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Pawley Flying to Paris.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, April 15, 1952. Page 5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Chapter 17.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Supply Line of U.S. Pushed in France: Early Delays Overcome, Work on 150 Depots Along Route Is Progressing
Rapidly.” By Benjamin Welles. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, August 5, 1952. Page 9.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Spaatz Calls B-36 and Bomb 'Greatest Forces for Peace'; If They Were Not in American Possession, Russia
Could Take 'Europe and Asia,' Former Air Force Head Testifies.” By William R. Conklin. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">,
August 23, 1949.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> On May 6, 1955 Spaatz was appointed to Operation Brotherhood with William Donovan and Leo Cherne, head of
the International Rescue Committee (IRC).
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Berlin Refugee Clothing Drive to Be Conducted Here,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Wood County Democrat</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, April 16, 1963
Cherne and Spaatz were members of the IRC.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Advertisement by International Rescue Committee calling for mass demonstrations opposing the Russian invasion
of Hungary—"Stop the Massacre Appeal.” Signed by Richard E. Byrd, Lucius D. Clay, William J. Donovan, Henry
Luce, Carl Spaatz, Herman W. Steinkraus. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">New York Herald Tribune</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, November 6, 1956.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Harry S. Truman Papers, White House Central Files: Psychological Strategy Board Files, Dates 1951-53, Gordon
Gray Chronological File, Box 5. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> In addition to OSS member Ilya Tolstoy’s mission to China, the Tolstoy Foundation after WWII helped resettle
Eastern European refugees and is referenced in the Truman Library’s White House Central Files: Psychological
Strategy Board Files (PSB), 1951-53. The PSB was established “to authorize and provide for the more effective
planning, coordination, and conduct within the framework of approved national policies, of psychological
operations.” It “was composed of the Undersecretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of Defense and the Director of
Central Intelligence, or their designated representatives.” http://www.trumanlibrary.org/hstpaper/physc.htm
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Gordon Gray served as the first PSB director from June 1951 to May 1952. He was succeeded by Raymond H. Allen
who served until September 1952 and was followed by Admiral Alan Kirk for “the remainder of Truman's term.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Minutes of the Meeting of the United States Members of the Combined Policy Committee. </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Washington, April 16, </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1952, 3:30 p.m.” </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations of The United States, 1952–1954, National Security Affairs, Volume II</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Part 2,</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v02p2/d14</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">4/11/1952 Memorandum. From: Robert Lovett. To: Mr. William D. Pawley, Special Assistant to the Secretary of
Defense. Subject: Negotiations for Military Operating Facilities in Western Europe. Marshall Library, Pawley
Papers, Box #1, folders 1-5.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">You should proceed to New Delhi, India, arriving about October 10, 1952, to continue negotiations with
the Government of India on the monazite processing plant program.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The Department of Defense will make available out of “Contingencies, Defense” up to $1,400,000 which
may be used, in your discretion ...
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The Department of Defense and the United States Atomic Energy Commission will use their best efforts to
interest a competent U.S. firm in providing technical management or assistance in setting up and operating
the proposed monazite processing plant in India.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The Department of the Navy will be the executive agency responsible for ... all necessary contracts ...
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">You should obtain from the Indian Government a commitment to prevent ores and compounds of uranium
and thorium from reaching Iron Curtain countries.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: xx-small;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10/18/1952 Memorandum: “Notes on Discussion I of Questions Related to Establishing and Operating Joint Indo-
American Monazite-Processing Plant in India, and Related Matters,” Pawley Papers, Marshall Library, Box #1,
folders 1-5.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1. In India House, London, on October 18, 1952. Mr. N.R. Pillai and Dr. S.S. Bhatnagar, representing the
Government of India, met with W.D. Pawley, representing the Government of the United States of
America, for the purpose of discussing the whole complex of questions connected with establishing and
operating a joint Indo-American monazite-processing plant in India. Mr. Pawley was accompanied by his
staff, consisting of Messrs. H.B. Gross, N.P. Cassidy, J.B. Hamilton and A.V. Corry [American Embassy
attaché].” It was Dr. Bhatnagar's “understanding, he said, that the present market for rare-earth compounds
could probably be satisfied from the production of the existing facilities in the United States, India and
Brazil. While in the United States [in September], he had had conversations with the Chairman of the
United States Atomic Energy Commission, as a result of which he expected that that organization would
purchase all of the thorium-containing products (excepting, of course, those that would be required by </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">India) of the existing monazite-processing plant in India.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">Pawley queried if there had been any economic feasibility study done regarding the government run Indian Rare-Earths Ltd. but Bhatnagar did not have the figures. “Mr. Pawley then referred to a conversation which he had had with Prime Minister Nehru in New Delhi on October 13, 1952” in which Nehru suggested “exploratory talks in London” to determine “whether there was a bias upon which an agreement could subsequently be finalized, and, if so, to smooth away whatever obstacles were found, to the extent practicable.”</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10/18/1952 Memorandum: “Notes on Discussion II of Questions Related to Establishing and Operating Joint Indo-
American Monazite-Processing Plant in India, and Related Matters.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">>> The discussions continued on October 20, 1952 and there was a discussion relating to the potential: “The economic success of the expanded Indian monazite industry would depend upon (a) the marketability of its products, and (b) new uses for thorium and cerium.” Pawley reiterated that “the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission was prepared to take all thorium compounds made available by India” and “he believed the United States Government could purchase $500,000 worth of other end-products” over “one or two years.” Regarding U.S. technical assistance, “Mr. Pawley said that American opinion emphasized the desirability of private rather than Government activity in industrial enterprises; he asked whether it would be agreeable to the government of India if American participation in the proposed enterprise were carried out by a competent private American firm.”</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Chapter 17.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Bruce Cumings, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Origins of the Korean War Volume II: The Roaring of the Cataract 1947-1950</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 804, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">footnote 88 (Citing Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia is Winning, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 317-319).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">7/8/1952 “IID Check on William Pawley. Subjects: Pawley, William; IID Check.” From: Cox, Thomas, Special </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Security. To: [None].</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> On July 8, 1952, an IID check signed by Thomas A. Cox Jr., Special Security Division, reported to his Director’s
Office that Alghan R. Lusey who served in the OSS in China in World War II had sent a memo in 1943 regarding
Pawley when he was assembling small airplanes in India. Cox had also attached a rough biography of Pawley and an
article from </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">June 1, 1945.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">There are several documents this day including one with handwritten notes on Pawley signed by Thomas
A. Cox Jr., Special Security Division to the Director.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10122-10115 ~ 10/30/1952 “Pawley, William D. Subjects: Bio Data, State Dept; Security check;
Pawley, William.” From: Kane, Edward J. To: Chief, Special Referral Branch.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.07.31.09:01:59:810034 ~ 10/30/1952 Pawley, William - #78435 SCP. From: Kane, Edward J.,
C/Operations Br. To: C/Special Referral Branch.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Eisenhower Arrives in Capital by Train for Inauguration: Dulles in Group Greeting Him at Station –
Crowd in Hotel Glimpses President-Elect.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">January 19, 1953.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10265-10329 ~ 12/18/1952 MF: Pawley, William Douglas. From: CWH [J. C. King]. To: Chief,
Special Security Division.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">18 December 1952</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Memorandum For; Chief, Special Security Division</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Attention: Mr. J. O’Connell, Projects Desk</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Subject: Pawley, William Douglas</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
1. The subject will not be employed.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
2. It is request therefore that request for Covert Security Clearance for Subject be cancelled.</span> </p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">J. C. King </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">CWH</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<div class="page" title="Page 12">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10131 ~ “#78435 SCP. From: Kane, Edward J., 12/19/1952 Cancellation of interest in William
Pawley.” From: Cunningham, Robert. To: OS. Subjects: Pawley, William; Cancel interest.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10139-10020 ~ 12/30/1952 “Memo re Security Clearance (WM. D. Pawley).” From: [None]. To:
Security Officer. Subjects: Pawley.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10132 ~ 12/30/1952 “Cancellation of Covert Security Clearance for William Pawley.” From:
[None]. To: Security Officer, CIA. Subjects: Pawley, William.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Undated. Handwritten NOTE “1952 Synopsis of State Dept. investigation of Pawley.” From: [None]. To: [None].
Subjects: Pawley; State Dept; Investigation.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10122-10114 ~ 1/22/1953 Memo: “William Pawley, (Civil Air Transport).” From: R. L. Bannerman,
Deputy Security Officer, OS. To: Memo for File. Subjects: Pawley, Wm; Civil Air Trans.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10138-10285 ~ 2/17/1953 “Pawley, William D/One of the Original Investors in CAT.” From:
Cunningham, Robert H. To: SAC, Washington Field Office.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">This will confirm telephonic assignment of this case to your office.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10122-10113 ~ 2/17/1953 Memorandum “Subject: William D Pawley - 78435-B. SI.” From: Robert H.
Cunningham. To: SAC, Washington Field Office. Subjects: Pawley, William.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10417 ~ 3/6/1953 Memorandum “Subject: William Pawley, No. 78435-B S.I.” From: Loker,
George P., JR. To: C/Special Investigative Div. Subjects: Pawley, William.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10134 ~ 3/6/1953 “Info on William Pawley should be available at Indian Desk, DOS/Criminal
Division, and Army.” From: Loker, George, SA in Charge. To: Chief, Special Investigative Div.<br />
Subjects: Pawley, William; Unjacketed file.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.05.11:09:09:530007 ~ 3/6/1953 “Headquarters memo of assignment: Pawley, William.’ From:
George P. Loker. To: Chief, Special Investigative Divisi. Subjects: Pawley, William.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.07.30.15:43:36:870034 ~ 3/11/1953 “Secret Service conducted full investigation on William Pawley’s
investment with CAT.” From: Cunningham, Robert, C/SPEC. Sec Div To: Deputy Security Officer, CIA. Subjects:
CAT investment; Pawley, William.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Handwritten note “4 Mar 53 Synopsis (Detailed) of Treasury Dept. and Army CID investigation of Pawley.”
Subjects: Pawley; ARMY CID; Investigation; Treasury Dept. From: [None]. To: [None].
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10122-10095 ~ 9/12/1953 “Agency Investigation on William Pawley”. From: [None]. To: [None].
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.07.31.10:47:00:590034 ~ 12/7/1953 “Pawley, William D. - Review of file by FBI.” From: [None]. To:
[None].Subjects: FBI Review; Pawley, William.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">On June 2, 2001, three months before Al-Qaeda attacked the United States, George Tenet, Director of the Central
Intelligence Agency, was busy issuing a commemorative citation that stated:
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">During the hottest days of the Cold War, the aircrews and ground personnel of Civil Air Transport and Air
America gave unwavering service to the United States of America in the worldwide battle against
communist oppression. Over the course of four decades, the courage, dedication to duty, superior
airmanship, and sacrifice of these individuals set standards against which all future covert air operations
must be measured. From the mist-shrouded peaks of Tibet, to the black skies of China, to the steaming
jungles of Southeast Asia, the legendary men and women of Civil Air Transport and Air America always </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">gave full measure of themselves in defense of freedom. They do so despite often outdated equipment,
hazardous terrain, dangerous weather, enemy fire, and their own government bureaucracy. Their actions
speak eloquently of their skill, bravery loyalty, and faith in themselves, each other, and the United States of
America.</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> The citation, a wall plaque listing members and a medallion indicating CAT existed from 1947-1975 are located in
the Special Collections Department of the Eugene McDermott Library at the University of Texas at Dallas. The
dedication of the collection on May 30, 1987 had among its speakers William Colby, CIA Director 1973-1976 who
oversaw Operation Phoenix in Vietnam.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> The plaque lists the founders as Claire Chennault and Whiting Willauer, not Pawley. The dedication ceremony
program notes the ties to the Flying Tigers, and CAT’s relationship to Air America, Southern Air Transport, and the
eventual parent company Pacific Corporation. It also notes that the Air America/Civil Air Transport Collection is
housed alongside the Jimmy Doolittle Collection among others.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Billionaire behind Swift Boat ads funded anti-Obama spot.” By Dan Morain> </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Los Angeles Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, August 23, 2008.
Page A-12.<br /></span></p></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
It was actively involved in the Vietnam War that ravaged America’s psyche in the 1960s and 70s and even in 2004,
when John Kerry’s Vietnam military record was attacked by a Texas billionaire, Harold Simmons, who funded the
Swift boat group.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10122-10114 ~ 1/2/1953 Memo: “William Pawley, (Civil Air Transport).” From: R. L. Bannerman,
Deputy Security Officer, OS. To: Memo for File. Subjects: Pawley, Wm; Civil Air Trans.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10138-10285 ~ 2/17/1953 “Pawley, William D/One of the Original Investors in CAT.” From:
Cunningham, Robert H. To: SAC, Washington Field Office.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">This will confirm telephonic assignment of this case to your office.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/2/1953 FBI Memorandum. From: A. H. Belmont. To: D. M. Ladd. Subject: re: William D. Pawley. [10/30/52
Access restricted 1 page DO389].
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Memorandum prepared pursuant to telephonic request of Mr. [Clyde] Tolson on February 24, 1953, for
summary information on a former Ambassador Pawley whose home is in Florida. William Douglas Pawley
has been erroneously identified as [APPROXIMATELY 6 LINES REDACTED] ... No investigation has
been conducted on William Pawley who was a real estate broker in Florida, was actively interested in
airplane manufacturing and establishment of airlines in foreign countries before becoming Ambassador to
Peru in 1945. He was appointed Ambassador to Brazil in 1946 and as late as October 1952, was reported to
be special consultant with State Department. Pawley vigorously opposed withdrawal of FBI from SIS work
and protested personally to the Director, officials of State Department, General Eisenhower, General Hoyt
Vandenberg and President Truman. Expressed high regard for Bureau, the Director and its personnel in
Latin America ... In 1951 Pawley was interviewed at his request and made allegations that Braden was
under control of George Michanowsky, Political Advisor of Latin American Affairs for CIO in 1946, and
who was accused by Pawley of working with the Communist Party ... [and] recent activities with Iron
Curtain Refugee Committee headed by his good friend, General Carl Spaatz. Gave his reason for delay in
reporting above information as report given to him in confidence might have incriminated high officials in
State Department.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">RECOMMENDATION:</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
None. This for your information, and for forwarding to Mr. Tolson.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In view of the above confusion as to both the first and last names, the following searches were made:
[REDACTED] William Douglas Pawley, William Douglas Pawley as well as variation Bill Pawley and Bill
Pauley.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... As a young boy he lived in Cuba with his parents and later moved to the Republic of Haiti where his
father had a business. From 1925 to 1927 he was a real estate broker in Miami...credited with organizing
the first commercial airline in Cuba, which he later sold to Pan American Airways. In 1934 he also
organized the first airline to operate in China and was credited with being the organizer of the American
group of Flying Tigers in China. In March 1945, he established the Intercontinent Aircraft Corporation of
Miami with offices at Rockefeller Plaza, New York City. In June 1945, Pawley was appointed Ambassador
to Peru and in April, 1946, was made Ambassador to Brazil. As late as October 1952, the files reveal that
he was listed as a special consultant with the Department of State.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The files reveal numerous reference reflecting contacts with the Bureau from 1945 through 1951. He
repeatedly expressed great respect for the FBI and the Director ...
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">From his various statements it appeared that Pawley was very anti-Communist...he was bitterly attacked by
such newspapers as “La Epoca,” official organ of the radical party in Argentina, and “Hoguera” of Peru.
These newspapers called him a “slick promoter” and linked him with Wall Street and claimed that he made
“lucrative deals for himself in Peru.”
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">On August 1, 1951, William D. Pawley, consultant to the Secretary of State, was interviewed at his request
in the presence of [REDACTED] ... Pawley stated he heard that Michanowsky had made a deal with
Braden whereby the Democratic Party would receive six million CIO votes if certain activities of Braden,
particularly as they related to Latin America, could be directed by Michanowsky...a close personal friend
of [Gustavo] Duran who was at the time, confidential secretary to Braden. According to Pawley, Duran was
a Communist. He continued by saying that while under the direction of Michanowsky, Braden misdirected
the Government’s policy in Argentina, caused considerable embarrassment to the United States
Government and in fact, acted as an agent for the Communists. Pawley then commented that he never had
been friendly with Braden and considered him as an enemy insofar as the State Department and national
policy were concerned.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley stated in the early part of 1947, while he was still Ambassador to Brazil but was in New York on
private business, he received a personal visit from Michanowsky who stated ‘we realize Braden is all
washed up and we would like to see you get along in the State Department.’ He proceeded to offer him an
Assistant Secretary of State position if Pawley would in turn report State Department activities to him.
Pawley stated that he threw Michanowsky out of his office, immediately came to Washington and in the
company of General Eisenhower and the then Attorney General Tom Clark went to the White House and
told the story to President Truman. Mr. Pawley related that until a short time before the interview,
Michanowsky was attached to an organization in New York known as the Iron Curtain Refugee Committee
and that Mr. Gustavo Duran, at which time the United Nations Refugee Committee, was also indirectly
associated with the group. [REDACTED] the Refugee Committee which was reported to be sponsored by a
private group to look after political refugees entering the United States.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley desired to present the above-related activities of Michanowsky to the Bureau with the hope that
we would investigate him as well as any political refugees brought into the country at the instigation of
either Michanowsky or Duran.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">When the above interview with Pawley was reported the Director stated ‘It should be tactfully pointed out
that the delay of four years in bringing this to our attention by Pawley (if in fact he didn’t do so) will
seriously handicap this investigation.’
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It was determined after the interview on August 1, 1951 that Pawley had made allegation to the Legal
Attaché in May, 1947, to the effect that Spruille Braden was being influenced by Communist elements
including George Michanowsky of the CIO. He also advised our Legal Attaché in Paris in September,
1948, that Braden was controlled by the CIO and Pawley took credit for ‘breaking Braden.’ A review of the
files revealed that Pawley did not, at any time prior to August 1, 1951, furnish the bureau with information
concerning Michanowsky’s alleged contact with him in ‘early 1947.’
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In an interview on August 27, 1951, a tactful inquiry was made as to the reason of Pawley’s delay in
reporting the above matter to the FBI. He indicated at that time that a memorandum dated March 5, 1947,
which had been given in confidence, closely tied in with the matter. He stated that he was reluctant to make
the memorandum available because it concerned persons in the State Department, was given him in
confidence, possessed a great deal of ‘political’ significance and could be harmful if it fell into the hands of
the opposition party. At the conclusion of the interview he reluctantly turned over a copy of the
memorandum written by an unidentified author who said he said was [REDACTED PAGE].
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<div class="page" title="Page 15">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Cuba.” United States Department of State, Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs.
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2886.htm
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Eisenhower, Dwight D. to William Douglas Pawley, 3 August 1953.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">,
ed. L. Galambos and D. van Ee, doc. 369. (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996). World Wide
Web facsimile by The Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission of the print edition.
http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/presidential-papers/first-term/documents/369.cfm
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Dear </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Bill: I am just rushing off to Seattle, and so this note will have to be very brief. However, I did want
to say, first, that Mamie and I thoroughly enjoyed our visit with you and Edna yesterday. Needless to say,
we are profoundly appreciative of the trouble you took to look up the place for us to examine as a possible
residence.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In talking to Mamie, I have come to the conclusion that her heart is really set on the Pennsylvania farm.
When I talked about getting rid of it, she looked as if she were about to lose her last friend. So I have
decided to go ahead and rebuild that house completely as the one thing I can do really to satisfy her.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Both of us, of course, have the regret that, by going up there, we cannot look forward to having you and
Edna as neighbors—but, after all, we won't be too far away for frequent visits.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">With love to Edna, and warm regard to yourself, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Sincerely<br />
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">11/8/1953 Handwritten Note. From: Edna C. Pawley at Belvoir House, The Plains, Virginia. To: General Geo C </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Marshall. Marshall Library, Pawley Papers, Box 1, Folder 1.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Baroness Stackleberg. Floridians in the Capital: Drama About UN Delegates Should be Huge.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Miami News</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">,
December 5, 1953.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div><br /></div>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-1571971841814592342009-12-12T14:47:00.014-08:002023-10-06T15:47:26.529-07:0011: Going Bananas in Guatemala 1954<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">As George C. Marshall was being honored for the Marshall Plan designed to spur a peaceful
economic recovery in Europe, his friend William Pawley was becoming involved in more hostile
activities. In response to Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman calling for agrarian
reform that would impact profits of United Fruit and coffee growers, the CIA drew up a
contingency plan to overthrow him. CIA Director Allen Dulles wanted “a coordinated effort in
the political field.” Dulles felt that “the exact steps which might be politically feasible are
matters beyond our competence here” nonetheless “we have a legitimate interest, it seems to me,
in seeing that the climate is right for the types of action in which we may be engaged.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Dulles suggested “sending a two-fisted guy to the general area on a trip of inspection and
to report to the President.” Who did he have in mind? “Bill Pawley or someone of his type might
be considered. I recognize that Pawley is hard to control, but he is fearless and gets things done
even though he may break a little crockery in doing it. I would suggest that he might also spend a
little time in the countries bordering on one of our chief concern.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_wv66Qt53X5UP_n6-MhAwKitcZnnWnb_90ZDSR6IxDWuEVV9-M-weVde2Ja3XcYISBvCZpccgNrj4t7XrNlOACngnrTX2KlnpgdSWvMM6ORt59t2VAnWaCLov17BWe2Lm38WjRKHgVxo/s1600-h/Bill+Pawley+hard+to+control.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" ps="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_wv66Qt53X5UP_n6-MhAwKitcZnnWnb_90ZDSR6IxDWuEVV9-M-weVde2Ja3XcYISBvCZpccgNrj4t7XrNlOACngnrTX2KlnpgdSWvMM6ORt59t2VAnWaCLov17BWe2Lm38WjRKHgVxo/w445-h220/Bill+Pawley+hard+to+control.png" width="445" /></a></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Prior to Dulles envisioning Pawley’s new role, covert “Security Clearance” had been
requested by the CIA’s Branch 4 of the Western Hemisphere (WH-IV aka WH/4)—the
Caribbean region—for Pawley to “be used in Project DTROBALO as a means of offering
employment and resettlement to rehabilitated disposees [</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">].” Pawley it was noted “has many
contacts and business interests in Latin America which will be valuable in the resettlement phase
of the Project. He is not to be used as a consultant. He will be used on a witting basis” and his
cover story would be “Governmental” rather than “Commercial” or “Other.” </span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Under remarks it
was stated that Pawley “has had Government clearances of some type, having held the following </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">positions: Ambassador to Peru and Brazil; Special Assistant to Secretary of State and to
Secretary of Defense. The clearance request has been discussed with Mr. Osborn, Extension 629,
(Cover Division).”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">The June 17, 1952 clearance request for Pawley took months to be granted
and once granted lasted until the end of 1954.<span></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Two months before the request for Pawley’s clearance regarding DTROBALO, the CIA
distributed a report from his beloved Cuba. “Carlos Prio Socarras, the deposed President of
Cuba, has requested a visa to visit Panama, but his request has been refused.” A Field Comment
indicated that after the Panamanian elections in May he would probably be allowed into the
country.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">DTROBALO was the CIA cryptonym for a program at Fort Clayton, near the Panama
Canal. The CIA used the base as a dark-site, secret interrogation center for defectors from the
Soviet Union and other countries. Apparently, Pawley’s original role would be to offer vetted
defectors—the Spanish-speaking ones, especially—employment and housing in a new location if
they were willing to cooperate with the U.S. government.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">If defectors weren’t willing, the CIA took other measures. A Bulgarian defector
processed through DTROBALO had voiced hostility against the U.S. and wasn’t easily
“rehabilitated” so he became a candidate for mind-altering drugs or other methods to change his
mood. Drugging to alter an individual’s perspective was a key component of the CIA’s Project
ARTICHOKE.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Later, Sidney Gottlieb advanced the Agency’s mind-control experimentation—
MKULTRA—using LSD and other mind-bending drugs.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s role soon evolved as Fort Clayton (FJHOPEFUL) became the staging base </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">for Operation PBFORTUNE, the overthrow of Guatemala’s President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman—
for the sake of American coffee drinkers. “</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Anything affecting coffee exportations to the U.S. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">would be nearly a knockout blow”—according to </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">CIA Director Allen Dulles in March 1953 who
believed Pawley was crucial to success.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">At about the same time, George P. Loker, Jr., Special Agent in Charge, FBI Washington
Field Office, sent a memorandum to the Chief, Special Investigative Division, and attached a
final report on Pawley dated March 4, 1953. It noted that “the Treasury Department has not
conducted any investigative activity since 1945” and that additional information about Pawley
“should be available at the Indian desk, U.S. State Department, and Criminal Investigation
Division, U.S. Army. In view of limitation placed on this assignment, these phases will not be
pursued.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">A March 8, 1953 memorandum expressed that political support was needed from other
countries for a coup in Guatemala to succeed.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">The CIA project soon gained the support of
Nicaragua’s Somoza and the Dominican Republic’s Trujillo, both friends of Pawley.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">On March 11, 1953, the CIA’s Chief, Special Security Division, Robert H. Cunningham,
advised the Deputy Security Officer that “leads [at the Indian Desk, State and Army] will be
pursued if you so request.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Six months later the FBI was having a problem requesting information about Pawley
because his name was being misspelled (for example, Pauley) and “it takes at least an hour to
obtain files.” While President Eisenhower was in favor of using Pawley, the CIA Director’s
brother, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, “stated that there was information indicating
possible payoffs in Cuba to Pawley where Pawley acted as an advisor on some transportation
project.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">On August 12, 1953, PBFORTUNE became known as PBSUCCESS.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">The plan
encompassed psychological warfare, political action, subversion and other components of
paramilitary war including the option of assassination.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">The CIA feared that Arbenz was establishing a “Soviet Beachhead” in Guatemala, which
represented “a threat to the welfare of the United States.” Six countries were called upon to
support the CIA’s “Unconventional Warfare”—to contribute “the necessary covert assistance to
enable the anti-Communist elements to dispose of the Communists in a thorough manner.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">As if to justify to the rest of the world the necessity to overthrow a democratically elected
President, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles pushed through a resolution at the 10</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Inter-
American Conference meeting in Caracas, Venezuela stating that Communist domination of any
state in the Americas would be considered a threat to the entire Western Hemisphere and would
be met with a collective counteraction.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">R.L. Bannerman, Director of Security, finally approved Pawley’s use on the Guatemala
project and sent a memo to the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence. “The Office of Security
recently issued a Covert Security Approval to permit the utilization of Mr. William Douglas
Pawley by the Western Hemisphere Division/Special Activities. He will be special contact for
the Station in Miami, Florida.” The memorandum noted that “Mr. Pawley is a prominent Florida
business executive who served as Ambassador to Peru and Brazil, was an assistant to the
Secretary of State in 1948 and 1951, and an assistant to the Secretary of Defense in 1951. In
more recent years he was engaged in petroleum and mining activities in the Dominican Republic
and served as a consultant to the Dominican Government.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">The CIA had validated what
Pawley already knew; he had the bona fides—as well as financial investments—to qualify him to
be an ardent fighter against communism in the Caribbean region.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">On May 16, 1954, Secretary of State Dulles and the President called upon Pawley “to
advise the administration on how to invoke the Caracas Resolution at an upcoming meeting of
the Organization of American States” just after a ship arrived in Guatemala with 2,000 tons of
weapons from Czechoslovakia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley soon found himself discussing the coup with Assistant Secretary of State for
Inter-American Affairs Henry Holland and former Ambassador Walter Donnelly who had left his
position as High Commissioner to Germany to take a lucrative job as a representative for U.S.
Steel in Latin America. Pawley and Donnelly “were given offices in the State Department next to
those of Henry Holland and held daily sessions.” These were frequently “attended either by
Allen Dulles or by Frank Wisner of the CIA. All of the CIA’s facilities were placed at our
disposal.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">The 800-acre Pawley farm in The Plains, Virginia became a center of planning activity
where he and Edna entertained officials from other Latin American countries, as well as
Pentagon and State Department officials and J. C. King from the CIA’s covert operations
planning group. King would play a significant role in Pawley’s life in the coming years. Pawley
also grew close to Vice President Nixon whose anti-communist fervor matched his own.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Donnelly soon dropped out of the project to keep his U.S. Steel job, but Pawley’s group
was ably assisted by Assistant Secretary of State for Congressional Relations Thruston Morton
and “John Peurifoy, ambassador to Guatemala and a key figure throughout the project.” Other
important participants included Whiting “Whitey” Willauer, Chennault’s partner in CAT and
Ambassador to Honduras during the Guatemala upheaval who was “a master of half a dozen
languages including Chinese,” Ambassador Robert Hill in Costa Rica, and Ambassador Tom
Whelan in Nicaragua.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley was issued a Diplomatic Passport on June 7, 1954 for an unspecified trip. This was one
week before the Arbenz coup.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">The Pawleys hosted a gathering of more than two dozen South
and Central American Ambassadors and influentials to try to gain their support for keeping
communism out of Central America.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">In early June, Richard M. Bissell, Jr., Special Assistant to the Director for Planning and
Coordination, prepared a memorandum for the record about a meeting with Pawley and Assistant
Secretary of Defense Hensel regarding the sale of planes to KMFLUSH [Nicaragua] and whether
the Battle Act Prohibition on shipment of strategics would be applied to WSBURNT
[Guatemala]. Presumably Pawley will discuss these suggestions in the Department.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">During the Guatemala coup planning, air cover for the coup plotters led by exiled
Guatemalan, Colonel Carlos Enrique Castillo Armas, became a big issue. Head of the Directorate
of Plans Frank Wisner urged CIA Director Dulles to minimize the rebel air force because he
feared it would expose the U.S. role in the coup. Dulles concurred. Pawley knew all too well
from his China days the important difference adequate airpower could make in war and “tried
but failed to convince him that an underestimation of the aircraft needs of the Guatemalan
liberation force could be fatal to the mission.” Allen Dulles “was adamant, however, and I finally
yielded, much against my better judgment, although the final decision was mine.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">But after he allowed Dulles to reduce the air cover to three fighter-bombers, Pawley
became distraught when two of the planes were found to be out-of-commission on the very day
the coup began, June 14, 1954. In the end, when it became evident that more planes were needed,
Dulles and Pawley argued their case against Ambassador Holland in front of President
Eisenhower who told Pawley to purchase the planes.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">In October 2016, Holland’s son, William, wrote me that his father emphatically insisted
“that replacing the planes would expose our role in the coup and reinforce the perception of the
U.S. as the ‘bully from the North.’ My father, who opposed the entire scheme from the moment
he was clued in about it, probably felt it was his last chance to shut down the entire subversion.
But Dulles prevailed, and Ike opted for replacing the planes, planes that Pawley—in order to by-
pass red tape—'generously’ agreed to pay for out of his own pocket.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">In Pawley’s autobiography he reprinted a letter sent to him by Guillermo Sevilla-Sacasa
regarding the deal made to secure the cooperation of General Anastasio Somoza, the dictator of
Nicaragua, which was needed to ensure the success of the PBSUCCESS coup. Sevilla-Sacasa
stated that Somoza personally thanked Pawley “for the immediate cooperation which you so
graciously gave us in the purchase of the three airplanes that my country needed.” He went on to
describe Pawley as “an excellent friend who has always known how to interpret the dangerous
times in which America is living, as a consequence of the aggressive politics of International
Communism.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">The planes came from Civil Air Transport (CAT) with the help of Whiting Willauer, the
former Flying Tiger member and CAT director. Willauer was stationed in nearby Honduras as
U.S. Ambassador. At one point, Willauer wrote his friend from the Flying Tigers, General Claire
Chennault, that he was “literally working night and day” on Guatemala. The planes dropped
propaganda leaflets created by E. Howard Hunt and David Atlee Phillips (aka Knight) that
carried the message “people of Guatemala ... rise as a single man against this enemy of God and
country”—and they strafed the capital of the Republic of Guatemala on June 25, 1954.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">One CIA operative, Rip Robertson, bombed a British chartered boat, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Springfjord</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">, which
he successfully sank in the port of San Jose at the behest of General Somoza. Robertson’s </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">bombing run ignored the orders of his CIA bosses, Tracy Barnes and Albert Haney, to use a less
conspicuous approach utilizing a clandestine frogmen demolition team to sink the boat.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">According to E. Howard Hunt, the stimulus for the coup was a lobbying effort by United
Fruit’s Washington lawyer Thomas G. Corcoran. He is the same person who had earlier served
the Chinese Nationalists when Corcoran and his brother, David, ran Chinese Defense Supplies in
the early 1940s in partnership with Chiang’s brother-in-law, T.V. Soong, the company’s
chairman. Soong’s $200 million account at Bank of America in the 1950s was managed by
Corcoran as well.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">“Tommy the Cork” Corcoran, as he was known, had been a fixture in the cabinet of
President Franklin D. Roosevelt and had written much of the New Deal legislation, which drew
the contempt of many big business interests. Once out of the cabinet, however, he became a
valuable voice in Washington for those formerly hostile interests. Henry Luce who previously
denounced Corcoran as a “shifty New Dealer” now counted him as an ally.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Despite his liberal image, Corcoran joined the increasingly conservative, anti-Red China
lobby as its chief spokesperson. Decades later, when Ronald Reagan became president in 1980,
Corcoran and Anna Chennault, Claire’s widow, hosted a party for members of the new
administration at Blair House, across the street from the White House. In those days of lacks
security in the nation’s capital, this author—without press credentials—was able to walk past
marine guards and videotape some of the guests at the gathering. Among those in attendance
eager to pose for the camera was William Casey, President Reagan’s nominee for CIA Director
who would eventually get entangled with Oliver North in the Iran-Contra arms-for-hostage deal
in which Nicaragua once again played a significant role.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">United Fruit, Corcoran’s client in 1954, was controlled by members of the DuPont family
which at the time swung considerable clout because the 50 relatives had over “$150 billion worth
of assets,” including 65% of the stock in America’s then largest corporation, General Motors.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29
</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">When Arbenz issued his land reform edict for Guatemala, United Fruit feared it would be costly
to its Chiquita banana division, so Thomas Corcoran was dispatched to the White House to meet
with President Eisenhower and Vice President Nixon. Ike then turned matters over to CIA
Director Dulles and his Deputy Director Charles Cabell who placed C. Tracy Barnes in charge of
the semiautonomous operation.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">On June 25, 1954, Pawley and the other dozen members of Eisenhower’s coup planners,
known as the Guatemalan Group, met in Washington to discuss their fears that Arbenz could
become a hero if the coup failed. But, two days later, after the CIA-trained army easily marched
across the border from Honduras and installed their leader, Arbenz resigned and was put on a
plane to Czechoslovakia.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Henry Holland was asked by the Ambassador to Guatemala to provide an assessment of
“Bill Pawley’s usefulness.” Holland wrote on July 11, 1954 that Pawley had three unusual assets,
“sound judgment ... resourcefulness in devising means of achieving an end ... ability to inspire
the liking and confidence of people with whom he deals.” In addition, Pawley “appears to be a
man of considerable integrity and to be motivated exclusively by what he feels to be the effect of
his actions on government interest irrespective of what they may be on his own.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Holland noted two “liabilities.” Pawley’s “health. He has a stomach condition which
causes him intense discomfort when placed under sustained strain such as that he went through
in working on the Guatemalan question ... [and] rather substantial personal business interests
which may require a good deal of his time.” But Holland believed “Pawley would perform </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">outstandingly on almost any assignment. His abilities as a lone operator are generally
recognized. On the Guatemalan assignment he functioned smoothly as a team member.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">On July 13, 1954 the new Castillo Armas government was granted official recognition by
the United States. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles sent congratulatory telegrams to the U.S.
Ambassador in Guatemala, John Peurifoy, and his counterpart in Nicaragua, Ambassador
Willauer. CIA Director Allen Dulles and his team, “Tracy Barnes, J.C. King, Henry Heckscher,
Rip Robertson, David Atlee Philips, and Albert Haney” then presented their success story to
President Eisenhower and Vice President Nixon.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">A highly redacted list of key CIA Personnel who had received Top Secret training on at
the Industrial College of the Armed Forces in preparation for PBSUCCESS includes Tracy C.
Barnes, Thomas W. Braden, Paul B. Breitweiser, Emmons B. Brown, Charles M. English,
Christian M. Freer, Cord Meyer Jr., Col. Jean W. Moreau (a Marine who fought in Okinawa) and
E. Howard Hunt.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">34</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">E. Howard Hunt had been a young boy living with his father, a lawyer, in Miami Beach,
Florida, while Pawley was speculating in Miami real estate during the Roaring Twenties. Hunt
would later write admiringly about working with William Pawley during the 1961 Bay of Pigs
invasion in his book </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Give Us This Day </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">which was published in 1973, shortly after Hunt was
exposed as a conspirator in the Watergate break-in, the event that ironically toppled President
Nixon.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">35</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Charles English had previously served in the OSS and was proficient in 10 languages.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">36
</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">C. Tracy Barnes would leverage his success in Guatemala to a more important position during
the Bay of Pigs planning. Cord Meyer, Jr. became involved in a variety of other covert activities
and his wife would die mysteriously in Georgetown section of Washington, DC.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">37</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Following the Arbenz overthrow, Birch O’Neal, the CIA Station Chief in Guatemala,
took an agency position under James Jesus Angleton running the Special Investigations Group
which looked for communist “moles” who had infiltrated the agency. Oddly, he would
eventually have a file on Lee Harvey Oswald., controlled by his assistant Betty Ergerter in the
Office of Security, according to journalist/author Jefferson Morley’s review of declassified
documents.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">38 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">A 1953 FBI memo stated that Angleton “has volunteered voluminous information
of interest to the Bureau.” Angleton “is usually given considerable freedom and leeway in
directing the operations of his unit. In general, he is responsible only to the Director of CIA.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">39</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">A CIA post-mortem of PBSUCCESS considered it a successful undertaking from three
perspectives—geopolitical, cost, and deniability. “This Project represents a historical departure
from the international tradition of the United States Government and the first positive, successful
measure short of direct intervention, to thwart the aggressive actions of the Soviet Union in this
era known as the ‘Cold War.’” The coup’s cost “less recoverable assets” was a bit under the
“budget allocation ... $3,000,000.” And perhaps equally important the CIA’s mission which was
implemented on December 15, 1953 and concluded June 30, 1954 was successfully
“accomplished and plausible denial retained.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">40</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Plausible deniability was a concern of many administrations in the age of covert action. It
held that those actions should not be traceable back to the President of the United States. The
plausible deniability doctrine policy remained a cornerstone of national security until Lt. Col.
Oliver North broke it by testifying in 1987 that he was obeying President Reagan’s orders to
covertly sell arms to Iran and divert the profits from the arms sales to the contras, which,
coincidentally, were operating in Nicaragua.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">41 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Despite this smack in the face of a Republican </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">president, North was made into a hero of the right in the following decades, even serving as a
correspondent for Fox News while raising fears among Baptists about radical Islam.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">42</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">The new Guatemalan president, Castillo Armas, stayed in power for 37 months, until
assassinated by his bodyguard.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">43 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">He was succeeded by Miguel Ydigoras Fuentas, who would
entertain New Orleans Mafia boss Carlos Marcello in March of 1961 after Marcello had been
expelled from the United States by Attorney General Robert Kennedy. At the same time the CIA
was training Cuban exiles in Guatemala for the ill-fated Bay of Pigs invasion—a coup against
Cuba’s Fidel Castro--which failed in the eyes of many, including Pawley’s, because of
inadequate air cover.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">44</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">With his inclusion in the PBSUCCESS planning, Pawley had made the transition from
trusted friend of Democratic President Truman and the OSS to trusted friend of the Republican
President Eisenhower and the CIA. He also had passed numerous character investigations by the
FBI and other agencies to work behind the scenes on some of the nation’s most sensitive
projects.</span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">FOOTNOTES:</span> </p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">3/8/1953 CIA “Memorandum Signed by CIA Director Allen Dulles re: P.B. FORTUNE.” </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations of
the United States, 1952-1954: Guatemala</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 79-80. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/ike/guat/20175.htm.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span><span> </span>Source: Central Intelligence Agency, Job 79-01025A, Box 151, Folder 2. Top Secret.<span> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span><span> <span> </span></span>A handwritten note by Allen Dulles at the top of the page reads: “Copy left with W.B.S. on a personal
basis—with <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>understanding there would be no circulation.” W.B.S. would be former CIA Director Walter
Bedell Smith.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">The March 8, 1953 comment by Dulles about Pawley also appears in the 2003 government report: </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations
of the United States, 1952-1954. Guatemala. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">(U.S. Printing Office). Page 79. Editor Susan K. Holly. General Editor
David S. Patterson.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10265-10332 ~ 6/17/1952. Memo: “William Douglas Pawley (Covert Clearance Requested).” Subjects
Pawley, W. D. From: WH – IV. To: OD/OP. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span> <span> </span></span>Issued by: Case Officer A. E. Le Vey, Security Officer C.R. Newton, and Branch Chief N.H. Smith.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 124-10224-10231 ~ April 4/17/1952 Information Report: SO86362. Date of Info: March 20, 1952. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10404-10094 ~ 10/7/1977 Memorandum For: Anthony A Lapham. From: A.R. Cinquegrana, Office of</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">General Counsel. Subject: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Bluebird/Artichoke Soft File Review - "Kelly" - Dimitrov, D.A. [from January 27, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">1952], Page 3.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Dutch Journalist Willem Oltmans claimed on WABC’s Good Morning America on September 8, 1977 that
Dimitrov (aka General Donald Donaldson) was involved in the JFK assassination. Oltmans, however, had
questionable motives.</span></p><p><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.13.07:06:36:150014 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">~ 10/11/1977 Blue Memorandum Re Dutch Journalist Altmans Who Appeared
On Good. Page 2.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Stephen Kinzer, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(St. Martin’s Press,
Griffin Imprint).</span></p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Memorandum from William Robertson of Operation PBSUCCESS to Chief of the Project. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954: July 8, 1954, Guatemala</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Section 274. Page 417. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54Guat/d36</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>> CIA Director suggested that William Pawley be put in charge of PBSUCCESS pages 79-80 of above. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Dulles wanted to send “a two-fisted guy to the general area on a trip of inspection and report to the President.” Dulles recognized “that Pawley is hard to control, but he is fearless and gets things done even though he may break some crockery in doing it.”</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div>7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10417. March 16, 1953. FBI Memorandum. “Subject: William Pawley No. 78435-B S.I.”
From: Loker, George P., Jr. To: C/Special Investigative Div. Subjects: Pawley, William</span><div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>> Memo noted that “the Treasury Department has not conducted any investigative activity since 1945 ... the
Intelligence Division of the Treasury forwarded Subject’s ‘unjacketed’ file to the Civil Division, General Counsel’s
Office, Treasury, for income tax review in March 1952. An ‘unjacketed’ file is one where no formal case has been
opened. In view of the confidential nature of income tax files, Mrs. Bridges did not deem it advisable to seek further
information from either the Intelligence Division, or the Chief Counsel’s Office.”</span></div><div> <blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10134 ~ 3/6/1953 “Info on William Pawley Should be Available at Indian Desk, DOD/Criminal
Division, and Army.” From: Loker, George, SA, In Charge. To: Chief, Special Investigative Div. Subjects: Pawley,
William; Unjacketed File.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10418 ~ 2/17/1953 Memorandum “Subject: William D. Pawley No. 78435-B S.I.” From: Robert
H. Cunningham. To: SAC, Washington Field Office.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.07.31.08:57:06:060034 ~ 3/6/1953. “Pawley, William – Reported that Secret Service, or Other
Component of.” From: [None]. To: S.A.C., Washington Field Office. Subjects: Pawley, William CAT Investor [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">]
Secret Service Investigation.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.03.17:22:56:210028 ~ 3/6/1953 “Memorandum Pawley, William No. 78435-B S.I.” Subject:
Pawley, William. From: George P. Loker, Jr. Special Agent in Charge, Washington Field Office. To: Chief, Special
Investigative Division. Reference Headquarters Memo of Assignment, 17 February 1953. Prepared by Agent James
E. Mackey, Jr.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"></blockquote></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/8/1953 “Memorandum for the Record. Memorandum Re P.B. Fortune.” By Allen Dulles. Washington. Copy left on Walter Bedell Smith’s Desk. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">U.S. State Department Office of the Historian Foreign Relations Of The United States, 1952–1954, Guatemala</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. 36.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.07.30.15:43:36:870034 ~ 3/11/1953 “File on Pawley, William.” From: Cunningham, Robert H. Chief,
Special Security Division. To: Deputy Security Officer, CIA. Subjects: Pawley, William Secret Service CAT
Investment.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.05.11:11:40:870007 ~ 3/11/1953 “Notice that Secret Service had Conducted a Full Investigation of
Pawley.”From: Cunningham, Robert H.,CIA To: DSO, CIA. Subjects: Pawley, William Secret Service Civil Air
Transport.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">9/9/1953 FBI “Memorandum – regarding Deputy Attorney General Rogers request for any investigative reports
on William Pauley (</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">) which failed to find anything.” From: A. Rosen. To: Mr. Ladd. Subject: William D. Pawley</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">... Subsequently after approximately one-half hour, [Deputy Attorney General] Rogers called Winterrowd
and introduced him to General Persons ... [who] was interested in William D. Pawley ... Rogers apologized
for giving the wrong spelling and in this regard Winterrowd advised him it takes at least an hour to obtain
files ...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Persons stated that the President thought they should utilize the services of Pawley and, accordingly, the
White House checked with Department of State and Secretary Dulles stated that there was information
indicating possible payoffs in Cuba to Pawley where Pawley acted as an advisor on some transportation
project. General Persons said he assumed this came from the FBI reports ... It was pointed out to them that
of course the Department of State could have investigated Pawley himself since that is frequently the case
and that they, of course, also have reports and sources providing information to their Consulates and
Embassies abroad ...</span> </div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">At this time [Monday, September 28, 1953] Rogers will be advised that we have conducted no
investigation of William D. Pawley.</span></div></blockquote><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"></blockquote></div><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"></blockquote></div><div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">8/12/1953 Memorandum. From: George A. Morgan, Acting CIA Director. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Central Intelligence Agency, Job 79-01025A, Box 147, Folder 5. Top Secret. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>> A cover
memorandum from the Deputy Director (Plans) to the Chief of the Western Hemisphere Division,
September 30, labeled "Eyes Only," reads: “Will you please arrange for the filing and recording of the
attached Minute of the authorizing action taken at the PSB meeting of 12 August as a part of the file on
PBSUCCESS? Our internal records should be so prepared as to show ... PBSUCCESS—formerly
PBFORTUNE.”</span></div><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">State Department’s Cryptonyms for Foreign Relations in Guatemala, 1952-54. Website page no longer available. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">FJHOPEFUL is a military base.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">The State Department’s list included:</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"></blockquote><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">AA, American Airlines; anti-aircraft</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">A/C, aircraft</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">AC/WH, Acting Chief, Western Hemisphere Division, Central Intelligence Agency
Adam, Guatemala City</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">AFL, AFOL, American Federation of Labor
AP, Associated Press</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">BGGYPSY, Russia; Russian</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">BOND, Puerto Barrios</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">C/WH, Chief, Western Hemisphere, Central Intelligence Agency</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">CAB, Civil Aeronautics Board</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Caesar, Quetzaltenango</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">CEUA, Comité de Estudiantes Universitarios Anticomunistas (Committee of Anti-Communist University
Students)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">CIA, Central Intelligence Agency</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">CNC, Confederacion Nacional Campesina (National Confederation of Campesinos)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">CNO, Chief of Naval Operations</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">CP, Communist Party</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">CTAL, Confederacion de Trabajadores de América Latina (Confederation of Latin American Workers)
DCI, Director of Central Intelligence</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">DD/A, Deputy Director for Administration, Central Intelligence Agency</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">DD/P, Deputy Director, Plans, Central Intelligence Agency</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">DDCI, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">DIR, Director of Central Intelligence</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Doc, Mazatenango</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">DTFROGS, El Salvador</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Eddie, El Quiché</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">EDT, estimated time of departure</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">ENE, east northeast</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">ESCOBILLA, Guatemalan national</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">ESMERALDITE, labor informant affiliated with AFL-sponsored labor movement</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">ESSENCE, Guatemalan anti-Communist leader</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">ETA, estimated time of arrival</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">FAN, National Anti-Communist Front</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">FAO, Foreign Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">FJHOPEFUL, military base</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">FOA, Foreign Operations Administration</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Frank, Jutiapa, Guatemala</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Goss, Coban, Guatemala</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Hank, Zacapa (Guatemalan base)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">HTKEEPER, Mexico City</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">HTPLUME, Panama</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">iden, identity</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Ike, San Jose</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Jack, Florida, Honduras</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">JMBLUG, John S. Peurifoy, U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Kent, Carias Viejas, Honduras</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">KMFLUSH, Nicaragua</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">KMPAJAMA, Mexico</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">KMPLEBE, Peru</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">K-Program, operations aimed at intelligence and defection of Guatemalan military; after May 11, 1954,
redirected at military defections</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">KUBARK, Central Intelligence Agency</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">KUCLUB, Office of Communications</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">KUFIRE, intelligence</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">KUGOWN, propaganda</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Larry, Entre Rios, Guatemala</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">LCFLUTTER, polygraph</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">LCI, landing craft</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">LCPANGS, Costa Rica</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">LINC, LINCOLN, PBSUCCESS Headquarters in Florida
LIONIZER, Guatemalan refugee group in Mexico</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">MA, military attaché</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Mike, Asuncion Mita, Guatemala</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Nick, Gualan, Guatemala</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">N.O., New Orleans</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">o/a, on or about</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">ODACID, U.S. Embassy</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">ODUNIT, U.S. Air Force</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">ODYOKE, U.S. Government</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">OIR, Office of Intelligence and Research, Department of State
OPIM, Operational Immediate</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">ops, operations</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">ORIT, Organizacion Regional Inter-Americana de Trabajadores (AFL-sponsored anti-Communist labor
federation)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">P/A, political asset</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">PAA, Pan American Airlines</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">PANCHO, Carlos Castillo Armas</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">PBFORTUNE, CIA project to supply anti-Arbenz forces with weapons, supplies, and funding; predecessor
to PBSUCCESS</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">PBHISTORY, Central Intelligence Agency project to gather and analyze documents from the Arbenz
government in Guatemala that would incriminate Arbenz as a Communist</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">PBPRIME, United States</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">PBS, PBSUCCESS, Central Intelligence Agency covert operation to overthrow Arbenz government in
Guatemala</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">PSB, Psychological Strategy Board</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">PW, psychological warfare</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">QKFLOWAGE, United States Information Agency</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">RUFUS, Carlos Castillo Armas</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">sab, sabotage</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">SARANAC, training site in Nicaragua</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">SCRANTON, training base for radio operators near Nicaragua</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">SGUAT, CIA Station in Guatemala</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">SHERWOOD, CIA radio broadcasting program based in Nicaragua begun on May 1, 1954</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">SKILLET, Whiting Willauer, U.S. Ambassador to Honduras</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">SKIMMER, The "Group" CIA cover organization supporting Castillo Armas</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">SLINC, telegram indicator for PBSUCCESS Headquarters in Florida</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">SSE, south southeast</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">STANDEL, Jacobo Arbenz, President of Guatemala</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">svcd, serviced</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">SYNCARP, the "Junta," Castillo Armas' political organization headed by Cordova Cerna</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">T/O, table of organization</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">UFCO, UNFC, UNIFRUIT, United Fruit Company</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">WASHTUB, operation to plant Soviet arms in Nicaragua</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">WFTU, World Federation of Trade Unions</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">WH, Western Hemisphere</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">WSBURNT, Guatemala</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">WSHOOFS, Honduras</span></li></ul><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 13.3333px;">"Persons and Pseudonyms, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-54." Office of the Historian, Department of State, United States of America. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54Guat/persons </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'Cambria'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">>> Key Players & Pseudonyms During the Arbenz Overthrow: </span></p>
<ul>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Acheson, Dean G., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">Secretary of State January 19, 1949–January 20, 1953
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Arbenz Guzmán, Jacobo, </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">President of Guatemala March 15, 1951–June 27, 1954
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Ascham, Robert A., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">pseudonym for Allen Dulles
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Bannister, Earl D., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(pseudonym, identity not released)
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Barnes, Tracy </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(Playdon, William D.), Chief of the Political and Psychological Staff, Directorate for Plans,
Central Intelligence Agency
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Berry, Lampton J., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">Deputy Operations Coordinator, Department of State
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Bissell, Richard M. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(Lynade, Pinckney E.), Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Bruce, David K.E., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">Under Secretary of State April 1952–January 1953
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Burnette, Cyrus E., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(pseudonym, identity not released)
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Cabell, General Charles P. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(Ordway), Deputy Director of Central Intelligence after April 1953
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Cabot, John M., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs February 27, 1953–April 1954
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Cadick, Irving G., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(pseudonym, identity not released)
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Calligeris, John H., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">pseudonym for Carlos Castillo Armas
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Castillo Armas, Colonel Carlos, </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">President of the Guatemalan Junta from July 8, 1954; President of
Guatemala September 2, 1954–July 26, 1957
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Clower, Wilfred O., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(pseudonym, identity not released)
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Córdova Cerna, Juan, </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">lawyer for United Fruit Company in Guatemala; supporter of Castillo Armas
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Díaz, Colonel Carlos Enrique, </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">Guatemalan Army Chief of Staff; President of Guatemala June 27–28,
1954; member of military junta June 28–29, 1954
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Dulles, Allen </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(Ascham, Robert A.), Deputy Director of Central Intelligence until February 26, 1953;
thereafter Director of Central Intelligence
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Dulles, John Foster, </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">consultant to the Secretary of State until April 1952; Secretary of State after
January 21, 1953
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Dunbar, Jerome C., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(pseudonym, identity not released)
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Earman, J.S., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">senior assistant to the Director of Central Intelligence
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Edwards, Colonel Sheffield </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(USA), Assistant Deputy Director of Administration for Inspection and
Security, Central Intelligence Agency, after March 1952
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Eisenhower, Dwight D., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">President of the United States
</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 2">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<ul>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Esterline, Jacob D., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">Western Hemisphere Division, PBSUCCESS
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Fortuny, José Manuel, </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">leader of the Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo until June 1954
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Galbond, Oliver G., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">pseudonym for Colonel J.C. King
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Gutiérrez, Víctor Manuel, </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">leader of the Confederación General de Trabajadores de Guatemala
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Hedden, Stuart, </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">Inspector General, Central Intelligence Agency, until April 1953
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Hediger, Donald, </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(pseudonym, identity not released)
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Helms, Richard, </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">Chief of Operations, Directorate of Plans, Central Intelligence Agency
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Holland, Henry F., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs March 2, 1954–September
13, 1956
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Hunt, E. Howard </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(Walter C. Twicker), case officer and Chief, Propaganda Branch, Central Intelligence
Agency
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">King, Colonel J.C. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(Oliver G. Galbond), Chief of the Western Hemisphere Division, Directorate of
Operations, Central Intelligence Agency
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Langevin, Paul D., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">pseudonym for David Atlee Phillips
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Leddy, Raymond G., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">Officer in Charge of Central American and Panama Affairs, Office of Middle
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">American Affairs, Department of State, from January 1953
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Lynade, Pinckney E., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">pseudonym for Richard M. Bissell
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Magoffin, Francis D., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(pseudonym, identity not released)
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Mann, Thomas C., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs November 1950–July
1953
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Martínez, Major Alfonso </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(retired), Director of the National Agrarian Department in
the Arbenzgovernment 1952–1954
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Miller, Edward G., Jr., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs June 1949–December
1952
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Monzón, Colonel Elfego, </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">member of military junta of Guatemala June 28–29, July 3–September 1,
1954; leader of military junta June 29–July 3, 1954
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Ontrich, Matthew H., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(pseudonym, identity not released)
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Ordway, </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">pseudonym for General Charles P. Cabell
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Page, Graham L., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(pseudonym, identity not released)
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Peurifoy, John E., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">Ambassador to Guatemala November 1953–October 1954
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Phillips, David Atlee </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(Paul D. Langevin), Field Director, Operation SHERWOOD
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Pivall, Vincent C., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(pseudonym, identity not released)
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Playdon, William D., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">pseudonym for Tracy Barnes
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Princep, Stirling D., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(pseudonym, identity not released)
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Reelfoot, Allen N., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(pseudonym, identity not released)
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Restrepo, Julio, </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(pseudonym, identity not released)
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Roosevelt, Kermit, </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">senior official, Central Intelligence Agency
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Schoenfeld, Rudolf E., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">Ambassador to Guatemala until October 19, 1953
</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 3">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<ul>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Seekford, Jacob R., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(pseudonym, identity not released)
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Smith, General Walter Bedell </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(Starke), Director of Central Intelligence from October 7, 1950; Under
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">Secretary of State February 9, 1953–October 1, 1954
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Somoza García, Anastasio, </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">President of Nicaragua May 1951–September 1956
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Starke, </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">pseudonym for General Walter Bedell Smith
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Tofte, Major Hans V., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">member of the Psychological and Paramilitary Operations Staff, Deputy
Directorate of Plans, Central Intelligence Agency
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Toriello Garrido, Guillermo, </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">Guatemalan Ambassador to the United States September 1952–May
1954; Guatemalan Minister of Foreign Affairs January–July 1954
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Trujillo, Molina Rafael L., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">President of the Dominican Republic until August 1952; Secretary of State
for Foreign Relations March–August 1953
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Truman, Harry S, </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">President of the United States until January 1953
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Twicker, Walter C., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">pseudonym for E. Howard Hunt
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Wellbank, Clayton S., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(pseudonym, identity not released)
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Whiting, Harold S., </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">pseudonym for Frank Wisner
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Willauer, Whiting, </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">Ambassador to Honduras from March 5, 1954
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Wisner, Frank </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">(Harold S. Whiting), Deputy Director for Plans, Central Intelligence Agency
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="color: rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%); font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 10.000000pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Ydígoras Fuentes, General Miguel, </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10pt;">Guatemalan presidential candidate during 1950 elections</span></p></li></ul><ul>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Stephen E. Ambrose, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Eisenhower: The President </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984). Pages 195-196.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">The National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 4 CIA and Assassinations: The Guatemala 1954
Documents by Kate Doyle and Peter Kornbluh. National Security Archives.
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB4</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />>> In addition to William Pawley, the Guatemalan Group leading the coup planning in Washington for President Eisenhower included Assistant Secretary of State for Latin America Henry Holland, Burrows, Pearson, Wieland, Warren, Sparks, Jamison, Herron, Sanders, Atwood, Col. Clark, and Woodward.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">CIA Review of Project PBSUCCESS: A Foreword.
www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000928348/0000928348_0003.gif</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">The Guatemalan Government had been under Communist influence in varying degrees for the past ten
years and over thirty indigenous attempts had been made to overthrow it; all were unsuccessful.
Communist control had advanced rapidly in the past year ... Although a minority party, it manifested itself so
dominantly it was estimated that the time had passed when any opposition group could organize sufficient
strength without considerable outside assistance to overthrow the Communists </span><span>... </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">CIA’s task was to provide the necessary covert assistance to enable the anti-Communist elements to
dispose of the Communists in a thorough manner. An Unconventional Warfare operation was required and
planned on a Top Operational Priority basis </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">...</span> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">A special Regional Command was established and operations were conducted in and through six
different countries.</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote></div><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote></div><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Nathaniel Weyl, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Red Star Over Cuba: The Russian Assault on the Western Hemisphere </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(New York: The Devin-
Adair Company, 1960). Page 158.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10384 ~ 4/ 30/1954 CIA Memorandum “Subject: Pawley, William Douglas #78 435.” From:
R. L. Bannerman, Director of Security. To: Deputy Director of Central Intelligence.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.05.11:17:16:870007 ~ March 15, 1954 “Case Processing Record Pawley, William Douglas.” From:
[None]. To: [None].</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.06.07:55:32:960060 ~ 5/21/1954 Office Memorandum “Subject: Pawley, William Douglas EE -
7144A.” From: Robert H. Cunningham, Chief Special Security Division. To: Chief, Security Division.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">FBI Advised files on subject furnished to the White House.</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10383 ~ 5/1/1954. Pawley, William Douglas 78435. Subjects: Pawley, William. From: White,
Victor R. To: C/WH Division, WH Security.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Private Sources of U.S. Foreign Policy: William Pawley and the 1954 Coup d’Etat in Guatemala.” By Max
Holland</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">, Journal of Cold War Studies, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Volume 7, Number 4, Fall 2005. (Davis Center of Russian Studies, Harvard
University). Pages 52-55.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Holland’s 37-page article demonstrates the extensive level of Pawley’s involvement in the coup based on recently
declassified documents and Pawley’s unpublished manuscript with the alarmist title </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Chapter 18.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.07.31.11:55:16:030034 ~ 1/26/1960 “W.D.P. - #78435—Summary of Info Contained is File Is At</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Passport Office.” From: [None]. To: [None]. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 335.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">6/8/1954 Memorandum for the Record “Subject: Notes on Meeting, Pawley and Hensel.” Prepared by: Richard M.
Bissell, Jr. Special Assistant to the Director for Planning and Coordination.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Agreed State Department will forthwith advise KMFLUSH Ambassador that aircraft would have to be sold
to his government without the right of return to the United States, and the title would have to pass in the
U.S. before delivery of planes to KMFLUSH ... possibility of making payment by deposit of irrevocable
letter of credit payable in thirty days.</span> </li><li>Agreed that Defense will explore nature of contacts between U.S. military in WSBURNT and Sanchez with
view to inviting Sanchez to travel to the United States ...</li></ol></span></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span> </span><span> </span>6.b. Possibility of official finding Battle Act Prohibition on shipment of strategics would be applied to
WSBURNT. <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Presumably Pawley will discuss these suggestions in the Department.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Chapter 18.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Max Holland, “Private Sources of U.S. Foreign Policy: William Pawley and the 1954 Coup d’Etat in Guatemala,”
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Journal of Cold War Studies, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Volume 7, Number 4, Fall 2005 (Davis Center of Russian Studies, Harvard
University). Pages 58-60.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Bill Holland Email to David Price Cannon (Pawleyinfo@aol.com) October 1, 2016, 11:40:43 AM EDT </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Hi again, David--</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">My dad's comment about Pawley's functioning smoothly as part of the team on "the Guatemalan assignment" is
interesting in light of the fact that, during a confrontation with Allen Dulles over the issue of whether or not to
replace the planes that Arbenz had shot down, Pawley must have vigorously opposed my father's emphatic
insistence that replacing the planes would expose our role in the coup and reinforce the perception of the US as the
"bully from the North." My father, who opposed the entire scheme from the moment he was clued in about it,
probably felt it was his last chance to shut down the entire subversion. But Dulles prevailed, and Ike opted for
replacing the planes, planes that Pawley--in order to by-pass red tape--"generously" agreed to pay for out of his own
pocket.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">.... In any event, my father and Pawley were sufficiently close that when my father's assets were frozen upon his
death [July 18, 1962] while his will went into probate, Pawley stepped forward to cover my brother's tuition at Yale.
It's possible he also paid for my tuition at a private day school.</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote></div><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote></div><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">_____</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>> Bill Holland’s brother Henry Finch Holland Jr. was born in Mexico City in January 1940 while his father served at
the U.S. Embassy there as a Foreign Service Officer. He attended Yale University, but before graduating visited a
classmate in Kirkland, Washington where he was tragically killed July 6, 1964—swerving his motorcycle to avoid
an animal and striking a road sign.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 343.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1983). Pages 116, 139, 145, 155, 193, 216, 217, 218, 228, 235, and 229. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">E. Howard Hunt, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Give Us This Day</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 23, 77, and 85.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">E. Howard Hunt, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Under-cover: Memoirs of an American Agent. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 97.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Daniel Ford, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Flying Tigers</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 53 and 153.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">W.A. Swanburg, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Luce and His Empire </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(New York: Dell Publishing Co., Inc., 1973). Page 356.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">: Claire Chennault and the American Volunteer Group </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Smithsonian History of Aviation:</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Smithsonian Institution Press)</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Stanley D. Bachrack, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Committee of One Million:“China Lobby” Politics, 1953-1971 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(New York: Columbia
University Press, 1973).</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>> This book provides details about the Nationalist Chinese lobbying group with the ridiculously long name:
Committee of One Million Against the Admission of Red China to the United Nations.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.07.31.10:21:45:930034 ~ 2/14/1952 “Research Report on Pawley, William D.” From: [None]. To:
[None].</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">[Pawley is] mentioned in the press as connected with the so-called China Lobby.</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">David Price Cannon and Jack Haynes were uninvited guests to the China Lobby’s Reagan Cabinet Reception at the Hay-Adams Hotel,
passing the U.S. Marine Guard by carrying a video camera, which at the time was uncommon outside the press corps.
CIA Director Casey proudly posed for his camera.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Gerard Colby Zilg, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">DuPont: Behind The Nylon Curtain, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1974). Pages 199-
205, 397-399 and 488-521.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>> This book had distribution problems after DuPont lawyers advised one book club that it was full of innuendo.
Among the holdings of the $100 million Alfred I. Du Pont estate (controlled by his brother-in-law, Ed Ball) were
over one million shares of DuPont, the chemical company bearing the family’s name; 445,000 shares of General
Motors stock; the Florida East Coast Railroad; St. Joe Paper Company (which had an affiliate, Dallas Container
Division, owned in part by Texas Billionaire H. L. Hunt); St. Joseph Telephone and Telegraph (which serves the
Florida Panhandle around Eglin Air Force Base); and the Jacksonville based Florida National Group of Banks.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Congressional Leadership Rejects Proposed Auto Bailout Deal.” By Lori Montgomery and Kendra Marr. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The
Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, November 20, 2008.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>> In November 2008, General Motors, after years of building gas guzzling vehicles even as demand for oil increased
globally and forced the price of gas to $4 a gallon, was reduced to going before Congress and begging for billions of
dollars in a taxpayer bailout as its stock price fell to 1930s depression levels.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">E. Howard Hunt, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Give Us This Day</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 23.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">E. Howard Hunt, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Under-cover: Memoirs of an American Agent. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 96.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>> Tracy Barnes worked for Frank Wisner, who ran clandestine operations out of the office of Special Operations
(OSO) within the Office of Policy Coordination, until Wisner was hospitalized for exhaustion and was replaced as
Clandestine Services chief by Richard Bissell. Bissell, who had developed the U-2 spy plane, and Barnes then
planned the Bay of Pigs invasion. Pages 54, 63 and 128.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Invisible Government </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(New York: Vintage Books, 1974). Pages 181-182. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10301-10004 ~ 5/2/1960 Memorandum. “Subject: Liaison with United States’ Agencies on JMARC </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Activities.” From: Chief, WH/4 J.D. Esterline. To: Assistant Deputy Director (Plans) – Action. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Official History of the Bay of Pigs Invasion. Volume III. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 349-351 of 408.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span><span> </span>3. As you know, infrequent contacts are made at various other levels of the Executive Branch
including:</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">a. Brigadier General Cushman,</span> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Vice President Nixon’s military assistant</span></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">b. NSC 5412 Representatives</span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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<div class="column"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">c. Certain United States’ Senators and Representatives, particularly Senator George Smathers of </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Florida.</span> </div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"> </div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>> During the early Bay of Pigs Planning, CIA representative David A. Phillips met weekly with Henry
Loomis, Director, Voice of America, regarding coordination of the United States Information Agency.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">7/11/1954 Confidential Memo “Subject: William D. Pawley.” From: ARA – Mr. Holland [Henry Finch Holland
Special Assistant to the Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs]. To: S – The Secretary. Dwight David
Eisenhower Library.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>According to Henry Holland, “Pawley’s assets are: </span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">1) Unusually sound judgment,</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">2) Unusual resourcefulness in devising means of achieving an end,</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">3) Unusual ability to inspire the liking and confidence of people
with whom he deals, and</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">4) He appears to be a man of considerable integrity and to be
motivated exclusively by what he feels to be the effect of his
actions on government interest irrespective of what they may be
on his own.”</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote></div><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote></div><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote></div><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span> Henry </span>Holland listed Pawley’s “liabilities for government service” as:</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">1) His health. He has a stomach condition which causes him
intense discomfort when placed under sustained strain such as that
he went through in working on the Guatemalan question,</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">2) He has rather substantial personal business interests which
may require a good deal of his time. I am not certain how much
time they would require,</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">3) I have had no opportunity to judge his ability to organize,
but I am aware of the fact that he has established and directed
some rather large business enterprises.</span> </div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">In my opinion Pawley would perform outstandingly on almost any assignment. His abilities as a lone
operator are </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">generally </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">recognized. On the Guatemalan assignment he functioned smoothly as a member of
a team.”</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote></div><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote></div><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 116, 139, 145, 155, 193, 216, 217, 218, 228, 235, and 229.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Peurifoy and his son were killed in an auto accident the following summer. Castillo Armas was assassinated (1957).
Suicide took the lives of William Pawley (1977); United Brands (United Fruit’s successor company) President Eli
Black (1975); and Operation Success planner Frank Wisner (1965). Wisner’s son was named Ambassador to the
Philippines (1991) and six years later joined the Board of Directors of Enron.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">34 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10120-10078 ~ 12/10/1953 Memorandum “Attendance of Guests at the Industrial College of the
Armed Forces.” Prepared by: Lucille Taylor for Matthew Baird, Director of Training.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10120-10079 ~ 12/4/1953 “Certification of TS Clearance for Attendance at Defense School Lectures.
Subjects: Indus College. From: Broadley, C.V. To: Director of Training.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">35 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">E. Howard Hunt, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Give Us This Day.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">36 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Matt Schudel, “Obituary for The Multilingual CIA Agent Charles M. English, 86.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, August
15, 2005, page B05.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">37 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Nina Burleigh, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">A Very Private Woman: The Life and Unsolved Murder of Presidential Mistress Mary Meyer
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Random House Publishing Group, 2009)</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">38 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Birch O’Neal: The CIA’s Unknown Oswald Expert, JFKFacts.org
https://jfkfacts.org/birch-oneal-cias-unknown-oswald-expert/</span><br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Birch O'Neal file 104-10291-10014.pdf</span><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">With the release of additional declassified JFK Assassination documents in 2018 and 2019, Jefferson Morley
believes a dozen individuals within the CIA were aware of Lee Harvey Oswald prior to November 22, 1963. They
were:</span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">James Angleton, counterintelligence chief</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Birch O’Neal, chief of the Special Investigations Group (C/SIG)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Jane Roman, counterintelligence liaison officer (CI/L)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Ann Egerter, SIG file chief</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">William J. Hood, chief of operations, Western Hemisphere division</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Thomas Karamessines, assistant deputy director of plans</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Anita Potocki, chief of Foreign Intelligence, Staff D (FI/D)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Will Potocki, officer, Counterintelligence Operations (CI/OPS)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Charlotte Bustos-Videla, file chief, Mexico Desk (WH-3)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Bill Bright, counterespionage officer, Soviet Russia division (SR/CE)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Stephan Roll, counterintelligence officer, Soviet Russia division (SR/CI/RED)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Win Scott, chief of station, Mexico City</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Ann Goodpasture, Scott’s deputy</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">David Phillips, chief of Cuban operations</span></li></ul></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">39 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">124-10326-10098 ~ 6/10/1953 FBI Memorandum “Central Intelligence Agency. Information Received </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">From James Angleton.” To: A.H. Belmont. From: V.P. Keay.</span> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">40 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">CIA Review of Project PBSUCCESS, A Foreword.
http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000928348/0000928348_0003.gif</span></p></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">... From the time the Project had been approved for implementation 15 December 1953, until its conclusion
on 30 June 1954 ... LINCOLN, the Project’s Headquarters, sent 875 pouches and over 1300 dispatches. The
budget allocation was $3,000,000 and the actual cost, less recoverable assets, was just under the original
allocation. </span></p></div><div style="text-align: left;"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">The mission assigned to CIA had been accomplished and plausible denial retained.</span></p></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">41 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“The North Trial's Larger Jury,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, March 29, 1989.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“North Testifies All Actions Were Authorized; Reagan's Approval Sought In 5 Memos, Witness Says Series: The
Iran-Contra Hearings: Week Eight of the Testimony.” By Dan Morgan and Walter Pincus, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">,
July 8, 1987.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">42 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Video: Oliver North: Iraq a ‘won war,’ Afghanistan a “tough fight.” By Ryan Mills. naplenews.com, February
25, 2010.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">43 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Invisible Government </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(New York: Vintage Books,1974). Pages 181-182.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10301-10004 ~ 5/2/1960 Memorandum “Subject: Liaison with United States’ Agencies on JMARC
Activities.” From: Chief, WH/4 J.D. Esterline. To: Assistant Deputy Director (Plans)—Action.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Official History of the Bay of Pigs Invasion. Volume III. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 349-351 of 408.</span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">3. As you know, infrequent contacts are made at various other levels of the Executive Branch</span><br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">including:</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">d. Brigadier General Cushman, Vice President Nixon’s military assistant.</span><br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">e. NSC 5412 Representatives</span><br /><p style="display: inline; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">f. Certain United States’ Senators and Representatives, particularly Senator George Smathers of </span></p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Florida.</span></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><ol start="4" style="list-style-type: lower-latin;">
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</div></div></div></div></blockquote><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">During the early Bay of Pigs Planning, CIA representative David A. Phillips met weekly with Henry
Loomis, Director, Voice of America, regarding coordination of the United States Information Agency.</span></blockquote><p> <span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">44 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Robert Sam Anson, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">They’ve Killed the President </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(New York: Bantam Books, 1975). Pages 303 and 304. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Invisible Government</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 182.</span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div></blockquote></blockquote></div>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-62007607763114414532009-12-12T14:46:00.021-08:002023-08-29T15:30:04.020-07:0012: The Doolittle Report on CIA Covert Activities
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<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s participation in the Guatemala coup left him feeling satisfied in 1954 that “the Monroe
Doctrine and the position adopted by the Organization of American States had been forthrightly
reasserted.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">But he had also experienced first-hand “an absolutely intolerable breach of security
during the Guatemalan episode” which he detailed decades later in his autobiography. After
playing tennis with </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">publisher Phil Graham, Pawley was stunned to hear
Graham “lob over my head” the news that the U.S. was going to help Castillo Armas overthrow
the Arbenz regime in Guatemala. Graham gave him more details as if Pawley was “listening to a
top secret briefing at State. All that was missing was my role in the affair.” Graham revealed the
source of his knowledge as a CIA “high official in the covert operations arena.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">While indicating that he did not question Graham’s patriotism, Pawley noted that
“Graham’s lapse underlines the axiom in delicate operations that a participant should be told
only what he needs to know. No more. No less.”
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley immediately told President Eisenhower of the security breach, and Ike responded
by telling Pawley “‘to conduct a thorough investigation of the covert side of CIA operations for
me.’” Pawley was concerned that it would jeopardize his invaluable relationships with the Dulles
brothers at State and CIA. As a result, Eisenhower then suggested that Lt. General Jimmy
Doolittle, “a national symbol of competent fair mindedness,” head up the study group with
Pawley assisting him.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj794aeeDbmJxrqflQitA3zcCt6WWecHcCKaEOpxrOTCBhrqTTfDFyl5F4DJWobULAEl15CkI3107ZxJ9zVbgLA_e3J7_9Hy_Og4AmuwS5hUGm54DkyeTaugGOfQf9y-kd_gwb1JUSBRg5PiwmUp1MIq6D4LlCAYVFum9tagv60GAc1tm4jpvCDUcnm970" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="2635" data-original-width="2241" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj794aeeDbmJxrqflQitA3zcCt6WWecHcCKaEOpxrOTCBhrqTTfDFyl5F4DJWobULAEl15CkI3107ZxJ9zVbgLA_e3J7_9Hy_Og4AmuwS5hUGm54DkyeTaugGOfQf9y-kd_gwb1JUSBRg5PiwmUp1MIq6D4LlCAYVFum9tagv60GAc1tm4jpvCDUcnm970=w218-h256" width="218" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s files were moved from covert to an overt file, and he was given cryptographic
clearance in preparation for becoming a key member of Eisenhower’s Special Study Group. The
Doolittle Committee was formed in the summer of 1954 to study the CIA’s successes and
failures in Guatemala, Iran and Europe and make recommendations on how to improve the
agency’s capabilities.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">During the clearance process Pawley’s background information passed through many hands including CIA Director Allen Dulles and the Director of Security Sheffield Edwards</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">, who seven years later would play a role in a plot with members of the Mafia to assassinate Fidel Castro,</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">something Pawley would advocate.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">The July 13, 1954, two recommendations were written concerning “Bill Pawley’s usefulness.” One was from Henry Holland. “In my opinion Pawley would perform outstandingly on almost any assignment. His abilities as a lone operator are generally recognized. On the Guatemalan assignment he functioned smoothly as a member of a team.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh9vnjlAKDgmDw4RH71rEFztV2o0htYEWQrkmExHc7rVlR2JuzyzCZVzzEw5fBjW_yIvetRQS-GVWAK4rocvg6mY6fdFfHEAOH9YB9Huxw93yGgONdUqngMIW2cXbI-fg3yK4z9sF3yZlFqpP3fihHuerVQtBr8a2mEkr-UPQEZrgFJz7i1ag_dcjEOH9Y" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="2625" data-original-width="2390" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh9vnjlAKDgmDw4RH71rEFztV2o0htYEWQrkmExHc7rVlR2JuzyzCZVzzEw5fBjW_yIvetRQS-GVWAK4rocvg6mY6fdFfHEAOH9YB9Huxw93yGgONdUqngMIW2cXbI-fg3yK4z9sF3yZlFqpP3fihHuerVQtBr8a2mEkr-UPQEZrgFJz7i1ag_dcjEOH9Y" width="219" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">The second recommendation was in the form of a CIA memorandum for Director Allen
Dulles from Director of Security Sheffield Edwards who had set up Project BLUEBIRD’s teams
of psychiatrists, polygraphers, hypnotists and technicians to identify risky CIA personnel and
defectors in 1950. (BLUEBIRD evolved into ARTICHOKE and then MKULTRA.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Edwards stated to Dulles that Pawley had previously had access to classified information
“up to and including Secret” but “no unfavorable information had been found regarding his
“loyalty, although some allegations were disclosed regarding his honesty.” Pawley’s “State
Department Security file was made available [at the end of 1952] and contained derogatory
information alleging black market activities, income tax difficulties, possible misuse of lend
lease material, and questionable money transactions. It was also shown that the Subject’s [first]
wife had written the President of the United States questioning legality of Subject’s Cuban
divorce from her, after which he married his secretary.” </span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Most of those matters were discounted.
A review of his Treasury Department file revealed that Pawley had been “investigated for
income tax evasion for years, 1934-1944, and found to have been a non-resident citizen during
that period and not guilty of tax evasion.” This despite having bought two homes in Miami
Beach during that timeframe, as detailed in Chapter One. A Secret Service investigation of
Annie, his first wife who had complained to the President about his Cuban divorce, “found her
sane, although suffering from severe mental strain.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7<span></span></span></p><!--more-->
<p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley was once again cleared for another sensitive appointment. The Doolittle
Committee had a much broader purpose than simply examining the pros and cons of the
Guatemala operation. The CIA was very worried about the spread of communism in Europe,
where it was buying the elections in Italy,</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">and in the Middle East, especially Iran, where British
and American oil interests had voiced concern about the leanings of the country’s eccentric
premier, Mossadegh, and his nationalization of the oil industry there.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">To address the Iranian situation, Kermit Roosevelt, a grandson of President Theodore
Roosevelt, was placed in charge of the $1 million “Project Ajax.” By mid-August 1953,
Mossadegh was toppled and replaced by the Shah of Iran who had attended Le Rosey, a Swiss </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">prep school, with Richard Helms who became the CIA’s deputy director and future director. The
CIA’s plotting against a Middle Eastern country because of oil interests would instill in the Arab
world a deep suspicion of America for the next half century. Tyrants and megalomaniac
demagogues like Osama bin Laden would use America’s actions in the region to foment hatred
and gain fanatical support that would explode in New York’s World Trade Center, Arlington,
Virginia’s Pentagon and on the Pennsylvania countryside in 2001.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 4"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Following the Arbenz overthrow, the Congress of the United States also established a
commission to look into the operations of the Executive branch of government. Former President
Herbert Hoover headed the study group which included a small task force under General Mark
Clark to look at the workings of the CIA and other intelligence groups.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">President Eisenhower and CIA Director Dulles succeeded in blocking the Mark Clark
Task Force from examining the CIA's Clandestine Services’ covert operations by setting up the
President’s Special Study Group headed by Doolittle. Pawley’s recent covert operations
experience would prove invaluable for the preparation of a meaningful classified report.
Moreover, Pawley was Ike’s close friend, trusted advisor who had made substantial campaign
contributions and had raised large sums of money for Ike's political campaign in 1952. He
obviously had Ike’s Presidential success as well as America’s as a top priority while serving on
the Study Group.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A quarter of a century after the Doolittle Committee made its recommendation, a Senate
study found that the “orientation” of the four men did not lend itself to criticizing the types of
activities the CIA’s leadership undertook. Indeed, the Agency had drafted the early “instructions
to General Doolittle” who was a friend of Frank Wisner, the CIA’s Deputy Director of Plans
under Richard Helms when Mossadegh and Arbenz were overthrown. Likewise, New York </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">attorney Morris Hadley was a longtime friend of CIA Director Allen Dulles as was Pawley.
Assistant Secretary of the Navy William Franke, the fourth member of the Doolittle Committee
brought accounting insights from a military perspective.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 5"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">The Heroic General: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Lieutenant General James Doolittle previously had flown Mexican
border patrol with Chennault and became one of the first test pilots for William Douglas Pawley
who sold 50 Curtiss-Wright Hawks to China after Doolittle demonstrated the fighter plane.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Doolittle then became a World War II hero by conducting the successful bombing raid on Tokyo.
As few as 50 Japanese died as a result of the bombing, but a strong psychological message was
delivered that Japan was vulnerable to air attack, just as Pearl Harbor had been.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiFflUMv1Q_QCO8kevNRl12bgJFm5YdN8cVpNnYq3-Rtio2TC-mCYpxXoItDuNhuhgvJhgEEb34ErHvKtTdu5Rq-RNlcnbrz__pUQb8lJuoXgymt-EaZVQN3f2o0SW8K-7ozgibsQb3tX2VOeoiCMaiRzgurkf6N22tK_GQnd2FZsm_Z-6kVM6AYrMDw9I" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="2261" data-original-width="3319" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiFflUMv1Q_QCO8kevNRl12bgJFm5YdN8cVpNnYq3-Rtio2TC-mCYpxXoItDuNhuhgvJhgEEb34ErHvKtTdu5Rq-RNlcnbrz__pUQb8lJuoXgymt-EaZVQN3f2o0SW8K-7ozgibsQb3tX2VOeoiCMaiRzgurkf6N22tK_GQnd2FZsm_Z-6kVM6AYrMDw9I" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><br />During that historic 1942 raid Doolittle earned a reputation for having ice water in his
veins as he led 80 volunteer airmen in sixteen B-52 bombers on what some thought was a high
probability suicide run on April 18, 1942. Not unlike Japanese kamikaze pilots.The U.S. planes took off from an “aircraft carrier 600 miles
away from Japan” which was 200 miles further away than planned. When fuel ran low after the
bombing raid, the air crews </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“were forced to ditch their planes or bail out over the Chinese coast
at night; one plane diverted to [Vladivostok] Russia.”</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13
</span><p></p>
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Some airmen were captured by the Japanese and executed. Doolittle’s plane went down
in a rice paddy. With the help of friendly Chinese citizens and American missionary John Birch,
Doolittle made it to safety. The Japanese in retaliation for aiding the bomber crews killed
thousands of Chinese. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Birch himself later became the first casualty of the Cold War, when a
young Red Chinese soldier killed him. In 1958, the anticommunist John Birch Society was
founded by three business leaders:
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'SymbolMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span><span> </span>• </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Candy manufacturer Robert Welch
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 6">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 12pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Robert Stoddard who headed the </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Worcester Telegram and Gazette </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">and Wyman-Gordon, a large Massachusetts producer of forgings for aerospace and automotive
industries
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 12pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Fred Koch who built oil refineries in the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany and
elsewhere and started the U.S. company that became Koch Industries.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14</span></p></li></ul><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt;"><div class="column"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt;"><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Following his leadership on the Committee bearing his name, Doolittle was named to President Eisenhower’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and continued playing a role in the nation’s aeronautical development.</span></div><div class="column"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div></div></div></span></div><b>A Prominent Attorney: </b></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Committee panelist Morris Hadley was a partner in the
prestigious law firm that became known as Milbank, Tweed, Hadley and McCloy. Hadley joined
the firm “in 1929 when Murray & Aldrich merged with Webb, Patterson & Hadley. He
represented many large corporations, both in the United States and abroad.” Hadley also
“authored a biography of his father, the Yale President, and he wrote </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The Citizen and the Law</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">.
A trustee of the Russell Sage Foundation, Hadley also “sat on the board of trustees of both the
Pierpont Morgan Library and the New York Public Library, where, from 1943-1958, he served
as its president.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15</span></div><div class="column"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgt1ud_vtNHu0zxwKP5spduyuT8X0OD4bFblzfzRbj0HTZpGEVw6fCPAXLsyEryzwwT38j7Z7xYUMJsvmZPMpY94tLphHeG5qNj6JQmcC3lwpIG2ZxYfC4HjYVsd9Fmvh-yX0oSHfH8tdUgrrOV7mP2MwRXTILVnAqCPHrwPoPfXkNXgvI5-NZzUQ1nYgE" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="602" data-original-width="253" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgt1ud_vtNHu0zxwKP5spduyuT8X0OD4bFblzfzRbj0HTZpGEVw6fCPAXLsyEryzwwT38j7Z7xYUMJsvmZPMpY94tLphHeG5qNj6JQmcC3lwpIG2ZxYfC4HjYVsd9Fmvh-yX0oSHfH8tdUgrrOV7mP2MwRXTILVnAqCPHrwPoPfXkNXgvI5-NZzUQ1nYgE" width="101" /></a></div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="column"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The firm counted among its clients the Rockefeller family and two of the family’s holdings, Standard Oil and Chase Manhattan Bank. The law firm’s ties to the United States Government dated back to the early 1900’s when it negotiated the digging of the Panama Canal.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16</span></div><div class="column"><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Morris Hadley’s father, Arthur Twining Hadley, was president of Yale from 1899 through 1921 and married to the daughter of Connecticut Governor Luzon Morris who served in the 1890s.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As the youngest major in the U.S. Army, Major Morris Hadley, 302d Field Artillery, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">ORC, wed Katherine Cumnock Blodgett of Grand Rapids</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“at Avalon, the summer home of the her parents, Mr. and Mrs. John Wood Blodgett, at Prides Crossing,” Massachusetts.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Her father was a financier and lumberman involved in Michigan Republican politics.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20</span></p></div><div class="column"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As a successful attorney, Morris Hadley, in 1943 became president of the board of
trustees of the New York Public Library.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Two years later, Katherine Hadley became chairman
of the trustees of Vassar College where her mother, had been a trustee for fourteen years until her
death in 1931. The family supported the euthenics—controllable environment—program there.</span></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In 1951, the Hadleys gave a $400,000 gift to Vassar through their Rubicon Foundation.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A decade and a half later, Rubicon was identified by </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Ramparts </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">as funneling funds to a CIA-
backed group. Their daughter was on board a TWA airplane in 1974 that crashed off Greece in
what some thought was sabotage.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">When he joined the Doolittle Committee, in 1954, Morris Hadley was also Chairman of
the board of Carnegie Corporation.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Late in January 1955, as a partner in Milbank, Tweed,
Hope & Hadley, he was elected as a new board member of Chase National Bank which would
merge with the Bank of Manhattan despite concerns of it being a monopolistic move. Chase’s
chairman, John J. McCloy, told stockholders that the merger would intensify, not lessen
competition.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Hadley’s partner, John J. McCloy, had been a business partner of both Pawley and
Nelson Rockefeller in World Commerce Corporation to support Chiang Kai-shek.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">McCloy had
served as Under Secretary of War in 1941; High Commissioner to Germany after the war; panel
member on a task force to reorganize military intelligence; President of the World Bank;
Chairman of Chase Manhattan Bank; and director of the Rockefeller Foundation. His ever-
growing credentials would eventually include membership on the Council on Foreign Relations; </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">a disarmament advisor to President John F. Kennedy; panelist on the Warren Commission
charged with investigating the assassination of the president; and a decade later, in 1975, head of
a special group created to investigate Gulf Oil's illegal political contributions to domestic and
foreign political officials.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Following the Doolittle Committee's review of the United Fruit inspired coup against
Arbenz, McCloy became a director of United Fruit, as did former CIA Director General Walter
Bedell Smith, “whose anti-Communism was so zealous that he once called Nelson Rockefeller a
‘Red’ for a lukewarm statement in favor of trade unions.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Despite Hadley’s friendship with Allen Dulles and General Doolittle’s friendship with
the CIA’s man in charge of covert operations, Deputy Director of Plans Frank Wisner, the
panelists were extremely objective, according to Hadley in a phone interview with this author—
coincidentally made from the New York Public Library, where Morris Hadley’s name is etched
in a wall.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">A Choice Anchored in Accounting: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">William Franke was a senior partner in a New York
accounting firm and served as chairman of the board for a number of small East Coast firms that
were involved in such things as cinder blocks, shale products, telephone answering services and
the Carolina, Clinchfield and Ohio Railway.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjIxTvypZfNw1Wqic82gUpHzmW-BtPK8-tT9R1q8GgXQtvSyUxjXf4rRNUgG_w-zKd2MJqgpc2GXjPkOEiC8fkgvY0pHyDDuVAbsoTXNkqVO7XuSmB1vRkhn9aWIV3_bA1xNK88jEGE07gcrcEeRnIHf5nFsBsabIkq49-vO2IC2YA3gg9HrxLh2bGy2Ak" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1537" data-original-width="1191" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjIxTvypZfNw1Wqic82gUpHzmW-BtPK8-tT9R1q8GgXQtvSyUxjXf4rRNUgG_w-zKd2MJqgpc2GXjPkOEiC8fkgvY0pHyDDuVAbsoTXNkqVO7XuSmB1vRkhn9aWIV3_bA1xNK88jEGE07gcrcEeRnIHf5nFsBsabIkq49-vO2IC2YA3gg9HrxLh2bGy2Ak" width="186" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Like Pawley, during 1951 and 1952, Franke was a special assistant to the Secretary of
Defense Robert Lovett. At the time when he was named to the Doolittle Committee, Franke was
assistant Secretary of the Navy in charge of financial management.
</span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In 1959, Ike named Franke as Secretary of the Navy, succeeding Thomas S. Gates.
Franke would hold the position at the time of the initial plannin<br />g of the Bay of Pigs naval </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">invasion. President Kennedy replaced him with a Lyndon Johnson supporter, John B. Connally,
Jr. who was wounded when Kennedy was assassinated.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">After his government service, Franke became chairman of FRAM, which was eventually
sold to Bendix Corporation. Franke served on the Bendix board before retiring to Vermont where
he died in 1979 following gall bladder surgery.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">A Man for All Reasons: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Six years after President Eisenhower asked William Douglas
Pawley to look into the CIA’s covert operations, he testified before a Congressional committee
chaired by Senator James O. Eastland, Mississippi. Pawley gave a recap of his activities during
the Truman and early Eisenhower years. His curricula vitae didn’t include his Flying Tiger
leadership and stopped in 1954, failing to</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">mention his participation on the Doolittle Committee,
which had been reported in </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times in a brief article </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt;">on </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">the work’s secrecy. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley's curricula vitae read:</span></p><p></p>
<p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">1945: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Ambassador to Peru.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">1946-47: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Ambassador to Brazil</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">September 20, 1947 to March 15, 1948</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">: On leave in Miami and Washington.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">March 15, 1948: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Returned to Brazil for 2 weeks, to take leave there having resigned as
Ambassador.<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiA8nWDBXZdbVd2-VSHLsYjh5GLeQFu0BwNGlww3nuO1ZWNYsBPU315zz1rmBpwcJmevoSiP3aRVKWwpHCMgTDddH0Z0qXI_mqf8U-OuwvRVJEAv_j_we7b2S63sjpxVRWpmgCgkNYaxIAi_rXO4bDWZddkyosA5YvwR8cp-QzOPDbHY8j-nNffe3npdxA" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="2532" data-original-width="1953" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiA8nWDBXZdbVd2-VSHLsYjh5GLeQFu0BwNGlww3nuO1ZWNYsBPU315zz1rmBpwcJmevoSiP3aRVKWwpHCMgTDddH0Z0qXI_mqf8U-OuwvRVJEAv_j_we7b2S63sjpxVRWpmgCgkNYaxIAi_rXO4bDWZddkyosA5YvwR8cp-QzOPDbHY8j-nNffe3npdxA=w203-h263" width="203" /></a></span></span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">April 1948: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Bogota Conference.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">May through July 1948: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Washington.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">August, September 1948: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Sailed to Europe for vacation trip, during which visited Spain and
negotiated bases [with Franco]. Returned to Paris where U.N. General Assembly in progress.
Marshall asked me to assist him, but first I returned to Washington, then Miami to settle union
dispute, then flew back to Paris.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">Early 1949, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">as I remember, was spent between Washington, Virginia and Miami.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">September 1949: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Havana to negotiate with union, intervenor and Government re taking over the
trolley company.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">October through December 1949: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Washington, Miami and elsewhere.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">January 1950 through February 1, 1951: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Havana Autobuses Modernos. Removed streetcars,
streetcar tracks, posts and wires from the streets of Havana, permitting beautification of the city.
Korea started in June 1950, and was in Washington in December, when I had talks with Jessup,
Marshall and President Truman re China.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">February 4, 1951: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Miami for [daughter] Annie Hahr’s wedding.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">February 19, 1951: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Entered State Department as special assistant to Acheson.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">June, July 1951: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">India re wheat and monazite (accompanied by my assistant Lansing Collins) –
returned to United States by way of the Far East. Walter McConaughy was in Taiwan.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">August 1951: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Washington.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">September 1951: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Clifton died, I went to Mexico and then Miami and remained there for several
weeks.</span></i></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">November 20, 1951: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Resigned from State to take effect November 30, 1951.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">December 3, 1951: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Entered Defense Department as special assistant to Lovett</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">January 17, 1952: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Sailed on the America to Europe (with Edna, Anita and my assistant Ed
Harris).</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">January through May 4: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Paris. Made two trips back to Washington. One was immediately prior
to the Lisbon NATO conference. Flew to Washington, then to Miami to settle strike, then back to
Washington to board Lovett’s plane for Lisbon. The other trip to Washington was a 2-week trip
for consultation in the Department (Anita and Edna went to Italy).</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">May 1952: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Resign as assistant to Lovett.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">June through September 1952</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">: Farm in Virginia. [Belvoir House]</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">September 1952: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Edna and I to Europe and the Middle East. For several months?</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">1953: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Spent mostly in Miami.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">1954 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">Three separate tours of duty in State Department (April, July and September, I believe).
This was the Guatemala problem.
</span></i></p>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="page" title="Page 11">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;"><i>Nothing official since then (that is no assignments in the Department). Owner, president, and
general manager of the Miami Beach Railway Co., since 1941 and of Miami Transit Co. since
1948. Also owner of South Miami Coach Line and Tropical Coach Line, Inc., and Grayline
Sightseeing Co. of Miami.</i></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: 5pt;">32
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">From May through July of 1954 security checks were once again conducted on Pawley as
he was “under consideration for clearance for Special Intelligence.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The checks continued into
August, in part due to the request for cryptographic clearance for the Doolittle Committee
members.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">34
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the meantime, the White House sent a letter to Lt. Gen. James H. Doolittle, USAFR,
regarding the “Panel of Consultants on Covert Activities of the Central Intelligence Agency.”
Signed by President Eisenhower, the letter outlined the panel’s membership and purpose. In it,
the President indicates that the panelists may look at other agencies of the Government that may
be involved in covert operations. “Mr. S. Paul Johnston has kindly agreed to serve as Executive
Director of the panel.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Ike wanted the panel’s Top-Secret sensitive report to be made personally to him prior to
October 1, 1954 and indicated he would determine if it needed to be disseminated to others. “The
purpose of these studies, both that of the [Congressional] Hoover Task Force and that of your
Group, is to insure that the United States Government develops an appropriate mechanism for
carrying out its over-all intelligence responsibilities and the related covert operations. I consider
these operations are essential to our national security in these days when international
Communism is aggressively pressing its world-wide subversive program.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">35
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Doolittle panel actually met at the CIA headquarters on July 14 prior to the
President’s letter, according to a document declassified in August of 2001. Not attending were S.
Paul Johnston, Director of the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences and Morris Hadley who also </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">had not yet been appointed to the panel. At the first meeting, “the Director the Central
Intelligence and key members of his staff presented the over-all problem from the viewpoint of
the Agency.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">While the intent at the time was not to keep a written record of the hearings, the
declassified document, written as part of the report to President Eisenhower, provides a general
sketch of the Group’s activities which included briefings by the Armed Services, the FBI, the
State Department, the Bureau of the Budget and the Atomic Energy Commission, visiting CIA
stations in Western Europe, and interviewing a list of witnesses.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A daily log declassified in the 21</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">st </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">century provided details of the dates and subjects of
briefings to be given by various members of the intelligence community. Kicking off the
presentations was CIA Director Allen Dulles and his assistants Frank Wisner and future CIA
Director Richard Helms. Numerous names were redacted as were some subjects despite the
passage of nearly half-a-century since the Group conducted its study. Among the first topics
discussed were: “CIA Covert Activities” ... “Planning ‘Cold War’” ... “Planning ‘Hot War’”...
“Foreign Intelligence” ... “Communications Intelligence” and “Psychological & Paramilitary.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">36
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Some of the individuals interviewed were familiar to Pawley from the Guatemalan
coup—Dulles, Wisner, and Holland—while Helms was also associated with the coup in Iran that
installed the new Shah. Others like the FBI’s Papich and Belmont would be among those who
reviewed documents when the agency was conducting background checks on Pawley or his
name surfaced in other matters. James Jesus Angleton was interviewed twice in the summer and
emphasized the need for a focused counterintelligence (CI) unit to counter communism.
Angleton became head of the CIA’s new CI team in December.
</span></p>
</div>
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">One of the Doolittle Committee’s activities was a “Field Trip” to an undisclosed location,
where Doolittle met with Pawley’s longtime friend, Ambassador to Italy, Clare Boothe Luce, in
September of 1954. Curiously, she is not listed among the “Other than CIA” individuals, and the
CIA was actively funding political candidates in Italy, starting in 1948, to disrupt the Communist
party there.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the same week that Luce was scheduled, Doolittle and Coyne met with Bronson
Tweedy, who despite being dyslexic, graduated Princeton University, worked for the highly
respected Benton & Bowles advertising agency before and after serving in the Navy in World
War II, became the CIA chief of station in Vienna in 1953 and then had assignments in London,
Africa and Eastern Europe before retiring in 1973 as deputy to Richard Helms who had risen to
CIA Director.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">37
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In 1960, Bronson Tweedy was “Chief of the Africa Division of the CIA’s clandestine
services” when Deputy Director of Plans “Richard Bissell asked him to explore the feasibility of
assassinating Patrice Lumumba,” the Republic of Congo’s dynamic leader. Poisons were sent to
the Congo but were not used because Lumumba was “killed by his Congolese rivals.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">38
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Following months of other interviews, the Doolittle panel found that the CIA was doing a
“creditable job” but one that could be improved upon. Two days later, Eisenhower gave “CIA
Director Dulles the report on October 22 with instructions to share it with no one and report back
to him regarding the conclusions and recommendations.” Dulles met again with Eisenhower four
days later.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">39
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">While the Committee called “for better coordination between the CIA and the military
and better cooperation between the DDP and the DDA, the report was principally an affirmation
of the need for a clandestine capability.”
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Moreover, the Doolittle Committee's </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Report on the Covert Activities of the Central Intelligence Agency </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">constructed an uncompromising foundation in
its war against communism:
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">"It is now clear that </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">we are facing an implacable enemy whose avowed objective is world
domination by whatever means and at whatever cost. There are no rules in such a game.
Hitherto acceptable norms of human conduct do not apply. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">If the United States is to survive,
longstanding American concepts of “fair play” must be reconsidered. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">We must develop effective
espionage and counter-espionage services and must learn to subvert, sabotage and destroy
our enemies by more clever, more sophisticated and more effective methods than those used
against us. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">It may become necessary that the American people be made acquainted with,
understand and support this fundamentally repugnant philosophy."</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: 5pt;">40 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic;">Bold emphasis added by D.P.
Cannon.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">When I received the Doolittle Report in 1976 under the Freedom of Information Act,
many pages were blacked out hiding its darkest intents in redactions as well as the name of the
implacable enemy which was repeatedly concealed throughout the report. Decades later those
easy-to-guess redactions were declassified: “Soviet Russia.” Despite Pawley’s presence on the
panel, Red China was not mentioned.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">"The acquisition and proper evaluation of adequate and reliable intelligence on the capabilities and
intentions of </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">Soviet Russia </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">is today’s most important military and political requirement. Several
agencies of Government and many thousands of capable and dedicated people are engaged in the
accomplishment of this task. Because the United States is relatively new at the game, and because
we are opposed by a police state enemy whose social discipline and whose security measures
have been built up and maintained at a high level for many years, the usable information we are
obtaining is still far short of our needs.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 11pt;">As long as it remains national policy, another important requirement is </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700;">an aggressive covert
psychological, political and paramilitary organization more effective, more unique and, if
necessary, more ruthless than that employed by the enemy. No one should be permitted to
stand in the way of the prompt, efficient and secure accomplishment of this mission." </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic;">Bold
emphasis added by D.P. Cannon.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Instead of having the singular goal of providing presidents with the finest information
available, the Doolittle Committee recommendation was advocating for an “American Gestapo”
that President’s Roosevelt and Truman and FBI Director Hoover had feared the Office of
Strategic Services was evolving into. President Truman eventually dismantled the OSS and
established a centralized intelligence-gathering organization. But Allen Dulles, who had shared a
love of espionage and dark activities with OSS chief Donovan, soon became the CIA’s
director.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">41
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Prior to the Doolittle recommendation, the CIA had already begun conducting behavior
modification experiments using exotic drugs, electro-shocks, radioactive materials, and
paramilitary methods.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">42 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Agency had a psychological warfare unit to generate support for the
Cold War and had employed it successfully to overthrow governments in Iran and Guatemala.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">43
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">And prior to 1954, Program Branch 7 had been established to carry out the planning of
assassinations, should the need arise.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">44
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Perhaps only those who experienced the horrors of the darkest activities launched by the
Doolittle Committee will ever know how far America strayed from the path of civilized conduct
and its public propaganda images of Care packages, the ship of Hope, and the Peace Corps. It is
unlikely that the truth will ever come from elected and appointed officials. Even after the fall of
the Berlin Wall and the collapse of communism under its own incompetence, the CIA could not
be reined in or even unveiled.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">An editorial in </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">on April 7, 1992, noted that despite announcing a
new openness, CIA Director Robert Gates “has regrettably said nothing about the overall size of
intelligence budgets, past and present. Nor has he revealed the names and functions of aIl the
U.S. intelligence agencies, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">including a few whose very existence is not known to most
members of Congress or the public</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">45 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Bold emphasis added by D.P. Cannon.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The four Doolittle panelists found that “while Allen Dulles had been brilliant as an
operative” when he was stationed in Switzerland in World War II, “as an administrator he was
next to inept,” Morris Hadley told me. He said that Dulles became panicky during the Arbenz
overthrow and sent in a second team without telling them the first team was there, and the first
team was unaware of the second. As a result, both groups were bribing the same people to
conduct opposite efforts and the coup was almost a catastrophe. As late in the operation as June
7, 1954, it was unclear what the U.S. “stop and search” policy was—and the State Department
had to clarify it with the Chief of Naval Operations.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">46
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the half century following the report, General Doolittle repeatedly refused to discuss
the committee’s work.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Panel member William Franke had no comment regarding which member recommended
that the U.S. become “more ruthless” than the enemy. “I’ve done an admirable job of putting it
out of my mind,” Franke told this author. “I have no regrets about serving.” Franke believed he
had been selected to serve by either President Eisenhower, himself, or Sherman Adams.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">47 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Franke
died a-year-and-a-half later from gall bladder surgery complications.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">48
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Franke said that he was Secretary of the Navy at the end of Ike’s term and then “I was
chairman of FRAM until it was sold to Bendix. I love living in Rutland, Vermont now.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">49
</span></p>
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley wrote in his autobiography about his service on the Doolittle Committee. “After
the Communist regime [in Guatemala] had been ousted, we went ahead with an exhaustive
inquiry into the operations of the CIA. We interviewed literally hundreds of witnesses and
examined the most secret aspects of CIA operations. The probe corroborated what I had long
suspected, that, while Allen Dulles was a brilliant intelligence analyst and practitioner, he had
limitations as an executive in charge of one of the largest organizations in the world.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Despite the Doolittle Committee’s critical assessment of the CIA Director, Pawley
eagerly worked with Dulles five years later in plotting to overthrow Castro to protect America
and Pawley’s business interests in Florida and around the Caribbean.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In his July 1, 1975 draft of </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, Pawley concluded, “What we proposed
was not revealed to the public at the time and I have no authority to disclose it even now.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A decade before the “ruthless” recommendation appeared in the Doolittle Report, Pawley
competed against “China aircraft salesman, A.L. ‘Pat’ Patterson ... a Chennault ally” who
“represented the Seversky company.” In an article by Charles Barton about the potentially
enriching competition, Pawley was described as “socially charming, handsome, and ruthless.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">50
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley wrote that his reward for his service was two gratifying letters. One from General
Doolittle stated, “It was a pleasure to work with you Bill and, as I told you before, without your
hard work and sound counsel, our report would have been nowhere as valuable as I feel it is.
This note brings every good wish for the Holiday Season and the New Year. As ever, Jim.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The other letter was from President Eisenhower. “Dear Bill: To the oral expression of
thanks I made previously, I would like to add this note in appreciation of your services as a
member of the Committee which surveyed highly important activities of the Central Intelligence
Agency.” Eisenhower further noted, “The preparation of the report involved considerable
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">demands upon your time and effort, and required exceptional qualities of judgment and
discretion. I thank you earnestly for your contribution to the security of our country. With warm
regards.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">51
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">President Eisenhower continued to seek Pawley’s worldly perspective and advice
although not always agreeing with him. Following a dinner with Ike, Pawley wrote a note on
April 6, 1955 to which Ike responded with a cautionary warning and a clarification. “I think it
would be very unwise to repeat anything publicly that was said at a private dinner. While in this
case I see the logic of your suggestion, still this could lead to the most dangerous of practices and
would eventually eliminate informal personal affairs for any President.” Ike then addressed
Pawley’s misinterpretation of what he had said about Russia and the Pacific War during WWII.
“Actually I think I said I recommended strongly that we not ask the Russians to come into the
Far Eastern War. One of the reasons I gave was that in my opinion it was impossible to keep
them out of that war—another was that they were not needed” because “my staff and I became
convinced that the Japanese were on their last legs.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">President Eisenhower also noted that he wanted to “avoid using the atomic bomb” but
Secretary of War Stimson insisted “it would save hundreds of thousands of American lives.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Ike concluded his letter with fondness similar to that shown by General Marshall towards
Pawley’s wife. “Give my love to Edna.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">52
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In March of 1956, William Douglas Pawley was among the “prominent persons” listed
by </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">who were on the dinner committee for a fundraising event honoring
polar explorer, Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd. The proceeds were earmarked for the
International Rescue Committee (IRC), “a voluntary American private organization founded in
1933 ... to aid escapees from dictatorship terror and oppression.’” At the time, IRC was presided
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">over by Angier Biddle Duke, an heir to a tobacco fortune who had served as Ambassador to El
Salvador under Truman.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">53
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley had much in common with another individual on the dinner committee, General
Thomas Dresser White. Both men had backgrounds in China and Brazil as well as flying and
covert operations. White was well on his way to becoming chief of staff of operations for the
U.S. Air Force in 1957, a position he held until shortly after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion when
he was succeeded by General Curtis LeMay.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">54
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In August 1956, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">magazine reported on the lobbying efforts of The Committee of
One Million Against the Admission of Communist China to the United Nations. The group
wanted to ensure that opposition to elevating the status of Communist China was included as part
of both the Republican and Democrat platforms in the upcoming presidential election. “Signers
of the appeal” included Rep. Walter Judd (R-Minnesota) who would become a major force in
Congress working with the pro-Chiang Nationalist China lobby. A resolution “against the
admittance of Red China to the U.N.” had passed both the House and Senate with a single vote
against it, “reflecting overwhelming U.S. opinion.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">55
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley, as a forbearer of opposition to China, would throw his financial backing of
presidential candidates behind the China hardliners: Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956,
Richard Nixon in 1960 and Senator Barry Goldwater in 1964. Pawley would later lament that the
U.S. began reversing its opposition to the Chinese communists in the 1970s “under, of all people
that arch-foe of communism Richard M. Nixon.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">56
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Doolittle Committee Report was forwarded to President Eisenhower with a cover letter signed September 30, 1954 by Chairman Doolittle, and Special Study Group members Franke, Hadley and Pawley. The group made a formal presentation to President Eisenhower on October 19th. Its recommendations
were approved by President Eisenhower’s Special Assistant, Nelson Rockefeller, who two decades
later, Vice President under President Ford would head the commission to </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">“investigate” the domestic and foreign CIA abuses as a result of the</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"> ruthless covert policies that Rockefeller had approved and
recommended to President Eisenhower.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">57</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">On February 8, 1955, J. Patrick Coyne, wrote a memo detailing the progress of the CIA on implementing the Doolittle Committee recommendations. </span></p><div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';"><div class="page" title="Page 48"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-weight: 700;">Memorandum From the National Security Council Representative on Internal Security (Coyne) to the President’s Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Cutler) and the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council (Lay)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">Washington, February 8, 1955.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">RE CIA–The Doolittle Report on CIA’s Covert Activities</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">Last Friday night [February 4] at the invitation of Allen Dulles, General Doolittle, Bill Franke and I dined with Mr. Dulles and several of his key officials (Messrs. Cabell, Kirkpatrick, Wisner, White, Bissell, Helms, Balmer, Scott, Angleton and Roosevelt). Following the dinner Mr. Dulles and his associates gave us a detailed fill-in on the progress made thus far by CIA in its efforts to implement the recommendations of the Doolittle Report. Highlights of their oral progress report follow.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">1. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">NSCID #5: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">Agreement has been reached between CIA and the military services with respect to the conduct of certain espionage and counterespionage operations overseas. (I think this will mark a very substantial step forward, if it serves to clarify those areas of “agreed activities” which have been the subject of considerable controversy for several years.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">2. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">Operational Security Clearances: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">An agreement has been drawn with respect to the security clearance of agent, service and proprietary personnel which is satisfactory to the DD/P and SO areas of the Agency.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 49"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">3. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">Counterespionage: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">A highly experienced official has been newly installed as the Chief of this area of the DD/P complex and improved procedures are being put into effect.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">4. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">Polygraph Program: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">The backlog of unpolygraphed personnel has been virtually eliminated.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">5. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">Cover Problems: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">Renewed efforts are underway to cope with the very difficult, practical problem of developing varied covers suitable for CIA’s needs on both long-term and short-term bases. Allen Dulles thinks more might be done on this score, including increased use of aliens.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">6. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">Buildings: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">Varied and repeated efforts are being made with little success to improve the present office- housing situation which finds CIA, through no fault of its own, located in 34 buildings in the Washington area.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">7. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">DD/Support: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">All normal functions of the Agency, exclusive of DD/I, DD/P, and IG have been combined under the newly created office of the Deputy Director for Support. By this action, personnel, administration, fiscal, communications and related matters are pulled together under one head. Allen Dulles believes—and I agree—that this should have the effect of rendering more coordinated and better support to the various operational segments of the Agency.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">8. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">Organization of the DD/P Offices: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">Steps have been initiated to streamline the DD/P set-up. Allen Dulles and Wisner are pressing to get this done.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">9. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">Training: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">Continuing efforts are being made to improve the training of personnel. Specific programs have been initiated for this purpose.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">10. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">Projects Review: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">A new Review Committee is about to be set up which will continue the complicated task of examining projects with a view to eliminating those which are less essential so that available resources may be allocated to those of greater importance to the Agency’s mission.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">11. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">Long-Range Planning: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">Continued emphasis is being afforded this matter and expert scientific and other outside personnel (such as Land and Killian) are being tapped to assure maximum results.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">As Mr. Dulles and his assistants briefed us our views were solicited and were quite freely given. I was impressed, but not at all surprised, at the very constructive approach which Allen Dulles and all of his associates have taken to the Doolittle Report. I am convinced that assiduous efforts are being made by the Agency to profit by such of the recommendations contained therein as may be meritorious. The fact that Allen Dulles would take the time to consult members of an extinct committee is as unusual as it is desirable, and it speaks well of Allen Dulles’ continuing efforts to improve the performance of the many important national security responsibilities which devolve upon CIA. (The use of the participants in the Doolittle survey in a continuing, consultative capacity strikes me as being highly desirable in view of the background which they have accumulated concerning the covert operations of CIA. Allen Dulles has in mind consulting with these same people on future occasions.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">I suggest that you give the President a brief oral fill-in on the foregoing when the opportunity presents itself. I suggest also that a word of appreciation from the President to Allen Dulles would be well deserved.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">J. Patrick Coyne [Signature] </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Coyne's) Footnotes:</span></p><p style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(1) “192. Report by the Special Study Group.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d192</span></p><p style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Source: Central Intelligence Agency, Community Management Staff, Job 82–M0311R, Box 1, Folder 23. Top Secret. Regarding the origins of this report, also known as the Doolittle Report, see Documents 184 and 185. It was forwarded to the President under cover of a September 30 letter signed by J. H. Doolittle, Chairman, and members of the Special Study Group William B. Franke, Morris Hadley, and William D. Pawley. The covering letter, the table of contents, and the appendices (B–D) are not printed. Appendix A is a copy of Document 185.</span></p></div></div><div class="section" style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(2) “171. “</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Note From the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council (Lay) to the National Security Council.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NSC 5412 Washington, March 15, 1954. Covert Operations. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations Of The United States, 1950–1955, The Intelligence Community, 1950–1955</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(3) </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">“</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">255. </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">National Security Council Intelligence Directive No. 5 Revised</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">” </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Washington, August 28, 1951. Espionage And Counterespionage Operations. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955,</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="page" style="font-size: 10pt;" title="Page 50"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(4) “Referenced </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">in Foreign Relations, 1945-1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Document </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">433”. National Security Council Intelligence Directive No. 13” Washington, January 18,1950</span></p></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Source: National Archives and Records Administration, RG 59, Records of the Department of </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">State, Records of the Executive Secretariat, NSC Files: Lot 66 D 95, Box 1799—NSCIDs. Top </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Secret. 3 pages of source text not declassified.</span></p></div></div></div></span></div><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: x-small;">CHAPTER FOOTNOTES:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 348</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 343, 344, 345, 346—November 4, 1974; updated July 1, 1975.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">JFK Assassination Archive search of Pawley yielded 602 entries as of March 17, 2004. As of March 7, 2010, the
entries stood at 978. In December 2021 an additional 5 CIA documents were released.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10138-10345 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">~ </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">7/13/1954 Memorandum. “Subjects: William Douglas Pawley.” To: Director Central
Intelligence. From: Sheffield Edwards, Director of Security.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.06.08:02:25:650060 ~ 7/21/1954 “Results of inquiries (on William Pawley) at Federal Agencies.”
Subjects: Pawley, William; Inquiries. To: [None]. From: Farrell, Francis, C/SA in Charge.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.07.31.10:36:05:750034 ~ 7/23/1954 “William Pawley's Clearance for Special Intelligence.” Subjects:
Pawley, William; SI Clearance. To: Chief, Security Division. OS. From: Christensen, David, C/SIS/OGI.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10133-10191 ~ 7/29/1954 Office Memorandum. “Pawley, William D. (connection with the Doolittle
Committee).” Subjects: Pawley, William; Doolittle Committee. To: Chief, Security Division. From: Cunningham,
Robert, C/SSD Spec Sec Div.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10122-10046 ~ 7/29/1954 “Pawley, William, D. – Connection with Doolittle Committee.” To: Chief,
Security Division. From: Cunningham, Robert H., Chief, Special Security Division.<br />
>> D/OS request that investigative info on William Pawley be put in overt file.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10145 ~ 8/9/1954 “Pawley, William D. - #78435 – Meets current requirements of Cryptographic
Clearance.” To: C/Commo Security Division. From: Geiss, E.P., C/Security Division.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.06.08:24:19:460060 ~ 8/17/1954 “List of Individuals scheduled to visit the office of
communications.” To: P M. Bosco, CIA. Subjects: Pawley, Wm D; Doolittle, Lt. From: R.L. Bannerman, CIA.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Trying to Kill Castro,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, June 27, 2007.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Washington Merry-Go-Round.” By Jack Anderson. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Florence Times and Tri-Cities Daily </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Alabama),
January 19, 1971. Page 4.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> On March 13, 1961, Sheffield Edwards’ assistant, Jim O'Connell, met with Robert Maheu and Mafia
figures Johnny Roselli, Santo Trafficante and Sam Giancana at the Fontainebleau Hotel. At the meeting
O'Connell gave poison pills and $10,000 to Rosselli to be used against Fidel Castro. Operation Mongoose
failed to kill Castro.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“A Swashbuckler in Gray Flannel Suit: Arch-Conservative Left His Mark Around the World.” By Jim Buchanan
and Earl DeHart. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Miami Herald</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. January 8, 1977. Page 12-A
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">7/13/1954 Confidential Memorandum. “Subject: Mr. William D. Pawley.” To: S= The Secretary [of State]. From:
ARA [Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State—Mr. [Henry F.] Holland.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 21">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10134-10060 ~ 7/13/1954 “Memo on William Douglas Pawley.” To: Director of Central Intelligence.
From: Sheffield Edwards, Director of Security.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1. Forwarded herewith are the Security Office files concerning the captioned individual.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2. In January 1952, the Subject was approved by this office as a potential source of foreign intelligence
information ... The Subject’s investigative file at State Department was not available for review at that
time.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3. In July 1952, a covert security clearance was requested for Subject’s use under DTROBALO, which
request was then cancelled on 30 December 1952.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">7/14/1955 FBI Memorandum “Subject: re: Pawley.” To: Boardman (distribution to Nichols, Boardman, Belmont).
From: Belmont.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... Investigation did not develop any subversive derogatory information concerning Pawley, and he was
described as being loyal and anti-Communist. Certain individuals did allege that his business practices in
some instances were unethical. It was also alleged that he secured a divorce from his first wife illegally as
he received a divorce in Cuba and was alleged not to be a bona fide resident of Cuba. Subsequent legal
action in the United States between Pawley and his first wife resulted in the divorce being upheld. Pawley
has been Ambassador to Peru and Brazil; Special Assistant to the Secretary of State and Special Assistant
to the Secretary of Defense. He has been cordial to the Bureau and personally opposed withdrawal of FBI
from SIS work ...
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“F. Mark Wyatt, 86, CIA Officer, Is Dead.” By Tim Weiner. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, July 6, 2006.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Overthrow of premier Mossadeqh of Iran.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, June 18, 2000.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> “The Director, on April 4, 1953, approved a budget of $1,000,000 which could be used by the Tehran Station in
any way that would bring about the fall of Mossadegh.” — CIA Document, Part I, Page 3.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Abbas Milani, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Shah </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(St. Martin’s Griffin). Page 44.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Foreign and Military Intelligence, Book IV, Final Report of the Senate
Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, April 23, 1976. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page
52-3.</span></p><p style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“220. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Report By The Task Force On Intelligence Activities of The Commission On Organization Of The Executive Branch Of The Government, Washington, May 1955.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">” Foreign Relations Of The United States, 1950–1955, The Intelligence Community, 1950–1955. Office Of The Historian, United States Department Of State Website.<br /></span></p><p style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> General Mark Clark’s Task Force (headed by Clark and Admiral Richard L. Connolly) under the Hoover Study Group examined the other branches of the CIA and found that an excessive emphasis on covert action over intelligence gathering and analysis was adversely affecting the espionage role.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"></span></p><p style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> One of the non-redacted recommendations was the consolidation of the CIA from 22 buildings to one which resulted in its Langley, Virginia Headquarters building.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Invisible Government </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Vintage Books, February 1974). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“William Pawley” obituary. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">New York Post, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">January 8, 1977.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">World Who’s Who in Commerce and Industry, 1966-67 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Marquis—Who’s Who, Chicago). Page 1015. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Millions for Defense.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Aviation Week</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, January 1, 1934.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Chase J. Nielsen, 90; aviator captured after Doolittle raid.” By Dennis McLellan. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Los Angeles Times</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, March 30,
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2007
</span></p></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Two men were killed after ditching their planes off the coast of China, but Chase Nielsen became separated </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">from them, was found on shore by a Chinese guerilla, then captured by Japanese forces, was held as a POW </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">with five other raiders, and yet survived to live to be 90.</span></span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 22">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Robert Stoddard dies at 78, A Founder of John Birch Society.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, December 16, 1984.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Stoddard was also a director of Raytheon, International Paper Company, First National Bank of Boston, and other
companies. Both Stoddard and Welch were directors of the then powerful industrial lobbying group, the National
Association of Manufacturers which, in the 1980s, ironically embraced the concept of American manufacturing in
China to increase greater profits for companies. Their NAM directorships sent a chilling message to other N.A.M.
members and employees including my own father, an NAM environmental lobbyist, who feared being tainted by association to
anything remotely liberal.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“David Koch, Billionaire Who Fueled Right-Wing Movement, Dies at 79.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">August 23, 2019.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Fred Koch made millions in the 1920s and ’30s by inventing a process to extract more gasoline from crude
oil and by building refineries in the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany and elsewhere in Europe and the Middle
East. Fiercely anti-Communist, he co-founded the right-wing John Birch Society and created the Wichita
company that became Koch Industries.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">After Fred Koch’s death in 1967, his sons inherited significant stakes in the company. Charles became
chairman, chief executive and the strategist behind its expansion into chemicals, pipelines and consumer
goods, eventually making Koch Industries the nation’s second-largest private conglomerate, with interests in
60 countries, more than 100,000 employees and annual revenue of more than $100 billion.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">World Who’s Who in Commerce and Industry, 1966-67</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 1015.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Morris Hadley biography.” Milbank law firm website biography of Name Partners as of 2010. A new website no
longer contains the detailed biography of the early founders.
http://www.milbank.com/en/AboutUsHistory/AboutUs_Partners.htm
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“The Steady Hand.” <i>Time</i>, June 11, 1951.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
>> Regarding “Yale’s Grand Old Man,” economist Arthur Twining Hadley, class of '76, a colleague stated, “He
thinks in Hebrew; reasons in Latin, spins you a joke in Greek.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Leila Hadley, Who Traveled the World and Then Wrote About It, Dies at 83.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 15,
2009.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> She had been briefly married to Arthur T. Hadley II. “After quitting her job as the publicity director for ‘The
Howdy Doody Show’ in 1951, she took her 6-year-old son, Arthur T. Hadley III, on a two-year round-the-world
trip, traveling from Singapore to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and from Beirut to Malta onboard a schooner being sailed
by four young American men, one of whom became her second husband.” Her child-rearing reputation “came under
a cloud when her daughter Caroline Nicholson” and granddaughter, “Faith, filed a lawsuit against her in 2003. The
suit claimed damages for what the two said was sexual abuse during the 1970s, when Mrs. Hadley was having an
affair with Henry Luce III, the oldest son of the founder of </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">magazine, whom she married in 1990. (He died in
2005.)”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“David Koch, Billionaire Who Fueled Right-Wing Movement, Dies at 79.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, August 23, 2019.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">John J. McCloy, Nathan W. Pearson, Beverley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Great Gulf Oil Spill </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(New York: Chelsea House Publishers,
1976).<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> The biography of McCloy in this Gulf Oil book fails to list his service to America as a member of the Warren
Commission.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 23">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Mrs. Hadley, Widow of Yale President; Also Daughter of Luzon Morris; Ex-Governor of Connecticut.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New
York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, April 1939. Page 19.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Youngest Major in U.S. Army to Wed; Morris Hadley, 23. Son of Yale’s President, Engaged to Katherine C.
Blodgett.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 2, 1918
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Miss Blodgett Wed to Morris Hadley, Son of Yale’s President at Her Summer Home at Pride’s Crossing, Mass.”
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, July 13, 1919.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Blodgett, John W. and Minnie Cumnock, Estate; 250 Plymouth Road, SE, East Grand Rapids—Kent County.”
The Official State of Michigan website. http://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/hso/sites/7858.htm
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Lawyer New Head of Library Board; Morris Hadley Is Elected as President to Succeed the Late Frank L. Polk.
Became Trustee in 1938, Major in First World War and Graduate of Harvard Law Sets 'Best Service' as Goal.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The
New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, May 13, 1943. Page 18.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Root, Eli.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> When Hadley became a trustee, he was appointed along with Dr. Henry James and Elihu Root, Jr., a lawyer and
accomplished painter whose father had been Secretary of War under President McKinley (1899-1904) and became
president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1910-1925). The Roots were distant cousins of Henry
Luce, whose </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">magazine covered them 215 times.
http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000430
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“$400,000 Gift Made to Vassar.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">May 24, 1951. Page 37</span><br /></p></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mrs. Hadley is president and Mr. Hadley is treasurer of the Rubicon Foundation ... formed in 1947.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“U.S. Inquiry Begun Into TWA Crash; Witness Saw Jet Pitch Up and Rock Wings Before Plunging Off Greece
Inquiry into Sabotage Speculation on Engine 12,000 Feet Down Americans on Plane.” By Richard Witkin. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New
York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, September 10, 1974. Page 14.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Dwight D. Eisenhower. Secret To James Harold Doolittle, 26 July 1954.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Papers of Dwight David
Eisenhower</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, ed. L. Galambos and D. van Ee, doc. 993. (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.)
The Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission.
http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/presidential-papers/first-term/documents/993.cfm
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“McCloy Denies Monopoly Trend in Merger of Chase, Manhattan.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, January 26, 1955. Page
33.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Frederic W. Ecker of New York Life was also elected to the board. He and Hadley “succeeded Leroy A. Lincoln,
chairman of Met Life, and Jeremiah Milbank.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Bruce Cumings, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Origins of the Korean War Volume II</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 509-11
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Morris Hadley biography.” No longer at the law firm’s website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Warren Commission Report.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">John J. McCloy, Nathan W. Pearson, Beverley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Great Gulf Oil Spill</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">McCloy died March 11, 1989, just shy of his 94</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">birthday. General Walter Bedell Smith died August 9, 1961 at age
65.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">United Fruit Company Annual Report</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, 1955, 1956, 1957 and 1958.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 24">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">.
(Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1983). Page 141.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Phone interview with Morris Hadley by David Cannon on March 5, 1976.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> His secretary at Milbank Tweed Hadley & McCloy provided the home phone number after saying he was not in
the office.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Ex-Gov. John Connally, Wounded in JFK Slaying.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Chicago Tribune, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">June 16, 1993.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Ex-Navy Secretary William B. Franke, Advocate of Modern Defense System,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, July 2, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">1979.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“W.B. Franke; Ex-Navy Secretary; Officer of Several Companies.” By George Goodman. Jr., July 2, 1979. Page
B11.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“W. Michael Blumenthal.” Bookrags website.<br />
http://www.bookrags.com/W.Michael_Blumenthal.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Bendix Corporation was the company from which President Carter’s Secretary of the Treasury, Michael
Blumenthal, came.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Executive session testimony of William D. Pawley September 2 and 8, 1960.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Committee of the Judiciary’s
Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws, Report
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(December 20, 1960). Pages 712 and 755.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“'A Creditable Job’ is Verdict on CIA; Doolittle Survey, However, Tells President of Areas That Need
Improvement.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, October 20, 1954. Page 16
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.06.08:02:25:650060 ~ 7/21/1954 Form. “Subject: W.D.P. EE-7144-A.” To: Personnel Security
Branch, S.O. From: Francis M. Farrell, FBI, Special Agent in Charge.
</span></p>
</div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;">NARA 1993.08.06.08:04:45:560060 ~ 7/23/1954 CIA Memorandum. “Subject: Pawley, William.” From: David H.
Christensen, Chief, Special Intelligence Security Staff, OCI. To: Chief, Security Division, SO.</span></div><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">34 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10140 ~ 7/29/1954 Office Memorandum “William Pawley’s Connection with the Doolittle Committee. To: Chief, Special Security Division. From: Chief of Special Security Division, Robert H. Cunningham.</span></p></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Inasmuch as the Office of the Director of Central Intelligence indicated the Subject’s connection with
the Doolittle Committee, the Director of Security has requested the bulk of the investigative material
regarding the subject be placed in an overt file. Such material is forwarded herewith.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The office of the Director of Central Intelligence has also advised that the Federal Bureau of
Investigation recently completed an investigation of the Subject...This Division also previously </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">checked HCUA [House Committee on Un-American Activities] records in November 1952 regarding </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">the Subject with negative results.</span></p></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It is noted that a security clearance was requested in July 1952 for Subject’s use in a covert capacity, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">which request was latter cancelled. It is requested that the fact of previous consideration of the Subject
for a covert use be not disseminated outside the Security Office without the prior concurrence of this
Division.</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It is also noted that the attached report, dated 4 March 1953 and consisting of a review of Treasury
Department files, was obtained through use of cover credentials. Consequently for the protection of our
cover facilities, it is requested that the above mentioned report not be released to other government
agencies.
</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10121 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">~ </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">8/9/1954 “William Pawley’s Cryptographic Clearance.” To: Chief, Communications
Security Division. From: E. P. Geiss, Chief, Security Division. Subject Pawley, William D. #78435.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In reply to your memorandum, this is to advise that Subject meets the current requirements for
Cryptographic clearance and that there is no objection to such clearance.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.06.08:20:50:560060 ~ 8/</span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">17/</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1954 “Clearances—Special Study Group.” To: Chief, Security
Division/SO, CIA. From: Peter M. Bosco, Chief Security Division.
</span></p>
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The Special Study Group is tentatively scheduled to visit the Office of Communications on or about 19
August 1954. The following members of the group are expected to be present:
</span></p>
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-latin;">
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Lt. Gen. James H. Doolittle
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. William D. Pawley
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. William Birrell Franke
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. S. Paul Johnston
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. J. Patrick Coyne
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Morris Hadley
</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">During the visit it is planned to have the group inspect certain cryptographic areas while normal
cryptographic operations are being conducted, although no detailed discussion of cryptographic
systems or procedures is anticipated. Since CIA cryptographic clearances may be issued only to
Agency employees it is not desired to issue clearances to members of the group; however, their
exposure to cryptographic operations is authorized by the Assistant Director for Communications
provided that the Security Office concurs and that it is established that the individuals meet the security
standards for cryptographic clearance.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It is requested that you advise by memorandum of your concurrence that you include confirmation that
all members of the group named above meet necessary security standards for cryptographic clearance.
</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10122-10036 ~ 8/17/1954 “Pawley, William D.—Meets Security Clearance.” To: Assistant Director of
Communications, Attn: Peter M. Bosco, Acting Director of Security. Subjects: OS Visit, Crypt Clearance, Pawley
William. From: R.L. Bannerman.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Doolittle, Lt. Gen. James H. </span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, William D.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Franke, William Birrell </span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Johnston, S. Paul
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Coyne, J. Patrick </span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Hadley, Morris
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Reference is made to your memorandum of 17 August 1954, advising us that the above listed individuals
are scheduled to visit the Office of Communications on or about 19 August1954 and requesting that you be
advised of security concurrence with respect to allowing the above group to inspect certain cryptographic
areas.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">This is to advise that all members of the group identified above meet the security standards for
cryptographic clearance and that there is no security objection to their exposure to cryptographic
operations. All members of the group have been granted Agency TOP SECRET Clearances.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>
<div class="page" title="Page 26">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.07.31.09:19:39:900034 ~ 8/30/1954 “List of Names (Including Pawley) to be Filed in Subject Files.”
From: Chief, Personnel Security Branch, W.A. Osborne.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Doolittle, James H. Lt. Con’l. </span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Coyne, J. Patrick</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Hadley, Morris</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Johnston, S. Paul
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Franke, William Birrell </span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, William Douglas
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The attached mimeographed releases were received by the Security Office and were referred to the Director
of Security who indicated they were to be filed in the files of the subject persons.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.05.14:01:12:340052 ~ 8/30/1954 “Withheld. Mimeographed attachment. Filed in Subject Files.”
From: Chief, Personnel Security Branch, W.A. Osborne.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Confidential
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley was born in Florence, South Carolina, in 1896. From 1927 to 1933 he was President of
Compania Nacional Cubana de Aviacion, Havana, Cuba. He became President of the China National
Aviation Corporation in 1933, and in 1934 organized and became the President of Central Aircraft
Manufacturing Co., which pioneered in the field of aircraft construction in China.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Later he became President of Hindustan Aircraft, Ltd., with headquarters in Bangalore, India. He
organized, recruited and maintained the American Volunteer Group (Flying Tigers) for the Chinese Air
Force.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In 1945 he was appointed Ambassador to Peru, and in 1946 became Ambassador to Brazil. His home is at
2555 Lake Avenue, Sunset Island #2, Miami Beach, and he maintains offices at 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New
York City.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Interim Top Secret clearance was granted Subject [Pawley] by the White House on 16 July 1954 on the
basis of material already in the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, pending the results of full FBI
investigation. Cryptographic and Special Intelligence clearances have been granted.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10133-10185 ~ 8/</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">31/1954 CIA File “Subject: Pawley, William Douglas - #78435.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
NARA 104-10122-10035 ~ </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Undated [longer Version] </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">CIA “File. Subject: Pawley, William Douglas - #78435.”
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The file of the Subject person reveals the following information: </span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">STATUS
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Subject is a member of the Doolittle Committee. Interim Top Secret clearance was granted Subject by the
White House on 16 July 1954 on the basis of material already in the files of the federal Bureau of
Investigation, pending the results of full FBI investigation. Cryptographic and Special Intelligence
clearances have been granted.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">BACKGROUND
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Subject is fifty-eight years of age, married and native born. Subject completed his formal education at the
Gordon Military Academy in 1917 and during the next eleven years, engaged in various speculative and </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">promotional business schemes. In the late 1920s, Subject became interested in aviation and since that time,
has participated in the development of that industry in Cuba, China and india where he has been organizer
and president of aircraft firms. During World War II, Subject assisted in the formation of the American
Volunteer Group (Flying Tigers) for the Chinese Air Force. Since 1954, Subject, in addition to his many
business operations has been active in the Federal Service. In 1945, he was Ambassador to Peru and from
1946 to 1948, held the same post in Brazil. In 1948, he also served as Special Adviser to the Secretary of
State at the United Nations General Assembly in Paris and during 1951, he was Special Assistant to the
Secretary of State with the personal rank of Ambassador. He resigned from the above position in
November, 1951 to become Special Representative to the Secretarry of Defense. Subject presently is the
Chairman of the Board of the Intercontinent Corporation.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">OTHER PERTINENT INFORMATION
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Investigation was conducted in accordance with current prescribed procedures, National Agency check at
HCUA was negative and at ONI, G-2 and Treasury revealed substantially the same information.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In 1945, the Department of Treasury initiated investigation of Subject in connection with his consideration
for government position. During course of the investigation, information was developed indicating possible
income tax evasion by Subject. Extended investigation by several investigative bodies of the Treasury
Department and by CID of the U.S. Army in China-Burma-India theater disclosed considerable information
reflecting upon Subject’s business reputation and ethics, including the opinion of General Claire Chennault
who over a long period of years had been at odds with Subject. Chennault felt that, on the basis of past
association with Subject, latter should not be given an important diplomatic post, since personal gain, to
him, might be of paramount importance.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Regarding the income tax evasion issue, the Treasury Department determined that Subject had not violated
the law, upholding his claim that, as a non-resident citizen, certain income could be excluded from taxation.
It was this excluded income which served as the basis for the investigation.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In March, 1952, an investigation of Subject was conducted by CIC with regard to his being cleared for
“Top Secret” information with Office of the Secretary of Defense. Three informants, consisting of two
business executives and an Army officer, spoke highly of Subject. National Agency checks developed no
pertinent information and nothing of a derogatory nature was developed.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">35 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">7/26/1954 Letter “Re: Panel of Consultants on Covert Activities of the Central Intelligence Agency.” To: Lt. Gen.
James H. Doolittle, USAFR.From: The White House, Washington.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Dear General Doolittle:
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I have requested you, and you have agreed, to act as Chairman of a panel of consultants to conduct a study
of the covert activities of the Central Intelligence Agency. With your concurrence I have invited Messrs.
William B. Franke, Morris Hadley, and William Pawley to act with you as members of the panel. Mr. S.
Paul Johnston has kindly agreed to serve as Executive Director of the panel.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It is my desire that the Panel of Consultants should undertake a comprehensive study of the covert activities
of the Central Intelligence Agency, in particular those carried out under the terms of NSCID #5 of August
28, 1951, and NSC 5412 of March 15, 1954. You will consider the personnel factors, the security, the
adequacy, the efficacy and the relative costs of these operations and, as far as possible, equate the cost of
over-all efforts to the results achieved. You will make any recommendations calculated to improve the
conduct of these operations. To the extent that agencies of the Government other than the Central
Intelligence Agency, are engaged in covert operations which may parallel, duplicate, or supplement the
operations of CIA, you may investigate such other operations conducted by any other department or agency
of the Government in order to insure, insofar as practicable, that the field of foreign clandestine operations
is adequately covered and that there is no unnecessary duplication of efforts or expense.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In view of the particularly sensitive nature of these covert operations, their relation to the conduct of
foreign policy, and the fact that these sensitive operations are carried on pursuant to National Security
Council action approved by me, I desire that your report be made to me personally and classified TOP
SECRET. I will determine whether or not the report or any part thereof should have further dissemination. I
should appreciate it if your report could be made available to me prior to October 1, 1954.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">As you know, the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of Government, generally known
as the Hoover Commission, is constituting a Task Force to study and make recommendations with respect
to the organization and methods of operations of the CIA. General Mark W. Clark has been designated by
Mr. Hoover to head this Task Force, which, I understand, will probably be organized and start its work
sometime in September next. Under the law constituting the Hoover Commission, the Task Force shall
study and investigate the present organization and methods of the Agency to determine what changes
therein are necessary to accomplish the policy of Congress to promote economy, efficiency, and improved
service by:
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">recommending methods and procedures for reducing expenditures to the lowest amount consistent with
the efficient performance of essential services, activities and functions;</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">eliminating duplication and overlapping of services, activities and functions;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">consolidating services, activities, and functions of a similar nature;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">abolishing services, activities, and functions not necessary to the efficient conduct of Government;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">eliminating nonessential services, functions, and activities which are competitive with private</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">enterprise;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">defining responsibilities of officials; and</span></li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">relocating agencies now responsible directly to the President in departments or other agencies.</span></li></ul></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">As the work of the Hoover Task Force will get under way shortly, I suggest that you and General Clark
confer in order to avoid any unnecessary duplication of work as between you. The distinction between the
work of your Study Group and of the Hoover Task Force is this:
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">You will deal with the covert activities of the CIA as indicated in paragraph (2) above, and your
report will be submitted to me. General Clark’s Task Force will deal largely with the organization
and methods of operation of the CIA and other related agencies within limits prescribed in the law
as outlined in paragraph (4) above. Reports of the Hoover Commission are made to the Congress.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The purpose of these studies, both that of the Hoover Task Force and that of your Group, is to insure that
the United States Government develops an appropriate mechanism for carrying out its over-all intelligence
responsibilities and the related covert operations. I consider these operations are essential to our national
security in these days when international Communism is aggressively pressing its world-wide subversive
program.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Sincerely,</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
/S/ Dwight D. Eisenhower
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">36 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Doolittle Panel of Consultants on Covert Activities of the Central Intelligence Agency, Programs and
Procedures.” [Appendix and Daily Log - Declassified 8/20/2001]</span></p></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjCLePzkmjagiP1XTCSNr3xNSY37nlZtoDULigXuo1z4ACBGvdp2v-VCXCym7sHVPH6Y0AHlMGh6gY7Kvu0AUjDaKlPS-XjiOUT8xmAz552p_wLXurS1CirYQ8y-UF-94oE0ax0iiKPuJqOjRg-lcugie4gRQS5mnZIGgId0J7ZJ1ZmES0IL5U5vlkXMpY" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="2563" data-original-width="1954" height="467" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjCLePzkmjagiP1XTCSNr3xNSY37nlZtoDULigXuo1z4ACBGvdp2v-VCXCym7sHVPH6Y0AHlMGh6gY7Kvu0AUjDaKlPS-XjiOUT8xmAz552p_wLXurS1CirYQ8y-UF-94oE0ax0iiKPuJqOjRg-lcugie4gRQS5mnZIGgId0J7ZJ1ZmES0IL5U5vlkXMpY=w356-h467" width="356" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Abbott, W. B. USN / </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Acker, F.C., Capt. USN / Armstrong, W. Park, Jr. State / Ayer, Frederick USAF / Baker, James Harvard / Belmont, A. H. FBI / Canine, Ralph J. Lt. Gen., USA NSA / Chandler, Fitzhugh, Col. USA / Cutler, Robert NSC / Drain, D. T. Cdr. USN / Drake, Thomas R., LCdr. USN / Espe, Carl F. Rear Adm. USN / Friedman, William F. NSA / Gibbs, Jack A., Col. USAF / Godel, William H. OSD / Gregg, G.W., Col. USAF / Hamilton, Lyman C. Budget / Harrold, F. J., Jr. Lt. Col. USAF / Harvey, Mose State / Hedden, Stuart Consultant / Holland, Henry F. State / Holtwick, J. S., Capt., USN NSA / Howe, Fisher State / Hulick, Charles State / Jernegan, John D. State / Jones, S. E., Capt. USN / Jones, J. Wesley State / Junghans, Earl A., Capt. USN / Koons, Tilghman B. NSC / </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Lay, James S., Jr. NSC / Lerette, Earl L. Col. USA / Lindbeck, J.A., Cdr. USN / Lydman, Jack State / McClure, Robert A., Brig. Gen., USA MAAG / McConaughy, Walter State / McFarlane, R.N., Capt. USN / Macy, Robert M. Budget / Matlack, Mrs. Dorothy USA / Montgomery, J. H., Jr. Col. USA / Mooney, J. T., Cdr. USN / Moore, H. G., Capt. USN / Murphy, Robert State / Nash, D. Capt. USN / Papich, Sam FBI / </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Perez, Ramon N., Cdr. USN / Reeder, H. G., Col. USAF / Samford, John A., Maj. Gen. USAF / Sammon, Richard State / Setchell, J. F. Col. USN / Siegmund, T. C., Cdr. USN / Spore, B. W., Cdr. USN / Stevens, Leslie C., Vice Adm., USN (Ret) Consultant / </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Stuart, C. J., Capt. USN / Sullivan, J. B. LCdr. USN / Thurston, Raymond State / Trudeau, Arthur G. Maj. Gen. USA / Weinbrenner, G. R. Col. USAF / Welden, Frank, Cdr. USN / Wiggin, Bruce E., Capt. USN /Young, Kenneth T. State</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 32"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Among those interviewed are:
</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc; text-align: left;">
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Lieutenant General Ralph J. Canine who had been a director of the Army Forces Security Agency became
the National Security Agency’s first director and from 1952 to 1956 centralized cryptology among the
Armed Services and developed the plan to move NSA to Fort Meade from Arlington Hall and Naval
Security Station. Fort Meade opened in 1963, after he was gone from NSA but six years before he died.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">James Lay was appointed as Executive Secretary in 1949 of the National Security Council which was
placed in the Executive Office of the President that year. He served in that position until 1961, then as
Deputy Assistant to the Director of Central Intelligence, 1961-1964, and the executive secretary of the
Intelligence Board through 1971. James S. Lay Jr., died in 1987.The President chairs the NSC which
regularly includes the Vice President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of
Defense, and the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
of Staff served as the military advisor to the NSC, and the Director of Central Intelligence as the
intelligence advisor.
</span></p>
</li>
<li><p style="display: inline !important; font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Major General Robert Alexis McClure “most important legacy may have been the establishment of the
Psychological Warfare Center. From its humble beginning, that institution grew, becoming the Special
Warfare Center in 1956 and later evolving into the U.S. Army Special Warfare Center and School,”
according to Dr. Alfred H. Paddock Jr.
</span></p></li></ul><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Major General Robert Alexis McClure, Forgotten Father Of US Army Special Warfare.” By Colonel Alfred H.
Paddock, Jr. (USA Retired). http://www.Psywarrior.Com/Mcclure.html
</span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">37 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Obituary, Bronson Tweedy, CIA Agent.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, October 9, 2004.
</span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">38 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, An Interim Report of the Select Committee to Study
Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate, November 20, 1975. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 4
& 13-70.
</span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">39 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Dwight D. Eisenhower. Secret To James Harold Doolittle, 26 July 1954.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Papers of Dwight David
Eisenhower</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, ed. L. Galambos and D. van Ee, doc. 993. (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.)
The Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission.
http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/presidential-papers/first-term/documents/993.cfm
</span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“'A Creditable Job' Is Verdict On C.I.A.; Doolittle Survey, However, Tells President of Areas That Need Improvement.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, October 20, 1954.</span></span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">40 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Church Committee: Book IV—Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Foreign and Military Intelligence Current
Section: D. Congressional Review</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 53-54
</span></p></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 32"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The prose was chilling:
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 32"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It is now clear that we are facing an implacable enemy whose avowed objective is world domination by
whatever means and at whatever cost. There are no rules in such a game. Hitherto acceptable norms of </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">human conduct do not apply. If the United States is to survive, longstanding American concepts of “fair play” must be reconsidered. We must develop effective espionage and counter-espionage services and must learn to subvert, sabotage and destroy our enemies by more clever, more sophisticated and more effective methods than those used against us. It may become necessary that the American people be made acquainted with, understand and support this fundamentally repugnant philosophy.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 33"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">41 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">‘Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA.” By Tim Weiner. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, July 22, 2007.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">42 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign and Military Intelligence. Book I, Final Report of the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities April 26, 1976. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 385-422.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“CIA Seeks Documents From Its Radiation Tests.” Tim Weiner, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">January 5, 1994.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“CIA Turns Up No Radiation Testing,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">January 24, 1994.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">43 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">E. Howard Hunt, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Under-Cover: Memoirs of an American Secret Agent </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(New York: Berkley Publishing
Corporation, Putnam Distributing, 1974). Page 66.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Invisible Government </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(New York: Vintage Books, A Division of Random
House, February 1974). Pages 110-114 & 175-183.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">44 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Foreign and Military Intelligence, Book W, Final Report of the Senate
Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities, April 23, 1976 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 128.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">45 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Editorial, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">April 7, 1992.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">46 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Phone interview with Morris Hadley by David Price Cannon and Jack Haynes, March 5, 1976.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page
162.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">47 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Phone interview with William Franke, Rutland, Vermont, by David Price Cannon from New York Public Library phone
booth, November 18, 1977.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">48 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Ex-Navy Secretary William B. Franke, Advocate of Modern Defense System,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, July 2,
1979.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">49 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Phone interview with William Franke, Rutland, Vermont, by David Cannon from New York Public Library phone
booth, November 18, 1977.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">50 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Bill Pawley and the Flying Tigers.” By Daniel Ford, The Warbirds Forum website.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 33"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">"Pawley was socially charming, handsome, and ruthless," wrote Charles Barton in an article about another
China aircraft salesman, A. L. "Pat" Patterson (Air Classics, September 1999). Patterson was a Chennault
ally, which was probably the basis of the enmity between Chennault and Pawley. Patterson represented the
Seversky company, whose P-35 fighter Chennault had favored in the 1935 fly-off to determine which plane
would become the U.S. Army's first monoplane fighter; Pawley represented Curtiss, whose P-36 would
eventually win the competition.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 33"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">51 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 343, 344, 345 & 346.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">52 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">4/9/1955 Personal and Confidential Letter. To: The Honorable William D. Pawley (“Dear Bill”) from President </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Eisenhower. Two pages.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">53 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Dinner to Honor Richard E. Byrd, Polar Explorer to be Feted April 3 by International Rescue Committee,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The
New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, March 19, 1956
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 34">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">54 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“General Thomas Dresser White.” Library, Biographies, Air Force Link, Official Website of the United States Air
Force.<br />
http://www.af.mil/bios/bio.asp?bioID=7576
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 34"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">General Thomas Dresser White, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Retired June 30, 1961. Died Dec. 22, 1965.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 34"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">General Thomas Dresser White is the fourth chief of staff of the U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 34"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The general was born in Walker, Minn., in 1902. Upon graduation from the U.S. Military Academy July 2, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">1920, he was commissioned a second lieutenant of Infantry and immediately promoted to first lieutenant.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 34"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Entering the Infantry School at Fort Benning, Ga., General White graduated in July 1921, and was assigned </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">duty with the 14th Infantry at Fort Davis, Panama Canal Zone.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 34"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In September 1924, he entered Primary Flying School at Brooks Field, Texas. He graduated from </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Advanced Flying School at Kelly Field, Texas, in September 1925, and was assigned duty with the 99th </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Observation Squadron at Bolling Field, Washington, D.C.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 34"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In June 1927, General White was assigned to duty as a student of the Chinese language in Peking, China. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Four years later, he returned to the United States for duty at Headquarters Air Corps, Washington, D.C.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 34"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">General White was named assistant military attache for air to Russia in February 1934. A year later, he was </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">appointed assistant military attache for air to Italy and Greece, with station at Rome, Italy.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 34"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">General White graduated from the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field, Ala., in May 1938. He then </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">entered Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kan. Upon completion of this training, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">he was assigned to the Office of the Chief of Air Corps, Washington, D.C.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 34"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In April 1940, General White became military attache to Brazil and the following August was named chief </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">of the U.S. Military Air Mission to Brazil.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 34"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Returning to the United States in March 1942, General White was appointed assistant chief of staff for </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">operations of the Third Air Force at Tampa, Fla., and subsequently named chief of staff.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 34"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Reassigned to Air Force Headquarters in January 1944, he became assistant chief of air staff for </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">intelligence.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 34"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Proceeding to the Southwest Pacific in September 1944, General White assumed duty as the deputy </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">commander of the 13th Air Force, taking part in the New Guinea, Southern Philippines and Borneo </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">campaigns. The following June, he assumed command of the Seventh Air Force in the Marianas and </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">immediately moved with it to Okinawa. In January 1946, he returned with the Seventh Air Force to Hawaii. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">That October, he was appointed chief of staff of the Pacific Air Command in Tokyo, Japan. One year later, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">in October 1947, General White took command of the Fifth Air Force in Japan.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 34"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Transferred to the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force in October 1948, General White became director </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">of the Legislation and Liaison. He was appointed, in May 1950, Air Force Member of the Joint Strategic </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Survey Committee in the Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was assigned as director of Plans, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Headquarters U.S. Air Force, in February 1951, and in July 1951, assumed duties of deputy chief of staff of </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">operations for the Air Force.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 34"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">General White was promoted to the rank of general June 30, 1953, and designated vice chief of staff at that </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">time, becoming chief of staff for the U.S. Air Force July 1, 1957. He retired June 30, 1961.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 35"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">His decorations include the Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster and Air </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Medal with oak leaf cluster.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>
<div class="page" title="Page 35">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> White favored the XB70 bomber that President Kennedy cut funding to in 1960.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“History of Minuteman Missile Sites.” National Park Service,
http://www.nps.gov/archive/mimi/history/srs/history.htm<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">>> General White was also involved in the development of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The Joint Chiefs of Staff during the Bay of Pigs planning included General Lyman Lemnitzer, Admiral Arleigh
Burke, Chief of Naval Operations; General Thomas D. White, Chief of Staff of the Air Force; General George H.
Decker, Army Chief of Staff; and General David M. Shoup, Commandant of the Marine Corps. Burke signed papers
in the absence of Lemnitzer.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Eugene M. Zuckert.” Biographies. Air Force website.
https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/105407/eugene-m-zuckert/
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 35"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(10.980390%, 13.725490%, 27.843140%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">EUGENE M. ZUCKERT
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 35"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(43.921570%, 43.921570%, 43.921570%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;">Served as Air Force secretary from Jan. 23, 1961 to Sept. 30, 1965.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 35"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(43.921570%, 43.921570%, 43.921570%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Eugene M. Zuckert was the seventh secretary of the Air Force.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 35"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(43.921570%, 43.921570%, 43.921570%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">He was born in New York City in 1911. He attended public elementary and high schools of suburban New
York, received preparatory education at the Salisbury School, Salisbury, Conn. and obtained his bachelor
of arts degree from Yale University in 1933; and received a bachelor of laws degree from Yale with a
certificate for completion of the combined law-business course at Harvard and Yale in 1937. At Yale he
was a member of Beta Theta Pi Fraternity.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 35"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(43.921570%, 43.921570%, 43.921570%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">From 1937 to 1940, Zuckert was attorney for the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission at Washington
and New York. From 1940 to 1944, he was instructor in relations of government and business at the
Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, advancing to assistant professor and later to assistant
dean of the school. During this period, he also served as administrative head of the first advanced
management course ever given at the Harvard Graduate School. In addition, while a member of the
Harvard faculty, Zuckert served as a special consultant to the commanding general of the Army Air Forces
in developing statistical controls. He was an instructor in the Army Air Forces Statistical Control School at
Harvard, which trained more than 3,000 Air Force officers, and he served at various Army Air Force bases
in the United States on special assignments for the commanding general, AAF.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 35"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(43.921570%, 43.921570%, 43.921570%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In 1944, Zuckert entered the U.S. Navy on military duty and served in the Office of the Chief of Naval
Operations as a lieutenant (junior grade). He was assigned to the Navy's inventory control program and was
released from service in September 1945, to become executive assistant to the administrator of the Surplus
Property Administration, Stuart Symington.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 35"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(43.921570%, 43.921570%, 43.921570%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Following Symington's appointment as assistant secretary of war for air on Jan. 31, 1946, Zuckert became
his special assistant. When the National Security Act of 1947 became operative in September 1947, the Air
Force became co-equal with the Army and Navy in the national military establishment. Symington was
appointed the first Secretary of the Air Force, and Zuckert, on Sept. 26, 1947, took the oath as assistant
secretary of the Air Force.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 35"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(43.921570%, 43.921570%, 43.921570%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">As assistant secretary of the Air Force (management), Zuckert assumed responsibility for the business
management of the department. He instituted a program of "Management Control Through Cost Control"
with a primary mission of placing the U.S. Air Force on a business-like basis using accepted industrial
practices as a yardstick for establishing Air Force procedures. He participated for the Air Force in the
formulation of the fiscal year 1950 budget, the first joint Army-Navy-Air Force budget in our history.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 36"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(43.921570%, 43.921570%, 43.921570%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">He instituted new methods of budgetary reporting and control which permitted division of Air Force
appropriations into 12 major components representing the main functional elements of its programs. This
major reform enabled the Air Force to approach closer to its goal of a true "performance" budget.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 36"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(43.921570%, 43.921570%, 43.921570%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Zuckert directed the establishment of the Air Force Loyalty and Security program and, in July 1948, he
served on a committee set up by Secretary of Defense James Forrestal to establish a unified court-martial
code for the military services.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 36"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(43.921570%, 43.921570%, 43.921570%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">On Jan. 21, 1952, he was appointed a member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and served until
June 30, 1954, when he returned to the private practice of law specializing as a consultant in the field of
atomic energy. Zuckert received his appointment as secretary of the Air Force in 1961.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 36"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(43.921570%, 43.921570%, 43.921570%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">He was chairman of the board, Nuclear Science & Engineering Corporation, located in Pittsburgh, Penn.,
which has been a pioneer in the field of radiation chemistry. He helped organize and was associated with
Information for Industry, Inc., which published a chemical patents index and an electronics patents index.
He also served as director of AMF Atomics, Ltd. (Canada), the atomic energy subsidiary of American
Machine & Foundry, Inc. He co-authored, with Arnold Kramish, the book, </span><span color="rgb(43.921570%, 43.921570%, 43.921570%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Atomic Energy for Your
Business</span><span color="rgb(43.921570%, 43.921570%, 43.921570%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. He is a member of the Executive Council of the Yale Law School Association, and is a former
trustee of Landon School, Bethesda, Md.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">55 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Political Notes, Twin Planks.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">August 6, 1956 </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">56 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 279
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">57 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Doolittle Report. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt;">See separate chapter at the end of this biography. </span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 48"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">United States President’s Commission on CIA Activities within the United States, 1975. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Rockefeller Commission.</span></p></div></div></div>
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</div>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-62040285238102035742009-12-12T14:43:00.011-08:002023-10-04T15:50:48.880-07:0013: CIA Director Allen Dulles Survives the Doolittle Critique<div class="page" style="background-color: white; color: #000033; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;" title="Page 47"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjaulrZwqLAY6WA3mqj1_UeJk-4CfBdjSeB95RDlobZRwGAhC6qn9fde0VuwSRYYX9aQUkmGTbtJyuVJ9umk67u8ahUJuute5Qk-JkFFLIj4auQxqrXp5-Oh9Ncd4_ie64-whMoo3g5UHFsVyhCXwriqmS1-k_RUqXWRtYWbxhCC5mwe-8LwBd5J0UN1FU" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="816" data-original-width="585" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjaulrZwqLAY6WA3mqj1_UeJk-4CfBdjSeB95RDlobZRwGAhC6qn9fde0VuwSRYYX9aQUkmGTbtJyuVJ9umk67u8ahUJuute5Qk-JkFFLIj4auQxqrXp5-Oh9Ncd4_ie64-whMoo3g5UHFsVyhCXwriqmS1-k_RUqXWRtYWbxhCC5mwe-8LwBd5J0UN1FU" width="172" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: medium;">Following Ike's meeting with the Doolittle Committee, a memorandum was written. When it was finally declassified, it confirmed the criticism of CIA Director Allen Dulles that I had heard in my phone conversations with Morris Hadley and William Franke. </span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700;">Memorandum of Conversation</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: medium;">Washington, October 19, 1954.<br />The President saw General Doolittle and other members of the Committee appointed to investigate the activities of the CIA.<br />The report was presented by General Doolittle, who said they had gone over it with Allen Dulles for three reasons:</span></p><ol style="list-style-type: none;"><li><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: medium;">(1) to be absolutely fair;</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: medium;">(2) to study Mr. Dulles better to watch for his reactions to a report not wholly favorable;</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: medium;">(3) and their hope that the maximum good would come out of the report.</span></p></li></ol><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Mr. Dulles made several recommendations that were incorporated in the report. The President prefaced his </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">remarks by saying that of course Mr. Dulles knew, as does everyone, that no two men would have the same judgments about certain things. That what we wanted to know was did we have a good man for the CIA head, and </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">was he being selective and skillful in getting his assistants, and was his team working together in the best interests of the United States.</span></span></div></div></div><div class="page" style="background-color: white; color: #000033;" title="Page 48"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: medium;">General Doolittle emphasized that the report was constructive criticism and in no sense a white wash. Some of the recommendations were very technical.</span></p><p style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: medium;">About Dulles: his principal strength is his unique knowledge of his subject; he has his whole heart in it, his life, he is a man of great honesty, integrity, loyally supported by his staff. His weakness, or the weakness of the CIA is in the organization—it grew like topsy, sloppy organization. Mr. Dulles surrounds himself with people in whom he has loyalty but not competence. There is a lack of discipline in the organization. There is a complete lack of security consciousness throughout organization. Too much information is leaked at cocktail party.<span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: medium;">There is the family relationship with the Secretary of State. Such relationship can be important as it leads to protection of one by the other or influence of one by the other. Doolittle feels that it is a relationship that it would be better not to have exist. The President thought, however, there was something more favorable to be said about the relationship; he appointed Allen Dulles in full knowledge of the relationship and thinks it might be beneficial.</span></p><p style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: medium;">About Dulles’ two chief assistants. Frank Wisner is a chap of great promise but not a good organizer.</span></p><p style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: medium;">About Dulles’ readiness to accept criticism, Doolittle said he is highly emotional; wherever criticism was against him he took it well; he fought for his staff people, however, to the point of becoming emotional. Doolittle had said that Bedell Smith had at one time said that Dulles was too emotional to be in this critical spot. He said further he thought his emotionalism was far worse than it appeared on the surface. The President said he had never seen him show the slightest disturbance. He said further that we must remember that here is one of the most peculiar types of operation any government can have, and that it probably takes a strange kind of genius to run it. The President said that what did disturb him was what the Committee reported about his assistants—Wisner and Cabell. Doolittle said in his opinion Allen Dulles did not have an administrative individual in either.</span></p><p style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: medium;">Eisenhower said he was convinced no military man could do the job. President pointed out importance of Allen Dulles’ contacts throughout world.</span></p><p style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: medium;">President further said, with reference to lack of security, that it was completely frustrating to find always evidence that people are talking. Security Council has gotten pretty good.</span></p><p style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: medium;">President said his next move would be to get Dulles in and talk to him about it. The relationship with Secretary of State did not disturb him because part of CIA’s work is extension of work of State Department. He further feels the confidential relationship between the two brothers is a good thing.</span></p><p style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: medium;">Someone in room said Bissell was not a good man. Also that Amory was an exceptionally fine man. President said we were interested in two things:</span></p><ol style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; list-style-type: none;"><li><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: medium;">(1) improvement within CIA itself;</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">(2) improvement in relationship and better understanding between CIA and rest of intelligence </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">committees in government.</span></span></p></li></ol><p style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">President said he was astonished at the difficulty of getting good administrators in government; that he had </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">found a good many fine administrators throughout his long career.</span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: medium;">####</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Dulles would remain in office plotting coups, assassinations and the disasterous Bay of Pigs invasion with his friend William Pawley into the administration of President Kennedy. </span></span></p></div></div></div>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-1031061931642526142009-12-12T14:41:00.011-08:002023-10-07T08:04:51.366-07:0014: Pawley's Caribbean Oyster<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgoLOk83VH9_45N9SefzCj3XpSrejA0Qs6KEX0Ep6WV7yDPJaB5VkPuQgmZkBwkFMlSOaptjzsN-lRw3VY5n9slfSwfeUdWEHXb4_ZwXKQfwq9JlIvIAPgGn4X4wPsTfJW0-0rgpAI5rM3gSVtSXHQavcIzrXS8uM6rGCGSqy9s-zuf2Fp6YN9GeRDjtaA" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="881" data-original-width="939" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgoLOk83VH9_45N9SefzCj3XpSrejA0Qs6KEX0Ep6WV7yDPJaB5VkPuQgmZkBwkFMlSOaptjzsN-lRw3VY5n9slfSwfeUdWEHXb4_ZwXKQfwq9JlIvIAPgGn4X4wPsTfJW0-0rgpAI5rM3gSVtSXHQavcIzrXS8uM6rGCGSqy9s-zuf2Fp6YN9GeRDjtaA" width="256" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">With his Doolittle Special Study Group’s work done, Pawley continued pursuing his lucrative Latin
American activities. He was issued a regular passport on December 14, 1954 “to visit Venezuela
for an undetermined stay on personal business.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">As a teenager, he had ridden a donkey into the
Venezuelan jungles “to sell stearic acid and paraffin” and in his early twenties returned “to sell
diving suits” to pearl hunters. Two decades later, he and Edna “spent Easter in Caracas,
Venezuela with Walter Donnelly and his wife.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2</span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Like his father, the Caribbean region became the focus of Pawley’s expanding financial wealth. In his autobiography, Pawley detailed how he became entwined in business with
Trujillo while the guest of honor at the head table of a large dinner attended by “400 Dominicans
and Americans, evenly divided.” He “sat between Trujillo and our Ambassador [William
Townsend] Pheiffer.” The discussion turned to “mining and oil ventures which led into the
subject of the need for the Dominican Republic to develop its abundant natural resources.”
Pawley soon became an adviser to Trujillo on how to profitably exploit the island nation’s
natural resources and the “results were spectacular, especially in the development of one of the
most valuable nickel mines anywhere.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3<span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">
</span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley also took advantage of Trujillo’s business-friendly climate—funding and
presiding over two companies in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, Petrolera Cominicana,
C. por. A. and Minera y Beneficiadora Dominicana, C. por A., which became the largest nickel
mine in the Western Hemisphere, giving him a stronger relationship with the dictator. Pawley’s
brother Edward once again helped run things, and William’s son, William, Jr., got involved. The
companies were eventually sold to a division of Falconbridge Nickel of Canada.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Assistant Secretary of State Henry Holland helped successfully negotiate the contract
between Alcoa [the Aluminum Company of America, based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and
controlled by the Mellon family] and the Dominican Republic. Alcoa, began mining bauxite in
the Dominican Republic in 1959 and continued until 1983, when it turned its concession over to
the state.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As a result of Holland’s successful negotiation and their longstanding work together in
the State Department, Pawley made Holland a paid consultant to his mining companies.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">When the CIA’s Chief of the Western Hemisphere Division received a message regarding
propaganda blasts causing tension between the Dominican Republic’s Trujillo and Cuba’s
Fulgencio Batista governments from the Chief of Station, it mentioned factions including ex-
Cuban President Carlos Prio Socarras, Fidel Castro, and Rolando Masferrer, a Batista crony. The
message went on to state that Mexican Ambassador “Del Rio supports the suit of Ralph C. Fair
of Texas” while “EMCEE backs William D. Pawley and Henry Holland ... Financial bone of
contention” was Dominican “petroleum and minerals. Alcoa in anti-Pawley group.” (The
EMCEE cryptonym had not been deciphered as of March 2023.) The November 1956 dispatch
raised a troubling question, “How involved is Soviet Embassy Mexico in the Cuban-Dominican
fight?”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Obviously more than Café Bustelo was percolating in the Caribbean and Pawley was
once again in the heat of it. In January 1957, the CIA’s Chief of Station in the Dominican
Republic advised WHD Chief that “Pawley contacted both President Batista and Generalissimo
Trujillo” and the tense “matter was handled privately without fanfare.” The countries agreed to
exchange ambassadors at Pawley’s behest.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Trujillo’s unpredictable nature was a concern to the United States which feared he “might
terminate the Sabana guided missile air base agreement ... a blow to our defense program. The </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Air Force considers this base quite important though not absolutely indispensable.” Moreover,
Trujillo “might apply pressure on the few remaining large U.S. investors in the Dominican.” The
State Department noted “West Indies Sugar Corporation was pushed out, the Lockjoint Pipe
Company is under fire now anyway and Alcoa is being pressured for larger royalty payments.
We have comparatively little left beside the South Puerto Rio Sugar Company and William
Pawley's mining interests.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley also caught the attention of the CIA’s WHD when he became a focus of a dispute
caused by the Dominican Republic’s movie censorship board declaring 35% of “Mexican films
unfit for public consumption.” The matter was further exacerbated when Francisco Del Rio
Canado, Mexican Ambassador to the Dominican Republic, and Bruce Tillman, the country’s
Columbia Picture representative, “claimed that many of the French and Italian Films were far
more immoral than Mexican films.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Ambassador Del Rio also asserted that “there were groups in existence which had vested
interest in painting the Mexican Government as being pro-Communist ... and intimated that some
American businessmen (meaning undoubtedly William D. Pawley and Henry Holland) were very
active in spreading derogatory information about Mexico.” When Del Rio “lashed out heavily
against Britain and France” and “argued that the United States had nothing to gain from alliance
with nations so monetarily, spiritually, and morally bankrupt.” The individual whose name was
redacted at that point “lost patience with Del Rio’s language and began to question severely Del
Rio’s judgment.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A March 25, 1957 memorandum from the CIA’s Chief of Inspection Review Staff to the
Deputy Director of Plans detailed allegations made a month earlier by Pawley regarding possible
indiscretions of the CIA’s Chief of Station in the Dominican Republic whom Pawley perceived
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">as “a busybody and an extremely conceited boy” who “wants to be in the middle of everything
and he talks to everybody in the world.” Pawley believed the person is “always trying to milk me
for information because he sees I am from the government.” Unnamed “Dominicans are scared
to death of him, and I am afraid to talk to the guy and that isn’t the type of man you want in the
CIA.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Chief of Inspection interviewed Ambassador William T. Pheiffer and officers of the
U.S. Embassy in Ciudad Trujillo who “without exception spoke highly of [REDACTED] and of
his integrity, loyalty, cooperation and capability” but several noted he “was an incessant talker
and that he has annoyed people with seemingly inexhaustible accounts of history and social
science.” However, he was “‘secretive’” and reluctant “to reveal sources of information” which
“was annoying to officers.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Interviews were also conducted with personnel outside the Embassy, including Roger
Rice, Manager of the Texaco Company, who said that the object of Pawley’s rant “was highly
regarded in the American business community.” Rice’s wife who “teaches at the American
school and spends considerable time playing bridge with the wives of American businessmen”
said “he was well liked.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">According to the accused “and other embassy officials, there are many U.S. citizens who
have vested interests in the Dominican Republic, among whom several are mentioned as
apologists for the Dominicans for business reasons. Two of those frequently mentioned during
the course of this inquiry were a Mr. Robert Christenberry, a former Foreign Service officer, and
Mr. William Pawley, a former Ambassador.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Chief of Inspections also reported that the accused “is particularly aware of the
latter’s closeness to General Trujillo ... stated that he had discussed with Pawley on a number of </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">occasions some of the implications of revolutions in Latin America” because the accused
“believed that Pawley’s long service in the U.S. government and known position justified
confidence in him.” The accused “leaned over backwards in not presenting an anti-Trujillo
position because he was aware of Pawley’s close ties with Trujillo ... at one time he asked
Pawley for information on the Galindez case.” According to the inspection memo, Dominican
relations with the unnamed CIA agent were strained by the mysterious disappearance of Jesus
Maria de Galindez, an alleged Basque Intelligence Agent, and separately a U.S. citizen Gerald
Murphy. “Mr. Pawley stated that he did not mix business and politics, and that in the Dominican
Republic he was in business.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 5"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Representatives of the CIA’s Inspection and Review and Western Hemisphere groups
came to the conclusion that “it is a moot question whether or not that question posed to Pawley
was indiscreet. Regard after the event, it probably was indiscreet. But regard in the light of Mr.
Pawley’s previous sensitive employment and stature in the U.S. government and previous
relations with [REDACTED] it was a question which probably could have been asked by the
most discreet U.S. employee in similar circumstances.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Inspection and Review Chief recommended that the unnamed agent be allowed to
“complete his present tour of duty which will expire on 28 September 1957.” Evaluation of a
second individual was also recommended.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">During the spring and summer, Pawley also would be mentioned by the FBI in an
Internal Security probe of Manuel De Moya Alonso, rumored to be intimately involved with
Trujillo; but others believed Trujillo was not homosexual.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley popped up again in a probe
of the First Governor of the Central Bank of the Dominican Republic, between the years 1947-
1951, Jesus Maria Troncoso Sanchez (spelled Ironcoso in some documents.)</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 6">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The following year, the CIA detailed some of the ways Pawley had made the Dominican
Republic his oyster beyond his oil and nickel interests. He was concluding negotiations “for the
purchase by Pawley of the Hotel Hamaca in Boca Chica, a resort town near the almost-
completed new international airport, about 30 km east of Cuidad Trujillo.” And an “activity
which is kept very much under wraps is the concession granted Pawley for procurement and
world-wide sale of all new issues of Dominican postage stamps. This activity is managed by
Edward P. Pawley, brother of William, whose office is in the Dominican post office building.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A month before this interest in the Pawleys’ Dominican activities, William Douglas
Pawley of 2555 Lake Avenue, Sunset Island No. 2, Miami Beach, Florida was “issued a passport
on 2 May, 1958 at Washington, DC ... for a two to three months pleasure trip to England, France,
Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Bulgaria.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">FOOTNOTES:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.07.31.11:55:16:030034 ~ 1/26/1960 “W.D.P. - #78435 – Summary of Info Contained is File Is At
Passport Office.” From: [None]. To: [None].
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Anthony R. Carrozza, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">William D. Pawley. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 9 and 154.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Chapter 19
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">National Cyclopedia of American Biography, Volume 60</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 215.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10399 ~ 10/10/1955 “Extracts from Despatch [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">] No. 165 Dated 10 Oct 55 and No. 251 Dated
14 Dec 55 re Pawley, William D.” From: [None]. To: [None]. Subjects: Extracts; Ciudad Trujillo; Pawley, William.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Alcoa in the Dominican Republic, sources: The Library of Congress Country Studies and </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA World Factbook
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">www.photius.com/countries/dominican_republic/economy/dominican_republic_economy_mining.html</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Anthony R. Carrozza, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">William D. Pawley. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 271.<br />>> Pawley’s payment of Holland raised the hackles of prominent newspaper and radio columnist Drew Pearson.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10160-10102 ~ 11/25/1956 “Cable Message. Subject: Operational Cuban – Dominican Relations –
Propaganda Attacks, Cuba. From: Chief of Station.” [REDACTED]. To: Chief, WHD.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 7">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Operational: Cuban-Dominican Relations: William B. [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">] Pawley To: Chief, WHD. From: Chief of Station,
[REDACTED) January 27, 1957.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">On January 27, 1957 a CIA Dispatch was sent to the Chief, Western Hemisphere Division, regarding the tense
Cuban-Dominican Relations.
</span></p>
<ol>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;">COS [Chief of Station; name REDACTED] has received a report to the effect that the recent Cuban-
Dominican troubles were settled personally for the PBPRIME Chief of State by Mr. William B. [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">]
Pawley, former Ambassador to Peru and Brazil, who is now engaged in petroleum activities in the
Dominican Republic.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;">According the story received by COS, Pawley contacted both President Batista of Cuba and
Generalissimo Trujillo of the Dominican Republic. The matter was handled privately without fanfare
with the result that the Cubans sent their Minister of Agriculture to represent them at the great Cattle
Fair. The Dominicans made a great show of courtesy toward the Cuban Minister.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;">It is understood that Pawley believes Batista and Trujillo will exchange ambassadors in the very near
future.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;">COS would appreciate confirmation from Headquarters of the truth of the above report which came
form a source which does not wish to be mentioned.
</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span><span> </span>The above is for Headquarters’ private information and not for dissemination. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations, 1955-57, Volume VI</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 902.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 2/3/1957 “Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. CIA Routing and
Record Sheet.” Page 8 of 267.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 2/3/1957 “Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley.”<br />
CIA Cable. To: Chief WHD. From [REDACTED]. Subject: Mexican-Dominican Relations: Francisco Del Rio
Canado [Mexican Ambassador to the Dominican Republic].
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10139-10021 ~ 3/25/1957 “Alleged Indiscretions of ((Deleted)) in Dominican Republic.” To: Deputy
Director (Plans). From: Chief Inspection & Review Staff. Subjects: Pawley, William, Indiscretions.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> This CIA memorandum detailed allegations made a month earlier by Pawley regarding alleged indiscretions of an
individual whose name was redacted. Pawley had stated to the Director the individual was “... a busybody and an
extremely conceited boy ... he wants to be in the middle of everything and he talks to everybody in the world ... he is
always trying to milk me for information because he sees I am from the government ... not only the Dominicans are
scared to death of him, and I am afraid to talk to the guy and that isn’t the type of man you want in the CIA.” The
memo further stated:
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">7. In order to determine whether or not [REDACTED] has been indiscreet as alleged, the following officers
of the U.S. Embassy in Ciudad Trujillo were interviewed:
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">William T. Pheiffer, Ambassador</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Francis L. Spalding, Counsellor of Embassy and First Secretary</span> </p></div></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Robert M. Allen, Second Secretary</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Harry K. Lofton, Second Secretary and Consul</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Richard H. Stephens, Second Secretary for Economic Affairs</span> </p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Commander Ralph C. McCoy, U.S. Naval Attaché
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">8. These officers without exception spoke highly of [REDACTED] and of his integrity, loyalty, cooperation
and capability ... Several officers mentioned that [REDACTED] was an incessant talker and that he has
annoyed people with seemingly inexhaustible accounts of history and social science.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">9. On the other hand, Embassy officials have found [REDACTED] to be “secretive”. His reluctance to
reveal sources of information was annoying to officers.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<div class="page" title="Page 8">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10160-10062 ~ 3/25/1957 “Alleged Indiscretions—Dominican Republic.” From: Chief, Inspections
and Review. To: Dep Dir (Plans). Subjects: Pawley; Indiscretions; Trujillo.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.18.14:07:51:030064 ~ 5/6/1957 FBI “Document and Coversheet on Manuel De Noya [Moya]
Alonso. FBI File #MM 100-7621.” Subject: Manuel De Moya Alonso – Internal Security
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">See Memo for the Record Additional information regarding William D. Pawley contained in FBI files NARA
1993.07.30.15:27:34:680034
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10107 ~ 6/25/1957 FBI “Memo: Jesus Maria Troncoso Sanchez W/CIA Routing Slip.” From:
FBI/New York. Subjects: Sanchez, J.M. T.; Caceres, M.E.; and Hernandez, A.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Some FBI documents refer to Troncoso while others have Ironcoso (page 18 of 23). Pawley is mentioned on page
19.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.18:23:38:310007 ~ 6/25/1957 “Pawley mentioned in FBI File #NY 105-23189.” Subject: Jesus
Maria Ironcoso Sanchez – Internal Security.
</span></p>
<p><span color="rgb(0.000000%, 0.000000%, 50.196080%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Words of Presentation de la ‘Pinacoteca del Banco Central’, Of the Art Gallery of the Central Bank." Banco
Central de la Republica Domininica. www.bancentral.gov.do/discursos.asp?a=discurso_2005-10-20<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">CD “Sígueme” de Manuel Troncoso y Designación Sala Principal del CD, "Follow Me" by Manuel Troncoso and
Designation of Main Hall Auditorio con el Nombre de “Jesús María Troncoso Sánchez” Auditorium with the name
"Jesus Maria Sanchez Troncoso" Martes 18 de octubre de 2005 Tuesday October 18, 2005.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10317 ~ 6/12/1958 CIA “Dispatch. Subject: Operational, Pawley business interests in the
Dominican Republic.” From: Chief of Station [REDACTED]. To: Chief, Western Hemisphere Division.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10375 ~ 6/12/1958 CIA “Dispatch—Subj: Pawley business interests in the Dominican
Republic.” From: Chief of Station. To: Chief, WHD. Subjects: Pawley, W.; Pawley, E.
</span></p>
<ol>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mr. William D. Pawley has substantial investments, negotiations are being concluded for the purchase
by Pawley of the Hotel Hamaca in Boca Chica, a resort town near the almost-completed new
international airport, about 30 km east of Cuidad Trujillo.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Another activity which is kept very much under wraps is the concession granted Pawley for
procurement and world-wide sale of all new issues of Dominican postage stamps. This activity is
managed by Edward P. Pawley, brother of William, whose office is in the Dominican post office
building.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;">... The source volunteered the information on a very confidential basis to Helene I. Dahlerup at a social
gathering.
</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10265-10141 ~ 6/12/1958 CIA “Dispatch—Operational. Subject: Pawley business interests in the
Dominican Republic.” From: [None]. To: Director. Subjects: Pawley, William; Dominican.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1994.05.18.13:23:17:130005 ~ “Reel 55, Folder L William D. Pawley, Material Reviewed at CIA
Headquarters by House Select Committee on Assassinations Staff Members. File Title: Pawley, William D. 201-
77378 (Vol. 1, undated thru 30 April 60). Page 211 of 220.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Smathers at Conference—Miamian Pawley had a Part in Trujillo’s ‘Free Vote’ Vow.” By Leo Adde and David
Kraslow, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Miami Herald</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, undated press clipping.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.07.31.11:55:16:030034 ~ 1/26/1960 “W.D.P.—#78435—Summary of Info Contained in File Is At
Passport Office. From: [None]. To: [None]. </span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-88690527184773570582009-12-12T14:39:00.012-08:002023-12-27T15:01:38.363-08:0015: Suspicious Minds<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhN1HEx1g6nxa9JbPSID05Ze4z6ro2I-dMOL9CJ3CCooolYkhVIJjJjuo_deSi_4O3xuFkvPgO9M25-r-HpNdXfF00kXT6auJEpLx9eEHQeJYtnrMJNXrfXsWKo6CZNrSQTLtxv5wFQlXqSCOvtp8yEy96bgNT5TdN8j3jNJVO0pf8YN18aFSDa6IuOkMs" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1091" data-original-width="1160" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhN1HEx1g6nxa9JbPSID05Ze4z6ro2I-dMOL9CJ3CCooolYkhVIJjJjuo_deSi_4O3xuFkvPgO9M25-r-HpNdXfF00kXT6auJEpLx9eEHQeJYtnrMJNXrfXsWKo6CZNrSQTLtxv5wFQlXqSCOvtp8yEy96bgNT5TdN8j3jNJVO0pf8YN18aFSDa6IuOkMs" width="255" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In the summer of 1958, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and President Eisenhower became
suspicious of Fidel Castro’s true intentions after U.S. sailors from Pawley’s childhood stomping
grounds of Guantanamo were seized by Castro forces. This was followed by Raul Castro’s
demand for $10,000 from United Fruit. United Fruit representatives were “considerably
concerned over the general lawlessness of some of the Castro elements in the area, communist
infiltration into the movement and lack of control by Fidel over his errant brother, Raul.” United
Fruit’s Vice President of Cuban Operations Raines described President Fulgencio Batista’s
“Cuban Army in the area as being completely ineffectual.” As it had successfully done when
Guatemala’s Arbenz threatened corporate profits, United Fruit once again looked for President
Eisenhower to eliminate this new thorn in Cuba.</span><span style="font-size: x-small; vertical-align: 4pt;">1</span></span><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">The job of preventing communism’s spread in the Western Hemisphere lay on the
shoulders of the Colonel J.C. King who oversaw the CIA’s Western Hemisp</span><span style="font-family: times;">here Division.
Colonel King, years later, responded to a question from Attorney General Robert Kennedy
stating that the Agency concluded Castro was unacceptable to the U.S. politically, as early as
June or July 1958. Admiral Arleigh Burke commented that some in the State Department, with
the exception of Under Secretary Robert Murphy, still had hopes for Castro being politically
compatible in December of that year.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><span>A declassified foreign policy document states that “in late 1958 CIA made two attempts
(each approved by the Department of State) to block Castro's ascension to power. The first
attempt was made in November 1958 when contact was established with Justo Carrillo and the
Montecristi Group. The second attempt was made on or about the 9th of December 1958 when </span><span>former Ambassador William D. Pawley, backed by the CIA Chief of Station in Havana, and
Colonel King, approached Batista and proposed the establishment of a Junta to whom Batista
would turn over the reins of government.”</span></span><span style="font-family: times; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><a name='more'></a><p></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiJSKVaxhLOAVuf8aA2KoFRFicKwgrSfTjpkP6F-BLzLK13r3ZGzwtL5ocTgCaP0ESj1WtE5-6Rglj7hXfHsl4_79bB2-KYr3hUntrOt2fH5-1RPocftpv8QIzoUFr1AVQvSRapOPARjf-_aTez9TqQ7rBh1DE2F5K_6u19n2ZmlnSFHOSWLLXkAP2RuZE" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1344" data-original-width="855" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiJSKVaxhLOAVuf8aA2KoFRFicKwgrSfTjpkP6F-BLzLK13r3ZGzwtL5ocTgCaP0ESj1WtE5-6Rglj7hXfHsl4_79bB2-KYr3hUntrOt2fH5-1RPocftpv8QIzoUFr1AVQvSRapOPARjf-_aTez9TqQ7rBh1DE2F5K_6u19n2ZmlnSFHOSWLLXkAP2RuZE" width="153" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: large;">According to Pawley’s testimony before a Senator James O. Eastland's subcommittee on the “Communist
Threat to the Caribbean,” a meeting was held at his Miami home at the end of November to
discuss the Cuban problem. Present were Deputy Assistant Secretary of State William P. Snow
[later an Ambassador to Burma]; former Assistant Secretary of State Henry Holland; and J.C.
King of the Central Intelligence Agency. </span></span></div><div class="column"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="column"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh1tLH8z9-ue1HBDtPTN0ZqZOhvxUQMHh7J5p3FDHkCHYxrvOqtKpQt7z0uy3vpyu0d9eZKnq9yRL6nsFwyG1I08bIXeOD62f7yzytH70pxRP970hPR3YWF2uSDhG4YbQdVu4cgny07pxDUVLcYFgC_1KMKRW6hFN_bBTEOoVQ03xRPo_bq8zVlZohvNlM" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1047" data-original-width="717" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh1tLH8z9-ue1HBDtPTN0ZqZOhvxUQMHh7J5p3FDHkCHYxrvOqtKpQt7z0uy3vpyu0d9eZKnq9yRL6nsFwyG1I08bIXeOD62f7yzytH70pxRP970hPR3YWF2uSDhG4YbQdVu4cgny07pxDUVLcYFgC_1KMKRW6hFN_bBTEOoVQ03xRPo_bq8zVlZohvNlM" width="164" /></a></div>After presenting his credentials of expertise on Cuba to the subcommittee, Pawley expressed his belief that everything that the
State Department and CIA were doing “was wrong" and he had suggested that he “go down there to get
Batista to capitulate to a caretaker government unfriendly to him, but satisfactory to us, whom
we could immediately recognize and give military assistance to in order that Fidel Castro not
come to power, and they thought it had sufficient merit to justify my coming up with them the
next day and have meetings in the State Department and in Central Intelligence Agency.”
Although Secretary of State Dulles was sick “he was still available to the telephone. I was
selected to go to Cuba to talk to Batista to see if I could convince him to capitulate.”</span><span style="font-size: x-small; vertical-align: 4pt;">3
</span></span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: large;">Pawley flew to Cuba with Edna and met with a group of people to test the “political
waters with trusted friends” before meeting with the Foreign Minister.</span><span style="vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">4</span> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Then on the night of
December 9</span><span style="font-size: large; vertical-align: 4pt;">th</span><span style="font-size: large;">, Pawley spent three hours with Batista. “I was unsuccessful in my effort, but had
[Roy] Rubottom permitted me to say that ‘What I am offering you has tacit approval, sufficient
government backing,’ I think Batista may have accepted it.” Those chosen to replace Batista
“were Colonel Barquin, Colonel Barbonnet, General Diaz Tamayo, Bosch of the Bacardi family
and one other ... all enemies of Batista. Pawley had known Batista “for 30 years and I could talk
to him frankly.”</span><span style="font-size: x-small; vertical-align: 4pt;">5
</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: large;">Author Mario Lazo, a Cornell-educated Cuban lawyer and adviser to Marquez Sterling,
wrote that he learned shortly after the meeting with King, Snow and Holland that Pawley’s plan
was to offer Batista and his family the opportunity to live in Florida while the caretaker
government served to neutralize Castro’s rallying cry. The plan also called for the recall to
Washington of U.S. Ambassador Earl E.T. Smith. On November 27, 1958, Lazo revealed the
plan as well as the names of the five Cuban politicians to Smith who expressed surprise.</span><span style="font-size: x-small; vertical-align: 4pt;">6
</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: large;">Pawley’s attempts to stop Castro’s ascension to power would endear him deeply to
anticommunists within the administration, the CIA and FBI, and members of the Subcommittee
of the Judiciary Committee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and
Other Internal Security Laws—most significantly Chairman James O. Eastland, Mississippi;
Kenneth B. Keating, New York; and J. G. Sourwine, Counsel.</span><span style="font-size: x-small; vertical-align: 4pt;">7
</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: large;">The CIA’s Lyman B. Kirkpatrick, Jr. “didn't believe that the situation was as bad as
Pawley described it and felt that the army would still be able to turn back the Castro forces.” But
a few weeks later, Batista “summoned his closest cronies” to a camp “on the outskirts of
Havana” for a “farewell reception and then left the country. On January 1, 1959, Fidel Castro
took control of Cuba. When Castro “announced his initial cabinet there was hope” in
Washington “because it included some of the most respected political figures in Cuba.”</span><span style="font-size: x-small; vertical-align: 4pt;">8
</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span>A CIA historic review of the Cuban crisis revealed a number of internal disputes. For
example, when the U.S. Army wanted to covertly collect “military intelligence under
commercial cover in Havana” the CIA’s Chief of Station (COS) “took strong exception to the
proposals, emphasizing the Station’s own capabilities in this area” but he “was overruled by
Headquarters.” General Charles “Cabell assured the Assistant Chief of Staff for intelligence of </span><span>the Army that while he was aware that Havana had objected to the Army’s proposals, the COS
nonetheless had been ‘instructed’ to cooperate.”</span></span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 4"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: large;">Concern that Cuba and eventually other Caribbean countries would be lost to
communism ran much deeper for Pawley than most officials in the CIA and State Department.
Beyond being nicknamed “Cuba” on account of his childhood at Guantanamo and Spanish
fluency, Pawley had started the country’s national airline, ran the Havana bus company, and
operated nearby business investments including petroleum, oil, and hotel holdings in the
Dominican Republic where he also controlled the nation’s stamp concession. North of Cuba,
Pawley owned the Miami Transit Company, South Miami Coach Line, Keys Transit Company
and had a Florida real estate holding company, Clifton Corp, named for his recently deceased
son. Also in South Florida, Pawley in 1957 became a director for eight years of a major South
Florida financial institution, First National Bank of Miami.</span><span style="font-size: x-small; vertical-align: 4pt;">9
</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: large;">Compounding Pawley’s concern was Mao’s victory over the Chinese Nationalists and his
threat of invading Taiwan which weighed so heavily on the Joint Chiefs of Staff they
contemplated nuking Mao’s China in 1958.</span><span style="font-size: x-small; vertical-align: 4pt;">10
</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">When Castro’s rebel forces entered Havana, Batista boarded a plane after looting the
Cuban banks, and fled “with about fifty immediate relatives, friends and supporters” to the
Dominican Republic. Pawley in his autobiography took credit for Batista’s safe escape while
noting how he had mended relationships between Cuba and the Dominican Republic. Pawley
also chastised the U.S. “which in former times had been open to political refugees.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: large;">While proud of his own role, Pawley was critical of others. He held suspicions that
Batista was undermined by the “blunders and betrayals” of “Wieland and Matthews and
Rubottom.” To Pawley the rise of communism in the Caribbean was “nearly as monumental a </span><span style="font-size: large;">tragedy as the surrender of China to the Communists by a similar group of State Department
officials, abetted by others, a decade earlier.”</span><span style="font-size: x-small; vertical-align: 4pt;">11</span></span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 5"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: large;">The day after Batista departed, Castro’s rebels installed Manuel Urrutia as President and
Jose Mira Cardona as Prime Minister. On January 12, 1959, Henry Luce called Secretary of State
John Foster Dulles to let it be known that his wife, Clare Boothe Luce, wanted to be the U.S.
Ambassador to Cuba, which would have given Pawley an important friend in his beloved
country. But hours earlier, President Eisenhower had already picked Philip Bonsal to replace
Ambassador Earl E.T. Smith. The following month, the new Cuban government modified and
reinstated the 1940 Constitution, which had been suspended by General Batista seven years
earlier. But by mid-February 1959, Prime Minister Cardona had resigned, and Fidel Castro had
taken the reins of the Cuban government</span><span style="vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">12</span> </span><span style="font-size: large;">which he would hold firmly for nearly five decades
until he fell ill in 2006.
</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">FOOTNOTES:</span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span>“Taylor Report. Top Secret. Drafted on April 23 in the CIA.” Kennedy Library, National Security Files, Countries
Series, Cuba. http://www.fas.org/irp/ops/policy/docs/frusX/166_175.html
</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;"><span>Maxwell D. Taylor, </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Swords and Plowshares </span><span>(New York: Norton, 1972). Pages 180-184.
</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;"><span>“Memorandum of Conversation, Department of State, Washington, September 26, 1958, Meeting on Cuban Rebel
[Raul Castro’s] Demands of Tribute on United Fruit Company.” </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960,
Volume VI: Cuba</span><span>. Page 223.
</span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">Attended by Messrs. Bump, VP (Boston), Baker VP (Washington) and Raines VP (Cuba operations) United Fruit
Company. Raul Castro demanded $10,000 paid immediately.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">Forty years later, after United Fruit became Chiquita Brands and faced similar problems in Columbia, it would resort
to paying $1.7 million in protection money to right-wing paramilitary terrorists, in violation of U.S. law.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;"><span>“Chiquita Ex-Officials Won't Face Charges.” By Laurie P. Cohen. </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Wall Street Journal, </span><span>September 12, 2007.
Page B2.
</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">“Chiquita fined $25 mln for Colombia terror cash.” Reuters, September 17, 2007.
http://www.reuters.com/article/consumerproducts-SP/idUSN1735560120070917?sp=true
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">According to the plea agreement, Chiquita paid more than $1.7 million starting in 1997 to the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia ...</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span>Colonel J. C. King officially established the Branch 4 Task Force of the Western Hemisphere Division on 18
January 1960 to deal with the Cuban problem.<br />
http://www.fas.org/irp/ops/policy/docs/frusX/166_175.html
</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span>Subcommittee of the Judiciary Committee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other
Internal Security Laws. </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Communist Threat to the Caribbean, Hearings Before the Subcommittee to Investigate the
Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary,
United States Senate, Eighty-sixth Congress, Second Session, </span><span>Part 10. (Washington: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1960). Pages 738-739.
</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: 4pt;">4</span><span>Pawley, </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span>, Chapter 19.
</span></span></p>
</div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">Edna and I flew down to Havana on December 7th and checked in at the Country Club, where we were able
to test the latest temperature of the political waters with trusted friends. Next day, I met with Foreign
Minister Gonzalo Guell and spent four hours going over the ramifications of my proposal. He
recommended that I send a telegram to the Cuban President, to which I received the reply that Batista could
see me the following evening at six o’clock.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span>“Executive session testimony of William D. Pawley September 2 and 8, 1960” </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Committee of the Judiciary’s
Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws, Report
(December 20, 1960)</span><span>. Page 739.
</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span>Mario Lazo, </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Dagger in the Heart: American Policy Failures in Cuba </span><span>(New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1968). Pages
157-158.
</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Communist Threat to the Caribbean, Hearings Before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the
Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate,
Eighty-sixth Congress, Second Session</span><span>, Part 10. (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960), Pages 738-
739.
</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;"><span>Subcommittee of the Judiciary Committee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other
Internal Security Laws included: James O. Eastland, Mississippi, </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Chairman</span><span>; Thomas J. Dodd, Connecticut, </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Vice
Chairman</span><span>; Olin D. Johnston, South Carolina; Roman L. Hruska, Nebraska; John J. McClellan, Arkansas; Everett
McKinley Dirksen, Illinois; Sam J. Ervin, Jr., North Carolina; Kenneth B. Keating, New York; Norris Cotton, New
Hampshire; J. G. Sourwine, Counsel; Benjamin Mandel, Director of Research.
</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span>Lyman B. Kirkpatrick, Jr. </span><span style="font-style: italic;">The Real CIA </span><span>(New York: The Macmillan Company, 1968). Chapter 7.
</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">Batista’s Cuba. Latino Studies Resource, Indiana University
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuban-rebels/kirkpatrick.htm
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
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<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-style: italic;">National Cyclopedia of American Biography, Volume 60 </span><span>(James T. White & Co. 1981). Page 215</span><span color="rgb(100.000000%, 0.000000%, 0.000000%)">.
</span><span style="font-style: italic;">World Who’s Who in Commerce and Industry, 1966-67. </span><span>(Marquis - Who’s Who, Chicago). Page 1015. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;"><span>Transit history on Miami-Dade County: </span><span style="background-color: white;">http://www.co.miami-dade.fl.us/transit/history_1930.asp</span><span>.
</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">Pawley had owned Miami Beach Railway, which he had purchased in 1941 from Florida Power & Light just as
Miami Beach was becoming a training center for World War II. His railway at the time ran 43 local buses. In 1948,
he acquired Miami Transit Company, and eight years later purchased South Miami Coach Line and the Keys Transit
Company.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">The Clifton Corporation of Miami, Founded October 18, 1957.
Opencorporates.com 3/30/2012
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">Edward Pajon, secretary; Anita Pawley, director; Edward P. Pawley, vice president and director; William
D. Pawley, agent.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">https://www.democracynow.org/2021/6/14/daniel_ellsberg_leak_us_nuclear_plans </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span>Pawley, </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning, </span><span>Chapter 19
</span></span></p>
</div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">Fortunately, for Batista, I had arranged some time previously for the re-establishment of friendly relations
(I acted in an unofficial capacity) between Cuba and the Dominican Republic. With the doors to the United
States closed - door which in former times had been open to political refugees - Batista, together with about
fifty immediate relatives, friends and supporters found refuge in the island sanctuary of Generalissimo
Rafael Leonidas Trujillo, controversial dictator of the Dominican Republic.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">Before going further, let me explain why I was to be able to exert some influence over Trujillo.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">
Back in 1930, when a devastating hurricane wrought havoc and suffering on the population of the
Dominican Republic, I mounted a maximum effort of disaster relief from Havana through the Cuban airline
I was running. Trujillo was deeply grateful.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">Years later, in 1955, our paths crossed again when I went to Ciudad Trujillo to address a business group,
later attending a large dinner, as guest of honor, of 400 Dominicans and Americans, evenly divided, with
high officials at the head table. I sat between Trujillo and our Ambassador [William Townsend] Pheiffer.
Trujillo and I fell into a conversation about mining and oil ventures which led into the subject of the need
for the Dominican Republic to develop its abundant natural resources. The upshot was his invitation for me
to bring American know-how to bear as an adviser on petroleum and mineral exploration.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">Over the following years, results were spectacular, especially in the development of one of the most
valuable nickel mines anywhere.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">After Trujillo had been in exile about a week, Batista phoned me and invited me to come down to see him.
I flew to Ciudad Trujillo the same day and met him at his hotel. Gonzalo Guell, who had escorted me to the
exiled president’s suite, discreetly withdrew.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">“Mr. President,” I said, after an exchange of the customary amenities, “I am now in a position to tell you
something that I couldn’t reveal in Havana. When Minister Guell arranged our meeting, I came as the direct
representative of the President. He had authorized my proposal.”
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">.... I am compelled to conclude that the deliberate ouster of Batista by Wieland and Matthews and
Rubottom combined, is nearly as monumental a tragedy as the surrender of China to the Communists by a
similar group of State Department officials, abetted by others, a decade earlier.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span> </span><span> </span>We shall not be able to pay the full price in American lives and American treasure <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>for </span><span style="font-family: times;">these blunders and betrayals during the lifetime of the present generation.</span> </span></p><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7">
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<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span>“</span><span color="rgb(9.803922%, 12.156860%, 14.117650%)">50 Years After Pentagon Papers, Ellsberg Reveals U.S. Weighed 1958 Nuclear Strike on China over Taiwan.”
Democracy Now! June 14, 2021.</span></span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8">
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<p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, Volume VI: Cuba</span><span>. </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)">Section: 223. U.S. Department of State.
Page 354. </span></span></p>
</div>
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</div></div><br /><p></p></div>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-2958882228025668942009-12-12T14:37:00.006-08:002023-08-30T08:14:01.540-07:0016: Find Me Someone to Kill Castro
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<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s reaction to Castro taking control of Cuba was filled with thoughts of violence. Not only
did it threaten his investments but embarrassed him personally by showing the folly of his
buffer-government plan. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">He told a reporter in Miami that he would personally pay any
amount to anyone who assassinated Castro. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Then retracted his angry comment within days. In
lieu of contracting an assassin, he began helping CIA Director Allen Dulles organize thousands
of exiles fleeing Cuba to make sure the communist rebels in Cuba would be confronted by a
force more ruthless than the enemy.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On February 23, 1959, CIA Director Allen W. Dulles wrote to Pawley, thanking him for
his good letter of February 18. “J.C. [King] has brought me up to date on his recent talks with
you. As you know, we are running into difficulties in finding a resting place for the person about
whom you telephoned me but I shall be working with State on that. I shall speak to Foster about
your letter when next I see him. I know he will sincerely appreciate your thoughts. On a whole,
he is making as good progress as could be expected and well tolerating the treatment he is
receiving.”<span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In April 1959 Castro visited the United States for eleven days, giving the most optimistic
Americans hope that he would not become a total surrogate for the Soviet Union.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">But when
Castro returned to Cuba, he put a limit on private land holdings with the state expropriating the
remainder under a policy of Agrarian Land Reform. That summer, President Urrutia resigned,
and Osvaldo Dorticos Torrado became the country's president.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On July 27, 1959, Marcos Diaz Lanz (MDL), who was on Raul Castro’s list of
government officers to be purged, escaped from Cuba to Florida with the assistance of Be</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">rnard </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjYY7fu29kE2H6n9mYgz4Nz86bPFXNELUIsfnNho640vFYy946mATBtWRtYrnJBguj4ZO-yitHzv9a_l7iZaPMR8sBu1PFMX0m8C9NKRZ4OTObQCWN4E5A-R86ibbmhQFCSBcn6gKrKIAZDzhCyItb61oX2T3yHpzZ_0FBpj5Md0yfXWRqG236GJajaY6U" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="617" data-original-width="675" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjYY7fu29kE2H6n9mYgz4Nz86bPFXNELUIsfnNho640vFYy946mATBtWRtYrnJBguj4ZO-yitHzv9a_l7iZaPMR8sBu1PFMX0m8C9NKRZ4OTObQCWN4E5A-R86ibbmhQFCSBcn6gKrKIAZDzhCyItb61oX2T3yHpzZ_0FBpj5Md0yfXWRqG236GJajaY6U=w226-h206" width="226" /></a>Barker (right in photo) who earlier had transferred Marcos to a CIA safehouse in Cuba. Three weeks later,
Marcos was “living in Fiorini’s house” in Florida while Barker remained in Cuba for another six
months. After finally arriving in Miami, Barker and Frank Fiorini (aka Frank Sturgis; left in photo) would take
part in numerous attempts to overthrow the Castro brothers. (A dozen years later, Sturgis
and Barker would be arrested with E. Howard Hunt, Virgilio Gonzalez, James
McCord, Jr., and Eugenio Rolando Martinez after a break-in at the Democratic National
Headquarters in the Watergate Hotel in Washington, DC.)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4</span></p><p></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">After the CIA’s Bernie “Reichardt established contact with MDL” in August of 1959,
Martha Tharpe of the CIA’s Western Hemisphere/4/Public Affairs division’s became Barker’s
case officer. Barker then received hundreds of dollars a month to serve as “local representative of
Cover Group working with numerous contacts at all levels in sensitive political action project
under direction of Senior Case Officer on Project JMARC” which was overall Cuban operations
against Castro. In 1962, the CIA contract with Barker (aka Spencer O. Terteling aka The Mule
aka cryptonym AMCLATTER-1) was extended for one year by a representative of William K.
Harvey, Chief, Task Force W.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5
</span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><span></span></span></p>Barker had been born in Cuba to Americans. He served in World War II in the Air Force
and was held as a Prisoner of War in Germany. After returning to Cuba and serving in the Cuban
National Police, he joined the FBI. When Castro came to power, he aligned himself with the CIA
and supported José Miró Cardona as the future Cuban leader.<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6
</span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Another person Tharpe talked to regularly was a former OSS operative in Burma,
Mitchell Livingston WerBell III, who spoke to her about General Pedraza and Batista after
getting the cold shoulder from the CIA’s Deputy Director General Charles Cabell and being told
that the U.S. “would not support any revolutionary activities by General Pedraza. WerBell also </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">let it be known to that he “wanted to go to the Dominican Republic soon, and would like the CIA
to pick up his expenses.” Over the years ahead, WerBell would attempt to trade information and
weapons in both the Caribbean and Thailand.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">His Sionics company also would develop a
silencer for war weapons, M-16s, M-14s and M76 submachine guns.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In September a memo detailed the need to get a visa for the wife of Marcos Diaz Lanz,
who was ill with an ulcer. “I phoned Reichardt in the afternoon and caught him in his office. He
told me he had talked with Bill Pawley on the phone and will lunch with him next week.” The
same day the memo was written, September 9</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, “Reichardt suggests we bring together PDL
[Pedro Diaz Lanz], MDL and [Ricardo] Lorie with some who have money such as Julio Lobo,
Cardenas, Malone, and/or Figuere.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">At Pawley’s invitation, the Chief of the Western Hemisphere Division visited him in his
office on September 9, 1959. After recounting his history “with KUBARK [the CIA],” Pawley
voiced his displeasure with those who did not have his views on Cuba and let it be known he is
“a staunch believer in the value of a certain kind of dictatorship for certain Latin American
countries. He seems particularly to be a very staunch supporter of the regime in the Dominican
Republic. In this connection he invited me to go with him to the Dominican Republic as his guest
on one of his early visits. Except that Headquarters might see some obstacle to doing this, I
should like very much to take him up on this invitation.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The conversation turned to Emilio Nunez Portuondo who had visited Pawley in Miami
last week. “I then told Mr. Pawley that I had heard that Portuondo, during his visit to Miami, had
been implying in conversations that he had gained support in the U.S. Departments of State and
Defense.” Pawley pressed him for names but “Portuondo would mention no names.” The head of
the CIA’s WHD questioned what “sort of relationship I should attempt with Mr. Pawley. For </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">example, he is apparently a frequent visitor to the Dominican Republic and talks directly with
Trujillo. Also he has a great many interests there; his brother resides there permanently; and he
tells me he has a rather large group of geologists at work in the Dominican Republic. By these
means, Mr. Pawley surely acquires a good deal of information. Is he passing this information
regularly to [REDACTED] or others and, in light of the answer to that question, how
aggressively should information be solicited from Mr. Pawley?”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 4"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The names of the geologists that Pawley works with were not revealed. But one who was
active in the Dominican Republic at that time was the Russian-speaking George de
Mohrenschildt, a member of the Dallas Petroleum Club where Texas oil barons gathered.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">(The
geologist later would befriend a much-younger Lee Harvey Oswald who had learned to speak
Russian as a Marine radar operator in Japan at Atsugi air base where U-2 reconnaissance planes
departed to spy on the Soviet Union. In 1959, Oswald “defected” to Russia for a few years
before returning to the U.S.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As fall arrived in Washington, DC, nine sugar company representatives met with U.S.
Ambassador to Cuba Philip Bonsal; Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs
Thomas Mann; Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs Roy Rubottom; William
Wieland; and others from the State Department regarding their properties in Cuba. Also in
attendance was Sam H. Baggett, Vice President of United Fruit Company.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">While Castro weighed heavily on Pawley’s mind, so did the well-being of General
George C. Marshall who suffered a series of strokes. The Pawleys visited with Katherine shortly
before her husband passed away at Walter Reed Hospital on October 16, 1959.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">That October, the CIA’s Western Hemisphere Division was granted Covert Security
Approval to enable contact with William D. Pawley.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">He was given the cryptonym QDDALE.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small; vertical-align: 4pt;">FOOTNOTES:</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">William D. Pawley Kills Himself.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Miami Herald</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, January 8, 1977. Page 1. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Fidel Castro's Visit.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, April 15, 1959. Page 32
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 5"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Fidel Castro arrives in Washington today on an eleven-day visit to the United States that holds great
possibilities for good or ill.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 5"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“The Strongman Speaks.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, July 27, 1959.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Watergate and the White House: The 'Third-Rate Burglary' That Toppled a President.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">U.S. News & World </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Report</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, August 19, 1974.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10145-10363 ~ “Third Agency Coordination, Subject: Marcos Diaz Lanz 201-259716.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">AMCLATTER-1 was Bernard Barker and AMCLATTER-5 was Alberto de Jesus Alberty Garcia. Cryptonym
Project. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
http://www.maryferrell.org/wiki/index.php/CIA_Cryptonyms#_AM
</span></p>
<p><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10194-10059 ~ 8/16/1960 CIA “</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Contract Amendment—Spencer O. Terteling (AMCLATTER-1). </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 180-10145-10362 ~ “Personnel File Bernard Barker, Spencer O. Terteling, Terminated 7/31/1966.” From: </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Gerard Droller, C/WH/4/PA</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10260-10404 ~ 7/31/1959 Memorandum “Confirmation of Verbal Request for Assistance in the
Evacuation from Cuba of Marcos Diaz Lanz.” To: Chief, Security Support Division, Attention Mr. Sid Stembridge.
From J. C. King, Chief WH.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10237-10063 ~ 3/23/1961 CIA Office Memorandum. “Subject: Request for Renewal of AMCLATTER-
1 Contract.” To: WH/4/Personnel Attention: Mr. Martin, From: Martha Tharpe, WH/4/PA.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Bernard Barker 1917-2009: Bernard Barker Watergate 'plumber' was a hero to exiles.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Miami Herald</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, June 6,
2009
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.11.14:48:36:15005 ~ 3/3/1976 Memorandum. “Subject: Mitchell Livingston Wer Bell III.” To:
Associate General Counsel, OGC, Via Deputy Director of Operations.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Mitchell Livingston WerBell, Anti-Communist Arms Dealer.” AP, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, December 18, 1983,
Page 52.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10167-10119 ~ 9/9/1959 Memorandum for the Record. “Subject: Conversation with Reichardt, 4
September.” From: WH/3/AC<br />>> Also references: AMCHITTER
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10145-10363 ~ “Third Agency Coordination. Subject: Marcos Diaz Lanz 201-259716.”
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">From Miami [REDACTED]. To: Chief, Western Hemisphere Division.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 5"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley was very cordial and began the talk recounting for me the history of his association with
KUBARK [CIA’s cryptonym for itself]. He also spent a good deal of time voicing opinions of
[REDACTED] and its policies, which are not very good. Since Mr. Pawley’s opinions are probably well
known to [REDACTED] and others, there is no purpose in reciting these here...[he] is also a staunch
believer in the value of a certain kind of dictatorship for certain Latin American countries. He seems
particularly to be a very staunch supporter of the regime in the Dominican Republic. In this connection he </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">invited me to go with him to the Dominican Republic as his guest on one of his early visits. Except that
HEADQUARTERS might see some obstacle to doing this, I should like very much to take him up on this
invitation.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">At one point in the conversation, Mr. Pawley mentioned Portuondo’s name and I remarked to him that I
knew Portuondo had visited Miami last week. Mr. Pawley said he knew this because Portuondo had been to
see him ... Mr. Pawley said, “That big colored Cuban brought him here.” ... when I siggested that this might
be Manolo Benitez, he said, “Yes that’s the man.” He said that Benitez had come to see him a couple of
weeks ago to try to solicit his support for anti-Castro activities, and ... he was expecting Portuondo in
Miami soon. Mr. Pawley had told Benitez to bring Portuondo to see him when he arrived. When I remarked
that Benitez and Portuondo seem to me to be very strange bedfellows, Mr. Pawley agreed but said they
gave the appearance of working closely together. I then told Mr. Pawley that I had heard that Portuondo,
during his visit to Miami, had been implying in conversations that he had gained support in the US
Departments of State and Defense. Mr. Pawley said that he had experienced the same thing ... [and] pressed
him for the names ... but Portuondo would mention no names.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Based on this single interview, a question arises in my mind as to the sort of relationship I should attempt
with Mr. Pawley. For example, he is apparently a frequent visitor to the Dominican Republic and talks
directly with Trujillo. Also he has a great many interests there; his brother resides there permanently; and
he tells me he has a rather large group of geologists at work in the Dominican Republic. By these means,
Mr. Pawley surely acquires a good deal of information. Is he passing this information regularly to
[REDACTED] or others and, in light of the answer to that question, how aggressively should information
be solicited from Mr. Pawley?
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“George de Mohrenschildt.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Staff Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations, U.S. House of
Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress Second Session, March 1979</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">This probe seemed justified in view of the controversy that continues to surround the relationship, and the
additional speculation that was caused by the apparent suicide of de Mohrenschildt in 1977 on the day he
was contacted by both an investigator from the committee and a writer about Oswald.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1958 - Returned to Yugoslavia to develop drilling venture using Yugoslav labor for John Mecom of
Cardwell Tool Corp. Visited Poland for 10 days. Visited Dominican Embassy in Washington, D.C., to
discuss oil project with Ambassador.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">March 1963 - Went to Haiti to arrange geology contract with Haitian Government. Stopped over in
Dominican Republic
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">George de Mohrenschildt testified before the Warren Commission that one evening when he and his wife
visited the Oswalds at their Neely Street address in dallas, Marina Oswald exclaimed that Oswald had
bought a gun and showed the gun to Jeanne de Mohrenschildt.(45) De mohrenschildt testified that this took
place around Easter in the spring of 1963 and that the occasion of the visit was to take an Easter present or
toy to the Oswald's daughter.(46)
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">June 1963-Went to Haiti. Stopped over in Dominican Republic.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">April 1964-Went to Dominican Republic from Haiti to get Bureau of Mines information. Went to San Juan,
P .R.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">See http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russ/jfkinfo4/jfk12/hscademo.htm#III
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10/31/1959 Telegram. From: Moscow [Signed by Freers]. To: Secretary of State. House Select Committee on
Assassinations JFK Exhibit F-534.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Lee Harvey Oswald, unmarried age 20 PP 17333242 issued sept 10 1959 appeared at emb[assy] today to
renounce American Citizenship...applied in Moscow for Soviet citizenship following entry USSR from </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Helsinki Oct. 15. Mother’s address and his last address US 4936 Collinwood St., Fort Worth Texas. Says
action contemplated last two years. Main reason “I am Marxist”. Attitude arrogant aggressive. Recently
discharged Marine Corps. Says has offered Soviets any information he has acquired as enlisted radar
operator.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10001-10138 ~ 3/17/1964 Telegram. “Comment Regarding Article Alleging Oswald was Interviewd by
CIA Employees.” Subjects: Press Clipping; Scott, Paul; Freers, Edward; Oswald and CIA; Allen, Robert S.; Snyder,
Richard. From: RI/AN. To: Chief, CI/R&A. Pages 3 & 4 of 5.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">b. That despatch [No. 234 of 2 November 1959] contains no statement or ineference that Richard E. Snyder
of the US Embassy in Moscow, who talked to Oswald on 31 October 1959, has CIA connection ... The
only other US official whose name was mentioned in that State Department despatch was E L. Freers who
signed the despatch as Charge d’ Affairs, ad interim.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">c. Richard E. Snyder ... entered on duty with CIA on 8 November 1949 as a GS-9 ($4600.00 per annum)
... he apparently resigned 26 September 1950 ... Nelson Brickham, an SR Division staff employee, was in
contact with Snyder for about one year (1956-1957). Brickham used Snyder as a spotter at Harvard where
Snyder was studying Russian and had access to other students who might be going to the USSR. There is
no record of POA, OA or CSA action in that connection. In March 1959 (probably just before Snyder’s
departure for Moscow), State requested that he be given two weeks of the OBS Course (probably Orr’s
training in Soviet Order of Battle).
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">d. Edward L. Freers was never an employee of CIA. He has been an employee of the Department of State
since 1941 and has served in various countries. In 1952, while a “Peripheral Officer” with the State
Department in Rome, OPC requested “liaison clearance” on him; the clearance was granted in April 1952.
The interest was dropped in 1955.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Edward Louis Freers was the State Department’s Moscow, Director, Personnel Security Division, Office Soviet
Union Affairs. See NARA 104-10106-10839 for Freers job status.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.06.18.16:24:35:030000 ~ 11/13/1959 Handwritten [2-Page] Letter. “Requesting US Citizenship [be
Revoked] From Oswald.” To: Embassy Moscow.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Attachment to: SC-01836-78. “Subject DDS&T Interim Reply to HSCA Request, 8 May 78, OLC 78-1573.”
Misc Documents From AARC CIA Collection, Box 113. Page 163 of 430. Mary Ferrell Foundations website.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Detachment C advance party of security and communication personnel departed the U.S. for Atsugi, Japan
on 20 February 1957, the second echelon of administrative personnel departed 4 March, and the main body
of the detachment with two U-2 aircraft and equipment began deployment on 15 March.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10300-10063 ~ 11/9/1959 Telegram to State Department. “Subject: Oswald Intends to Renounce US
Citizenship.” To Secretary of State. From: Tokyo, MacArthur.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">USAF Staff Sergeant John E. PicTachikawa Air Base, called at Embassy November 6, concerning news
reports that his half-brother, Lee Harvey Oswald, 20 years old, intends to renounce US citizenship and
become Soviet citizen.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 6pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Memorandum of Conversation, Department of State, Washington, September 24, 1959 Meeting with American
Sugar Interests Regarding their Properties in Cuba.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, Volume VI:
Cuba </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 605.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'CourierNewPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">o </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">William, F. Oliver, President, American Sugar Refining Company
</span><span style="font-family: 'CourierNewPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">o </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">John A. Nichols, President Cuban American Sugar Company<br />
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'CourierNewPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">o </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">B. Rionda Braga, President, Francisco Sugar Company<br />
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'CourierNewPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">o </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Michael J. P. Malone, Manti Sugar Company
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'CourierNewPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">o </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Frank G. Brown, Jr. VP, Punta Alegre Sugar Corporation
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'CourierNewPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">o </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Philip Rosenberg, President, and Warren Lee Pierson, Director Vertientes-Camaguey Sugar
Company
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'CourierNewPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">o </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">W. Huntington Howell, First VP, West Indies Sugar Corporation<br />
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'CourierNewPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">o </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Lawrence Crosby, Vice-Chairman, Atlantica del Golfo Sugar Company
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>
<div class="page" title="Page 8">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">October 1959 (UNDATED) Handwritten Thank You Note from Mrs. George Catlett Marshall to Edna and Bill.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10122-10070 ~ “Memorandum for: Deputy Director of Security (Investigations & Operational
Support.” From: Desmond Fitzgerald. Attention: ID/1, Mr. Coleman. Subject: William D. Pawley 20 February 1964.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">REFERENCES: UFGT-7664, attached
UFGT-4162, attached </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">UFGT-6961, attached</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1. It is requested that Subject be granted a Covert Security Approval for use by JMWAVE on a continuing
basis. The references reflect that Subject has been in contact with the Agency for a number of years and
that the Western Hemisphere Division was granted a CSA in October 1959 to enable their contact with
him.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2. Refer any questions to M. K. Holbik, SAS/Security, ext. 5909
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[signed by M.K. Holbik for]
Desmond Fitzgerald, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Chief, SAS</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10372 ~ 10/2/1959 CIA Dispatch - Report re Fabio Freyre. Subject Report of Contact with
QDDALE, 2 October 1959. From: Miami WHD Representative, Patrick I Karnley. To: Chief, Western Hemisphere
Division.</span><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">....Rubottom was at lunch so he talked to Bill Snow and passed him this information, again not identifying
his sources. I noted that QDDALE also took the time to preach Snow a little sermon about the danger to US
interests which would accrue if something isn’t done to change Castro’s ways. During his conversation
with Snow he also told him that he was discussing other matters with KUBARK, so Snow may be inquiring
of you what it is we are talking to QDDALE about.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10. QDDALE again said that it was a shame that he didn’t have this discussion on tape. I informed him that
we were ready to go ahead and survey his office with a view of placing the equipment as soon as possible. I
agreed with him tentatively that a technician would be here to survey the premises on Saturday, 10 October.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">11. QDDALE called me a few days after my visit with him on 25 September to inform me that the name of
the British official with whom the Freyre group had discussed the matter of getting an unihabited island as
a staging area...was Col. Morris Hill.....not only would the British Government not entertain such a notion,
but Hill was off base in even discussing the matter with the group and in not reporting their proposal to
U.S. authorities.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">12. This matter of a British island had been mentioned to me before by George Davis of the FBI...This
information was passed to QDDALE and was greatly appreciated.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-49311036953292538982009-12-12T14:34:00.009-08:002024-01-06T11:34:44.074-08:0017: QDDALE
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">An October 2, 1959 dispatch from Miami’s CIA Western Hemisphere Division (WHD)
Representative Patrick I. Karnley to the CIA’s WHD Chief J.C. King refers to William Douglas
Pawley as QDDALE, the cryptonym established for him by the CIA’s Clandestine Services.
Karnley reported that Pawley wished he had a tape recording of his meeting with wealthy Cuban
exile Fabio Freye who seeks to topple Castro. Karnley’s dispatch also mentioned a discussion of
staging an invasion against Castro from an uninhabited British island, but it was assumed the
British government would balk at its usage.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Eleven days later the CIA’s Martha Tharpe (Margarite Forsythe) recapped discussions of
the use of the British island of Nassau and noted that “QDDALE is a prominent U.S.
businessman in Miami with good contacts among Cuban exile groups.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The QD prefix appears to relate to anti-Castro activities within Cuba. In 1998, the
National Archives Kennedy Assassination Collection contained 49 QDDALE documents from
1960 to 1964 in addition to 978 Pawley documents which first appear in 1950.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3
</span></p>
<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhIuYgtzcZedq8mBm3dHrSBJWGjVloUMFGdoxdrcFfF6kgOgR3-dSWqf3jI6KRzBrcHVkC1Q-RK6cF0N8QfEAe5WfIadKa_oY-1xk17XIfxORrHrOF349OLn-ZOH9Pu1Qx0Uk8n-hyOH--JaChDwMjp3erAGd9IcJG7q8W9dfdomLXVsi1SEkM_T_VjQN4" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="824" data-original-width="1122" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhIuYgtzcZedq8mBm3dHrSBJWGjVloUMFGdoxdrcFfF6kgOgR3-dSWqf3jI6KRzBrcHVkC1Q-RK6cF0N8QfEAe5WfIadKa_oY-1xk17XIfxORrHrOF349OLn-ZOH9Pu1Qx0Uk8n-hyOH--JaChDwMjp3erAGd9IcJG7q8W9dfdomLXVsi1SEkM_T_VjQN4" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Among the earliest of the dozen plus documents on QDBIAS (Pedro Diaz Lanz) is a
nearly illegible one from August 1959 discussing a meeting with QDCHAR (Marcos Diaz Lanz)
and QDCOVE (</span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Ricardo de la Lorie aka Ricardo Luis de la Lorie-Bals aka Ricardo Lorie Valls)
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">that mentions Frank Fiorini (aka Frank Sturgis) who “talks too much.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A September 4</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">cable
expressed CIA Headquarters “interested learning more about QDBIAS group in Cuba. Proceed
as suggested taking due precautions through use of cutout to protect ODACID [U.S. State
Department] from charges of abetting counterrevolutionaries.” </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A comment noted that Havana
“Station officers had met with <br />Angel Ros ... a member of the QDBIAS group.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Angel Sebastian </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #383838; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Ros Escala </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">was the national coordinator of the MRR and a splinter group, who would flee to
Miami several months later and become AMPALM-10.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">(In the years that followed he became a
double agent for Castro using the name Raul Gonzalez.)</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a>Another exile, Emilio Nunez Portuondo, visited William Pawley and “solicited support of
this Agency [CIA] for his planned overthrow of the Cuban Government. However, he had been
given no encouragement or support of his activities.”<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">Nunez wanted General Jose Eleuterio
Pedraza who had amassed thousands of exile troops in the Dominican Republic to lead the
invasion.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9
</span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The CIA’s Chief of the Western Hemisphere Division J.C. King interviewed Pawley
“who is obviously very free giving his opinions, is also a staunch believer in the value of a
certain kind of dictatorship for certain Latin American countries. He seems to be a very staunch
supporter of the regime of the Dominican Republic.” In fact, Pawley invited King to go there as
his guest. Pawley “is apparently a frequent visitor to the Dominican Republic and talks directly
to Trujillo. Also he has a great many interests there; his brother resides there permanently; and
he tells me he has a rather large group of geologists at work in the Dominican Republic.” King
wondered “how aggressively should information be solicited from Mr. Pawley here?”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">According to Rudolph Gomez, “Nunez was making many wild and dangerous statements;
for example, he had said that Pawley was part of a group of Americans who had investments in
Cuba and wealthy Cubans who were active in an opposition movement against Castro; that
Nunez had said that Pawley had offered Trujillo three million dollars, which money was to be
used to support an invasion of Cuba from the Dominican Republic; that this invasion had the
support of the United States Government, but Trujillo did not go through with it because Pawley
never gave him the three million.”
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley believed Nunez was “trying to destroy any efforts which Pawley is making to
straighten out the Cuban situation.” Pawley wanted J.C. King to “threaten him with expulsion
from the United States if he does not stop his agitation tactics.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Two weeks earlier Pawley had
dined with Vice President Nixon and met with CIA Director Dulles and vented his frustrations.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley also “spoke briefly of his break with Nunez Portuondo and provided” a transcript
of their January 13, 1960 telephone conversation. He also provided “a brief summary of Nunez
activities since 1 Jan 1959” and stated that plans “have been made for a ‘bond issue’ to raise
funds for the conduct of anti-Castro activities ... Fabio Freyre is handling this detail and the
bonds have already gone to the printer” Pawley intended “to buy US$100 thousand worth.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley also noted that “the acquisition of the island in the Caribbean has been
temporarily stymied by reason of the fact that Howard Hughes presently holds the lease on the
island and that, despite efforts by very highly placed people, Hughes to date has not been
located.” The island could provide a place for aircraft, particularly helicopters, which can be
used for sea pick-up in exfiltrating and infiltrating people in Cuba.” Pawley “is presently in the
process of forming a ‘paper’ company for the purpose of holding the lease on the island.” On
another front, “Diaz-Tamayo is presently forming a Cuban group which will ostensibly be a
social club but in fact will be a cover for Diaz-Tamayo’s activity in developing counter-
revolutionary military forces.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">An unredacted version of the above memo released in 1998 states that it is a contact
report from QDDALE.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">(In 1998, the National Archives Kennedy Assassination Collection
contained 49 QDDALE documents from 1960 to 1964 in addition to 978 Pawley documents
which first appear in 1950.)
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 4">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the opening paragraph the memo states: “I called on QDDALE. He informed me that
he had discussed the matter at hand with [Oliver G.] Galbond [pseudonym for J.C. King] on the
telephone.” The previously redacted paragraphs of the document detail the fact that KUBARK
(the CIA) will remain in contact with Cardenas and that “the contact man will telephone
Cardenas and identify himself by saying ‘I am a friend of Bill’ ... The enclosed clipped one
dollar bill will serve as further recognition.” There was also mention that “QDDALE said in
response to Galbond’s previous request to see what assistance could be given to Diaz-Tamayo,
QDDALE is personally financing him at the rate of US$500 per month.” The report was signed
by Patrick I. Karnley and had a typed note from him stating. “The fact that the ‘American’
contact will be selected and run by KUBARK presumably is known only to QDDALE.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Karnley (aka Bernie Reichardt) appears to be CIA officer Ken M. Crosby, a stockbroker in
Miami.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">President Eisenhower told General Andrew Goodpaster and Secretary of State Christian
Herter that “he had been talking to Mr. Pawley. He is a most knowledgeable man as regards
Latin American affairs. particularly in the Caribbean area. He had, for example, gone to Cuba as
an emissary from civilians having interest there, but with the knowledge of Mr. Dulles and Mr.
Rubottom to get Batista to abdicate in favor of a junta.” During the discussion “Mr. Herter said
that Mr. Pawley had had large interests in Santo Domingo which would interfere with this but
that he has disposed of them. The President said Mr. Pawley had told him he had disposed of all
his holdings in Cuba, Santo Domingo, Mexico and Haiti. Mr. Herter said that the situation in
Santo Domingo is very bad in that the Trujillo Government is acting against the moderates and
may soon create a situation like that in Cuba where the opposition is taken over by wild
radicals.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In January 1960, QDBIAS (Pedro Diaz Lanz) “returned from a visit to Washington,
where he held a second meeting with Nunez Portuondo” regarding a military operation to be led
by QDBIAS. Karnley felt the “holes in this scheme seem to me to be so many it is difficult to
determine where it is weakest.” The following month QDBIAS was seeking a meeting with
President Somoza of Nicaragua</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">who was in favor of ousting Castro.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On February 18, 1960, Pawley called Rudolph Gomez, Deputy Chief, Western
Hemisphere Division, to say Freyre had been interviewed by the FBI and “gathered from the
tone that Hoover was mad with Pawley.” Gomez had not heard such a thing from FBI Director
Hoover. Freyre had also mentioned “that the Batista group in exile in Florida is planning a large-
scale invasion of Cuba within the next week” and that a Miami lawyer “who claims to represent
the No. 1 Republican figure in Florida, is involved in this plan to invade Cuba and is ‘throwing
names around.’ Pawley was much more cautious than usual over the phone and did not wish to
elucidate on this. I gathered that the inference was that Steppin [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">sic: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Slepin] was claiming that he
had the support of top U.S. Government officials.)”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On February 19, 1960, Pawley wrote to Col. J.C. King, Chief of the Western Hemisphere
Division, at “’Frannewood House’” on Miller Road in Oakton, Virginia, to let him know that
“General Diaz Tamayo, at my request, attended the meeting at which Matthew M. Slepin, Dade
County Chairman of the Republican State Committee, is reported by Diaz Tamayo to have said
that he had Vice President Nixon’s support in an effort to organize a movement against the
Castro government.” Slepin wanted $100,000 for his “fee and organizational expenses” which
would include him influencing the U.S. government to provide an additional $200,000 for the
anti-Castro invaders. Pawley enclosed “a copy of the document of the Junta Cubana
Anticommunista addressed to General Diaz Tamayo, in which no names are used and each </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">person is assigned a number. Diaz Tamayo’s number is C3-2.” Pawley concluded that “it very
important that we bring up from Cuba at least two of those who would sign the bonds.” He
suggested four names: Emilio Ochoa Ochoa; Dr. Gustavo Cuervo Rubio; Carlos Marquez
Sterling and General Diaz Tamayo.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">More details about Slepin of “Biscayne Building, Room 707, 19 Flagler Street, Miami”
came on February 23, 1960, in a memo from Rudolph E. Gomez, Deputy Chief, WHD, to Mr.
Earman, Assistant to the DCI. Gomez stated that “Pawley described Slepin as a ‘lawyer with a
bad reputation.’”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley was alarmed that Slepin was telling “a group of twelve Cubans, among whom
were Lieutenant Colonel Francisco Sanchez Mosquiera, Vice Admiral Rodriguez Hernandes”
and others that the arrangements for the $200,000 were being made by Vice President Nixon “to
overthrow Fidel Castro.” Pawley, the former Ambassador to Peru and Brazil, “considered it the
most explosive incident he has seen in the current Cuban situation. He also felt that such a
statement coming from a county Republican Chairman immediately before President
Eisenhower’s visit to Latin America could have far reaching and damaging effects. Pawley said
that all those present signed a paper which outlined their future revolutionary plans and General
Diaz Tamayo also signed the paper, although reluctantly.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">CIA’s Jacob Esterline, using the alias Jacob England, met at Pawley’s office with him
and Freyre on March 2, 1960 to discuss “the bond issue Mr. Pawley is floating in view of raising
$2,000,000 for support of opposition activities.” With regard to signing the bonds, Esterline
found Emilio Ochoa Ochoa and Dr. Gustavo Cuervo “quite acceptable.” Esterline said the other
two Mr. Pawley had suggested were turned down in Washington—not for any personal reasons,
but merely because they had been too closely associated with Batista elements. After some </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">resistance, particularly with regard to his third candidate Marquez Sterling, Pawley agreed to
consider others. Two of the most prominent candidates mentioned were Antonio Varona,
Autentico leader, and Jorge Zayas, former editor of the Habana daily newspaper, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">La Avance</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Although Mr. Pawley and his colleague, Mr. Freyre, had no reservations with regard to
Zayas, they were of mixed emotions on Varona—particularly because of a recent report they had
received from Rubio Padilla in Habana indicating that Varona is further to the left than had been
formerly considered. This point was debated at length and it was finally decided that the
resolution would turn on whether or not Mr. Varona would be willing to come to the States and
formerly join the opposition.” A note on the memorandum of the meeting asked, “Have we ever
had any leftist traces on Varona before?”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">With regard to publishing “a Cuban newspaper in Miami, Esterline said he understood
that Mr. Pawley had made arrangements for the publication of </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Diario de Marina </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">in Miami” and
had located “Spanish conversion kits for the linotype machines.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As spring arrived, arrangements were made for a strategy meeting in early April at
Pawley’s house involving J.C. King, CIA Director Allen Dulles and Jacob Esterline. “Mr.
Pawley was told that the time had arrived for careful coordination of all activities; that
permission had been granted for an all-out operation: a government in exile will be formed post-
haste; that the acceptable non-Batista groups will be put into contact with each other almost
immediately; and that Mr. Pawley’s contact, Rubio Padilla, will figure prominently in this effort.
Mr. Pawley suggested, and it was agreed, that immediate plans should be made for exfiltration of
Rubio from Habana.” Pawley was also given marching orders. “It was carefully explained to Mr.
Pawley that any action involving exiles now should be most carefully coordinated with Chief, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">WHD [King] and Chief, Branch 4 [Esterline] to avoid any flaps. He agreed to this
arrangement.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">E. Howard Hunt, who oversaw propaganda under J.C. King during the Arbenz overthrow
in Guatemala, also would become involved. Hunt had more than a half dozen pseudonyms and
aliases during his career and even wrote novels under a pseudonym.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">(Even after retiring in
1970, Hunt would receive covert security clearance through the QKENCHANT process in
accordance with Clandestine Services instructions. Within two years, Hunt, Frank Fiorini aka
Frank Sturgis, and Bernard Barker were arrested with other Cuban exiles as the team of
Watergate burglars.)</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Dissension among Cuban exiles is a recurring theme of CIA documents from the early
1960s. Some of Castro opponents who remained in Cuba had distain for the cowardice of those
who fled. Among the exiles focused on re-entering Cuba to support an insurgency, there was
disagreement between the hawkish military approach of QDBIAS (Pedro Diaz Lanz) and the
“await the natural course of events in Cuba” approach of QDCOVE (</span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Ricardo de la Lorie)</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">There also was no love lost between QDCHAR (Marcos Diaz Lanz) and QDCOVE. A
January 12, 1960 dispatch from Karnley recaps “a two-hour Sunday morning session with
QDBIAS” in which he relates how QDCOVE invited QDCHAR over to his house. “When
QDCHAR arrived he was met by QDCOVE with a two-foot length of heavy chain with which
QDCOVE attacked QDCHAR” until Reynaldo Blanco stopped him. QDCOVE then hit him with
his fists. Blanco was so upset by the incident “he returned to Cuba and is believed to have been
re-arrested and is presently back in jail.” The rift was a result of QDCHAR having given the FBI
“some derogatory information about QDCOVE.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">At one point, even Fiorini and his close
associate, QDBIAS, appeared to have broken apart over a disagreement.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 9">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">During a trip QDCHAR and Frank Fiorini took to Guatemala, U.S. Immigration &
Naturalization Services picked up Fiorini’s “passport when he re-entered the U.S.” and Fiorini
faced a hearing for traveling while on parole. “I discussed this with ODENVY [FBI] and they are
prepared to throw the book at Fiorini. They have been losing patience with him for some time
and have apparently come to the end of the line ... Fiorini is in very real danger of losing his
citizenship.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">QDBIAS also stated to Karnley in their two-hour session that “he can control fairly well
everybody in his group except his own brother and that QDCHAR has ideas of his own and that
QDBIAS does not try to stand in his way.” QDCHAR and Firorini were actively pursuing
weapons—"making rounds of arms dealers getting prices for fairly sizable amounts of small
arms.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Marcos Diaz Lanz was offered “‘Millions’ if they and other defectors from 26</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">July
movement join forces with Pedraza and the Dominicans. MDL says they have completely
rejected these offers.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Earlier entries in the MDL file describe how Bernie Reichardt was “in touch with Bill
Pawley”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">and helped MDL “take care of immigration status.” Another entry reveals more exile
disagreement. “Diaz Lanz brothers still believe Menoyo and Morgan anti-Castro despite double-
cross in Ortega plan” which had been asserted by Miami newsman J. Malin. Reichardt also “to
identify himself to 3 evacuees using Dave Morales’ name ... Reichardt asked for info re:
Sanjenis” (Joaquin Sanjenis Perdomo who became AMWAIL-3 and like Morales, a controversial
Cuban exile figure).</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s South Florida and Cuba were swirling with intrigue, and QDDALE was now in
the center of it. A February 27, 1960 cable from the Havana Station to CIA Director Dulles </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">detailed a meeting in which Jaime Gomila offered Juan Antonio Rubio Padilla “utilization of
Gomila’s clandestine action group which source describes as only organized terrorist
organization in Cuba today ... they were in effect throwing their support to Jose Ignacio Rivero
and Silvio Cardenas who together with Rubio had good connections in Miami and with
ODYOKE [the U.S. Government].” The cable then states “AMPALM-1 [</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #383838; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Oscar Echeverria y
Salvat, cousin of Manual Salvat] </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">mentioned Rubio as possible candidate for ZRMETAL
[Washington, D.C.] talks ... source appears to be witting QDDALE operation.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Another QD member was QDELF, who some believe was </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Miami News </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">reporter Hal
Hendrix. A 1962 cable urged CIA headquarters to “pls protect fact that info obtained from
Hendrix. This most important if we are to continue development Hendrix as source.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times;">Other Q cryptonyms seem media and propaganda related. According to the Mary Ferrell Foundation, QKACTIVE's was: "Program <span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: #333333;">to weaken the Soviet regime, run by the CIA's Soviet division, utilizing radio broadcasts (Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty), the Institute for the Study of the USSR (BGCALLUS) chaired by Stanislaw Stankiewicz, and published articles and books</span>." Intriguingly, QRMASTER was created in 1963 "involved in radio and TV projects" and in 1969 "was sold to its manager with full exdpectation of continued operation with heavy agency subsidy." </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjadIPDV_BKSlAmJx9vgkTElvTBGEko4E_JiTdF9Uy8mvaZjViZR8kBCgG61N_ckqNiVDQJ92nXnGKv37d8940cK10inAwzvRcvR-OdAoKPy_UsL1_mhw4jpRsZmMo78wMtBP8iSDwfnAGMLy2BtkI7F_UuaEVhoJvz42lurFlPBzxjiRyNPmcsPuD3kNs" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1310" data-original-width="1275" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjadIPDV_BKSlAmJx9vgkTElvTBGEko4E_JiTdF9Uy8mvaZjViZR8kBCgG61N_ckqNiVDQJ92nXnGKv37d8940cK10inAwzvRcvR-OdAoKPy_UsL1_mhw4jpRsZmMo78wMtBP8iSDwfnAGMLy2BtkI7F_UuaEVhoJvz42lurFlPBzxjiRyNPmcsPuD3kNs=w316-h324" width="316" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgbkCpZ9C_UPGPOgN-LthLgm94Yv0wISKYRmFy7ZO0nZ3poqr-NKetdb-AdTZl2zlEh5nob0cfAT2p7BlJ4inJV_OCHjBL-PtWyw-Y_FtonLxmAO9UJJRuOWU36SKJ1wy0bESJdYna7Ku3KDAiyGFofnIz7xaDFlpIi7avLhGAqpCM3qogQVzO7fCZ8cnU" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1029" data-original-width="1352" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgbkCpZ9C_UPGPOgN-LthLgm94Yv0wISKYRmFy7ZO0nZ3poqr-NKetdb-AdTZl2zlEh5nob0cfAT2p7BlJ4inJV_OCHjBL-PtWyw-Y_FtonLxmAO9UJJRuOWU36SKJ1wy0bESJdYna7Ku3KDAiyGFofnIz7xaDFlpIi7avLhGAqpCM3qogQVzO7fCZ8cnU" width="315" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">FOOTNOTES:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10372 ~ 10/2/1959 CIA Dispatch “Report re Fabio Freyre. Subject Report of Contact with
QDDALE, 2 October 1959.” To: Chief, Western Hemisphere Division. From: Miami WHD Representative, Patrick
I Karnley.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... Rubottom was at lunch so he talked to Bill Snow and passed him this information, again not identifying
his sources. I noted that QDDALE also took the time to preach Snow a little sermon about the danger to US
interests which would accrue if something isn’t done to change Castro’s ways. During his conversation
with Snow he also told him that he was discussing other matters with KUBARK, so Snow may be inquiring
of you what it is we are talking to QDDALE about.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10. QDDALE again said that it was a shame that he didn’t have this discussion on tape. I informed him that
we were ready to go ahead and survey his office with a view of placing the equipment as soon as possible. I
agreed with him tentatively that a technician would be here to survey the premises on Saturday, 10 October.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">11. QDDALE called me a few days after my visit with him on 25 September to inform me that the name of
the British official with whom the Freyre group had discussed the matter of getting an unihabited island as
a staging area...was Col. Morris Hill.....not only would the British Government not entertain such a notion,
but Hill was off base in even discussing the matter with the group and in not reporting their proposal to
U.S. authorities.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">12. This matter of a British island had been mentioned to me before by George Davis of the FBI...This
information was passed to QDDALE and was greatly appreciated.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>
<div class="page" title="Page 11">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10371 ~ 10/13/1959 CIA Memorandum “Reported Commitment to Cuban Revolutionaries by
British Authorities in Nassau for Use of Small Caribbean Island.” To: WH/6/Reports, Attention: [REDACTED].
From: Martha Tharpe, WH/III/CARIB (Ext. 3229).
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Martha Tharpe was the pseudonym for Margarite Forsythe.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10344 ~ 1/29/1960 Memorandum “KUBARK Contact with Anti-Castro Group in Cuba as
Proposed by QDDALE (Identity A).” To: Chief of Station, Habana. From: Chief, WHD.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Identity A is shown to be “Mr. William D. Pawley.” </span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10260-10122 ~ 8/1959 Dispatch.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 180-10143-10225 ~ HSCA CIA Segregated Collection. Subjects: CIA Files; Sanchez, Carlos; Lanz, Pedro
Diaz; Cuba. Pages 3 & 4 of 28.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10167-10252 ~ 9/4/1959 Cable. To: Habana. From: Director [CIA]. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10167-10252 ~ 9/4/1959 Cable To: Habana. From: Director.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Ref: HAVA-2616 (IN-21335)*. Releasing Agent: J.C. King, C/WHD. Authenticating Officer: R.N. Dahlgren,
C/WH/III.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Cryptonym: AMPALM-10.” Mary Ferrell Foundation website: MaryFerrell.org
https://www.maryferrell.org/php/cryptdb.php?id=AMPALM-10
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">12/4/1959 “Response.” To: S. J. Papich with a cc to the State Department confirming contact. From: Deputy
Director, Plans.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10113-10158 ~ 1/15/1960 “Anti-Castro Activities in the United States. (Summary).” National
Archives.<br />
https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/104-10113-10158.pdf
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Document 1994.05.18.13:23:17:130005 ~ “Report of Interview with William D. Pawley.” Reel 55, Folder L.
William D. Pawley. JFK Box #JFK64 From: Chief, WH Division. Page 191 of 221.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Document 1994.05.18.13:23:17:130005 ~ “Memo for the Record by Rudolph Gomel. Subject: “Telephone
Conversation with William Pawley, 11:45 a.m., 31 December 1959.” Reel 55, Folder L. William D. Pawley. JFK
Box #JFK64. Page 151 of 221.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Document 1994.05.18.13:23:17:130005 ~ 2/12/1960 Memorandum for Chief, WHD. “Material for possible Use in
Discussion with Mr. Pawley.” Reel 55, Folder L. William D. Pawley. JFK Box #JFK64. Page 116 of 221.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Excerpts from a conversation with Jack Gillespie, dated 16 December 1959.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10293 ~ 1/23/1960 Operational Dispatch. “Report of Contact with [Pawley name Declassified
1999] 22 January 1960.” To: Chief Western Hemisphere Division. From: CIA Miami WHD Rep.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/26/1960 Memo: “Pawley telephone report on alleged Cuban Group’s plans to entrap and eliminate.” To: The
record. From: King, J.C. C/WH Division. Subjects; Pawley, William; AntiCastro Plan.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/29/1960 “Memorandum from William Pawley.” To: [None]. Subjects: Pawley, William; Cuba.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/29/1960 “Note from William D. Pawley.” To: [None]. Subjects: Pawley, William; Batista; Anti-Castro; Cuba.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 12">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10344 ~ 1/29/1960 Memorandum “KUBARK Contact with Anti-Castro Group in Cuba as
Proposed by QDDALE (Identity A).” To Chief of Station, Habana. From Chief, WHD.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Identity A is shown to be “Mr. William D. Pawley”
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10265-10119 ~ 1/23/1960 Operational Dispatch “Report of Contact with QDDALE 22 January
1960”. To: Chief Western Hemisphere Division. From: CIA Miami WHD Rep.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">John Newman, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Countdown to Darkness: The Assassination of President Kennedy, Volume II</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 420.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Memorandum of a Conference With the President, White House, Washington, February 15, 1960, 10:05-10:55 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">a.m.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, Cuba, Volume VI</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Source: Eisenhower Library, Whitman File, DDE Diaries. Secret. Prepared by Goodpaster on February 19. The time
of the meeting is taken from the President's Appointment Book. The President met with William Pawley from<br />
9:45 to 10:05 a.m. and from 11:39 a.m. to 12:15 p.m.— before and after speaking to Goodpaster and Herter.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10260-10170 ~ 1/20/1960 Dispatch “Subject: Report of Contact with QDBIAS, 13 January 1960.”
To: Chief, WH Division. From: Miami WHD Representative, Karnley.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10260-10168 ~ 2/17/1960 Dispatch “Summary of Current QDBIAS Activities.” To: Chief, WH
Division. From: Miami WHD Representative, Karnley.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">QDBIAS / Pedro Diaz Lanz identity – Cryptonym Project. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
http://www.maryferrell.org/wiki/index.php/CIA_Cryptonyms#_QD
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Document 1994.05.18.13:23:17:130005 ~ Reel 55, Folder L. William D. Pawley. JFK Box #JFK64. Page 113 of
221.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10337 ~ 2/18/1960 CIA Memorandum for the Record. Subject: Telephone Conversation with
William B. [sic] Pawley 11:10 a.m., 18 February 1960. From: Rudolph E. Gomez, Deputy Chief, Western
Hemisphere Division.
</span></p>
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley called from New York and said that he had received a telephone call from [Fabio] Freyre in
Florida, who told him that the FBI had interviewed him, and he gathered from the tone of the interview
that Mr. Hoover was mad at Pawley. Pawley asked me if I knew any reason why Hoover should hold a
grievance against him. I told Pawley I did not know any reason, and if it were true that Hoover was
mad at him, he would not hear about it in this manner.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Freyre told Pawley that the Batista group in exile in Florida is planning a large-scale invasion of Cuba
within the next week) that Matthew Steppin [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">sic: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">actually Slepin], a Miami lawyer who claims to
represent the No 1 Republican figure in Florida, is involved in this plan to invade Cuba and is
“throwing names around.” (Pawley was much more cautious than usual over the phone and did not
wish to elucidate on this. I gathered that the inference was that Steppin was claiming that he had the
support of top US Government officials.)
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley asked me if we knew anything about Steppin. I said not to my knowledge. Pawley said this was
only the second time he had heard his name and would appreciate any information we could gather on
him.</span></p></li></ol><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span><span> </span>N.B. It is recommended that the information contained in paragraphs 2 and 3 above be passed to Reichhardt
and that he <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>advise what he knows or can find out about Steppin, also the alleged invasion.</span></div><div class="column"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="column"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span><span> </span>Comment by JCK: Pawley reported on 21 February that Fabio Freyre (a reliable Cuban contact) had
obtained independent <span> </span><span> </span>confirmation of Diaz Tomayo’s report from his friend Lieutenant Colonel Sanchez
Mosquiera.</span></div></div></div>
<div class="page" title="Page 13">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Document 1994.05.18.13:23:17:130005~ Reel 55, Folder L. William D. Pawley. JFK Box #JFK64. Page 97 of
221.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10337 ~ 2/18/1960 CIA Memorandum for the Record. Subject: Telephone Conversation with
William B. [sic] Pawley 11:10 a.m., 18 February 1960. From: Rudolph E. Gomez, Deputy Chief, Western
Hemisphere Division.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1. Pawley called to report that Matthew M. Slepin (mentioned in a telephone conversation of 18 February
with Pawley) had a meeting recently with a group of twelve Cubans, among whom were Lieutenant
Colonel Francisco Sanchez Mosquiera, Vice Admiral Rodriguez Hernandes, and told this group that Vice
President Nixon was arranging for $200,000,000 to be turned over to a responsible Cuban revolutionary
group, which money was to be used to overthrow Fidel Castro. He told the group rather by inference, but
making his point clear, that his fee for making such an arrangement would be $100,000. Diaz Tamayo had
attended the meeting at Pawley’s request as his representative but without the others knowing this.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2. Slepin is county chairman of the Dade County Republican Committee, and because of this Pawley fears
that much credence can be given to what he says. Pawley was quite alarmed over this matter and
considered it the most explosive incident he has seen in the current Cuban situation. He also felt that such a
statement coming from a county Republican Chairman immediately before President Eisenhower’s visit to
Latin America could have far reaching and damaging effects. Pawley said that all those present signed a
paper which outlined their future revolutionary plans and General Diaz Tamayo also signed the paper,
although reluctantly.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3. Slepin’s office is in the Biscayne Building, Room 707, 19 Flagler Street, Miami. Pawley described
Slepin as a “lawyer with a bad reputation.”
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">4. In another telephone conversation with Colonel King later in the day, Pawley said that Slepin
demanded the payment of the $100,000 in advance, and also that Florida State Chairman of the
Republican Committee believed Slepin had direct entrée to President Eisenhower and Vice
President Nixon.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1994.05.18.13:23:17:130005 ~ 2/19/1960 Memo for Martha Tharpe. “Subjects: Conversation with Reichardt
at 0930 Hours, 19 February.” From: J. D. Esterline. To: Martha Tharpe. Reel 55, Folder L—William D. Pawley.
Page 110 of 220. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Pawley indicates no previous knowledge of Varona coming to Miami. Pawley’s 201 File was reviewed at CIA
Headquarters by the House Select Committee on Assassinations staff.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Document 1994.05.18.13:23:17:130005 ~ Memorandum “Report of Interview with William D. Pawley.”<br />
For: Mr. Earman, Assistant to the DCI. Subject: “Telephone Conversation with William B. Pawley, 1230 Hours, 19
February 1960.” From: Rudolph Gomez, Deputy Chief, Western Hemisphere Division. Reel 55, Folder L—William
D. Pawley. Page 109 of 220. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1994.05.18.13:23:17:130005 ~ 2/23/1960 Memorandum “Subject: Telephone Conversation with William B.
Pawley, 1230 Hours, 19 February 1960.” From: Gomez. Dep. Chief, WH Division. To: Earman. Asst. to the DCI.
Reel 55, Folder L—William D. Pawley. Page 108 of 220. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Pawley report on Slepin approach to Cuban revolutionary group with offer from VP Nixon.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">~ [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Date missing, 1960] Draft of Letter. To: General Martin Diaz Tamayo
Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Page 253 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundations website.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Esteemed compatriot:
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The Cuban Anticommunist Junta is the product of patriotic harmony among divergent groups which are
antagon-istic to Castroism, which today guides the destiny of our country along the path of communism
under a system of corrupt and orgiastic patronage. Its organic unity and the common purpose which is its </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">essence, are evident in the initial document which accompanies this letter. It is prudent, however, to
emphasize that its organization is cellular and secret, considered the most adequate to the task of obtaining
the ultimate liberation of Cuba.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">By unanimous accord of it members, you have been designated, along with the representatives of other
sectors, to be a member of the Directorio Militar of the Junta, which shall exercise a coordinated and
efficient supervision. For you, this will imply great sacrifices, the relegation of personal aspirations or
rights, and the assumption, exclusively, of responsibilities and duties to the tormented, suffering and
bleeding fatherland. Nevertheless, the Cuban Anticommunist Junta <strike>expects that your patriotism will align
you</strike> is counting on your patriotism to join with it, as one of its leaders, in its vital journey.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Fraternally,
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">– Undated document. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Page 254 of
267. Mary Ferrell Foundations website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">~ Undated “</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">List of 6 names: Cruz Vidal; Blanco; Sancha; Rodriguez; met with
Slepin.” Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Page 255 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundations website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ Undated document. Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Page 256 of
267. Mary Ferrell Foundations website.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Tony Varona interested in joining junta but he has one condition which the boss (Rubio) does not think
should be accepted ... This report already sent to Bill via diplomatic pouch to Fabio Freyre in Miami.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10220-10117 ~ 3/8/1960 Memorandum “Meeting with Mr. William Pawley and Pablo [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">: Fabio]
Freyre on Financial and Organizational Matters.” Subjects: Pawley, Wm. From: Esterline, J. P., C/WH/4 – Routing
slip has handwritten notation QDDALE.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Jacob Esterline, using the name Jacob England, met for two hours with Mr. Pawley and Mr. Freyre” at
Pawley’s business office. The following subjects were covered during this meeting:
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">a. Regarding the bond issue which Mr. Pawley is floating in view of raising $2,000,000 for support of
opposition activities, Esterline told him that the first two candidates were quite acceptable. Those people
are Emilio Ochoa Ochoa and Dr. Gustavo Cuervo. Esterline said the other two Mr. Pawley had suggested
were turned down in Washington—not for any personal reasons, but merely because they had been too
closely associated with Batista elements. After some resistance, particularly with regard to Marquez
Sterling, Mr. Pawley’s third candidate, he agreed to consider others. Two of the most prominent candidates
mentioned were Antonio Varona, Autentico leader, and Jorge Zayas, former editor of the Habana daily
newspaper, La Avance. Although Mr. Pawley and his colleague, Mr. Freyre, had no reservations with
regard to Zayas, they were of mixed emotions on Varona—particularly because of a recent report they had
received from Rubio Padilla in Habana indicating that Varona is further to the left than had been formerly
considered. This point was debated at length and it was finally decided that the resolution would turn on
whether or not Mr. Varona would be willing to come to the States and formerly join the opposition.
(NOTE ... Have we ever had any leftist traces on Varona before? ...)
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10220-10117 ~ 3/8/1960 CIA Memorandum for the Record “Meeting with Mr. Pawley and Pablo
Freyre on Financial and Organizational Matters. 1455 Hours, 2 March 1960; Mr. Pawley’s Office in Miami.”
Prepared by: J.D. Esterline C/WH/4.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10323 ~ 3/30/1960 CIA Memorandum for the Record. “Contact with Mr. William D. Pawley
in Miami, 21 March 1960.” Prepared by: J.D. Esterline, C/WH/4.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10061-10115 ~ “List of Names Re Kennedy Assassination Investigation.” Page 17.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">E. Howard Hunt went by Terence S. Crabanic, Walter C. Twicker, John F. Rittenhouse, Bernard F.
Chumley, Hugh W. Newstead, Edward J. Hamilton and Eduardo J. Hamilton
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 15">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Lamar Waldron with Thom Hartmann, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Legacy of Secrecy: The Long Shadow of the JFK Assassination</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">,
Page 709.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10119-10320 ~ 10/27/1970 “Request for Utilization of Hunt in a project.” Subjects: Hunt, E. H. #23
500. To: Chief, Central Cover Staff, Mr. Martin Lukoskie. From: Deputy Director of Security, Victor R. White.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10119-10317 ~ 8/30/1971 “Everette Howard Hunt, Jr.” Subjects: E. H., Bay of Pigs. To: AC/CB. From:
PES.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10260-10157 ~ 1/12/1960 CIA Dispatch “Subject—Contact with QDBIAS 10 January 1960.” To:
Chief, WH Division. From: Miami WHD Representative, Patrick Karnley.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10221-10172 ~ 2/10/1961 Dispatch “Frank Anthony Sturgis, aka Frank Fiorini.” Subjects: QDBIAS,
AMIRON. To: COB JMWAVE. From: Chief, Western Hemisphere.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10260-10157 ~ 1/12/1960 CIA Dispatch “Subject—Contact with QDBIAS 10 January 1960.” To:
Chief, WH Division. From: Miami WHD Representative, Patrick Karnley.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10145-10363 ~ “Third Agency Coordination, Subject: Marcos Diaz Lanz 201-259716.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> A compilation of information about Pedro’s brother, Marcos Diaz Lanz (MDL), includes the following from
October 15, 1959 report from QDCHAR:
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Sold C-46 for US $46 thousand. ODENVY repts that MDL and Fiorini making rounds of arms dealers
getting prices for fairly sizable amounts of small arms.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">MDL has been approached by Dominicans thru McDonald with an offer of “Millions” if they and other
defectors from 26</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">July movement join forces with Pedraza and the Dominicans. MDL says they have
completely rejected these offers. McDonald = Alan McDonald, known to be close to Enrique Garcia.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10167-10116 ~ 9/9/1959 Memorandum for the Record. “Subject: Phone Conversation with Reichardt,
11 August.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10336 ~ 02/27/1960 CIA Cable “re Offer Cooperation Action Group.” To: Director. From:
Havana. Subjects: Rubio, Anti-Castro.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10298-10158 ~ 10/29/1962 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Cable – “Mr. Hal Hendrix Advised Reuteman That During
Luncheon.” To: Director. From: JMWAVE. Subjects: AMBUD.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-37476722266855220852009-12-12T14:31:00.029-08:002023-10-08T07:42:12.936-07:0018: Controlling Cuban-Exile Chaos
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<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Publicly Vice President Richard Nixon was asserting that the U.S. should take a hands-off
approach to Cuba and hope for the best.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">But in fact, Nixon had been dealing with the issue of
Castro since at least April 19, 1959, when he met with Castro and then “prepared a 4-page secret
memorandum and sent out copies to President Eisenhower, Secretary Herter and to Allen
Dulles.” Herter was serving as Secretary of State in place of an ailing John Foster Dulles who
coincidentally was hospitalized at the same time as former Secretary of State George C.
Marshall. Dulles died May 24, 1959, while Marshall passed October 16, 1959</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">leaving a hole in
William and Edna Pawley’s personal lives and William’s sphere of influence.</span></p>
<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiW_ytd3xEd0OqyszNhybx6Qy-o3GV87X0P89zYuhS6_Q69tvWjQAZIEsyrDFy6kpN0egZ6tstNxUj-UPTjNd_eG1zQQ5PnDLBeF8ObP_F0S2k73RPC9uBgV0IHv-xfClp_b4SSHqbrkuY_p3ZHnR02ZJxRp0q7X-MsdrXk77KBi8EVXvyEwjD0gF-8Fxw" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1356" data-original-width="1170" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiW_ytd3xEd0OqyszNhybx6Qy-o3GV87X0P89zYuhS6_Q69tvWjQAZIEsyrDFy6kpN0egZ6tstNxUj-UPTjNd_eG1zQQ5PnDLBeF8ObP_F0S2k73RPC9uBgV0IHv-xfClp_b4SSHqbrkuY_p3ZHnR02ZJxRp0q7X-MsdrXk77KBi8EVXvyEwjD0gF-8Fxw" width="207" /></a></div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the 12 months since Castro ascended to power, the Cuban government had
expropriated 70,000 acres of property owned by U.S. sugar companies and United Fruit. Once
again, the company would call for U.S. action to overthrow a government.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The tsunami of Cuban exiles arriving in the U.S. made that mission seem easy if someone could vet them to determine the best future political leaders and organize an effective fighting force.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On January 3, 1960, President Eisenhower announced that the U.S. was severing
diplomatic relations with Cuba. On January 13</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">a Special Group meeting attended by CIA
Director Allen Dulles and Livingston Merchant from the State Department discussed “Anti-
Castro Activities.” With these actions and Eisenhower's March 17</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">approval of a plan to invade
Cuba, he was in essence establishing an undeclared war that would hang like an albatross around
Uncle Sam’s neck.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The CIA began dealing with Fidel on a formal basis on January 8, 1960, when Director
Allen Dulles asked Deputy Director of Plans Richard “Dick” Bissell to organize a special task
force. Ten days later the Western Hemisphere Division “organized Branch 4 (WH/4) as an </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">expandable task force to run the proposed Cuban Operations” manned “with 18 at Headquarters,
20 at Havana Station, and 2 at Santiago Base.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Heading WH/4 was Jacob “Jake” D. Esterline (aka Jacob Engler) who had gained
“extensive guerilla warfare experience in World War II with the OSS” and was “one of the
principals in Project PBSUCCESS” in Guatemala in 1954. “Esterline was the choice of J.C.
King, Chief, WH Division.” As head of the WH/4 Cuban unit during the fifteen-month run up to
the Bay of Pigs invasion, Esterline took his orders from the Deputy Director Plans Richard
Bissell but frequently had direct contact with J.C. King and the Miami-based Cuban expert,
William Pawley. Both were to be reckoned with because they “had known Republican Party
affiliations.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">King’s full role during the period and many interactions with Pawley will never be
known. His papers that once filled eight safes—then only two—disappeared, according to an
official history of the period.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a>In his autobiography, Pawley asserts that President Eisenhower stated, “‘I want you to
assist the CIA in getting the job done right—in the recruitment, supply and organization of this
operation. You can function from your office in Miami.’”<span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Around this time, a name check was
run on “Wm. D. Pawley” and “William Pawley” by various agencies including the FBI.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7
</span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley took on Ike’s mission without hesitation, believing that the infrastructure of the
CIA’s Cuban operations was fatally flawed because CIA Director Dulles “already had his hands
full” and would probably rely on “Richard Bissell or Frank Wisner” who were “in charge of
directing global, covert operations. These overburdened individuals would, in turn, delegate the
job to someone still lower in the hierarchy.” Pawley believed lower-level officials “would lack
the muscle to get needed action from the powerful heads of other agencies, let alone reach the </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">President.” Nonetheless, Pawley “was willing to go along with what I considered a defective
organizational setup rather than press for drastic changes at the last moment.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley also decided that the man the CIA put in charge in Miami, “was not senior
enough for direct access to Dulles or the President” so in his own business office Pawley
established a “group of top Cubans” to recruit a force to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro.
“They were Dr. Gustavo Cuervo Rubio, Fabio Freyre, Dr. Antonio Maceo, Dr. Juan Antonio
Rubio Padilla and General Martin Diaz Tamayo.” He met with this “fine caliber” group “several
times a week for all-day sessions.” Theirs was “an exhausting schedule for more than a year”
tasked with “recruitment, security screening and preparation of the force that was being sent to
Guatemala for intensive pre-invasion training.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On January 13, 1960, Pawley alerted the CIA about his upbraiding by phone of Dr.
Nunez Portuondo who was spreading negative comments about Pawley in the nation’s center of
power. Weeks earlier at the Mayflower Hotel, Pawley had shared with Portuondo and Dr.
Marquez Sterling, the “typewritten list of names” of individuals whom General Pedraza would
install to replace the Castro regime. But instead of approving or refining the list, Portuondo
asserted “that he alone” should be “the next President of Cuba ... because he had served “as a
Minister and as Ambassador to the United Nations for the Batista Administration for seven
years.” Pawley not only felt Portuondo “could not be the next President but that his name should
not be part of the junta” and informed him he was withdrawing his support of Portuondo’s
efforts. Portuondo shot back that Pawley was late to the cause of fighting Castro which Pawley
rebutted by saying “I first started to work on this in November prior to Batista’s fall and that I
had been working on the Castro problem since 1948.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Portuondo’s associate Carlos Marquez Sterling was the man who drafted Cuba’s 1940
Constitution “which recognized all Cubans equal, called for the breakup of large land holdings,
granted citizens the right to work and established alimony and child support.” He was Cuba’s
Speaker of the House of Representatives, Minister of State and Minister of Education who ran
unsuccessfully against Batista in 1958. After Castro placed him under house arrest, Sterling fled
to the US in 1959, and eventually taught at Columbia University and C.W. Post College.
(Sterling passed away in 1991 at age 92.)</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s contact with Portuondo and Sterling brought a flurry of activity within the FBI.
On January 15, 1960, the Miami office of the FBI “opened a New 105 Case on William D.
Pawley who lives at 2555 Lake Ave., Miami Beach, Fla. Sunset Island #2.” The highly redacted
AirTel included “information from the Bureau, Washington Field Office, Jacksonville, New
York, Atlanta, and Miami” and referenced Rolando Masferrer and Fulgencio Batista.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">An informant code-named MM T-1 is referred to in an attached memorandum “Re: Anti-Fidel Castro Activities” which indicated Pawley was playing a significant role. “MM T-1, a
former Cuban official who claims to have numerous contacts among Cubans,” revealed many of
the details of the Pawley, Portuondo, Sterling meeting at the Mayflower in what appeared at the
time to be the formation of “a new anti-Fidel Castro revolutionary group spark-pluged [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">] by
Mr. William D. Pawley, President of the Miami Transit Company, Miami, Florida.” Pawley
“disclosed that he is in close contact with Generalissimo Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican
Republic, and that he had just recently arrived from the Dominican Republic.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">MM T-1 provided the names of a group of anti-Castro Cubans that included two from the
sugar industry including Fabio Freyre and Jorge Bethart “one of the associates of Mr. Pawley in
this new enterprise, who is scheduled to be Chief of operations in the Pawley group.” Others </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">included three from the Batista government, and an attorney “believed by MM T-1 to be
identical to Francisco Rodriguez Couceiro, who has reportedly been active in the past in anti-
Castro organization known as the Revolutionary Crusade Against Communism (CRAC).”
However, some Cubans believed he was spying for Castro.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 5"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The informant “said that Nunez Portuondo received the impression that Mr. Pawley
intended to unite his new group with the anti-Castro movement of which General Jose Pedraza is
the military leader in the Dominican Republic, and of which Nunez Portuondo is the alleged
political leader in the United States. Nunez Portuondo received the impression that Mr. Pawley
intended to “run the show.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">MM T-1 noted that Pawley would be unacceptable to Portuondo’s Batista backers and
“Pawley’s Cuban associates do not have contact with Batista, who is now living in exile in the
Madeira Islands of Portugal.” Portuondo “had sent a note to Generalissimo Trujillo telling him
that if Mr. Pawley is accepted, that Nunez Portuondo will retire from the movement, as he did
not approve of Mr. Pawley.” Nonetheless, the informant “said that a unity meeting of anti-Castro
organizations in the Miami area is scheduled to be held in the immediate future for the purpose
of reaffirming approval of Pedraza as a military leader, and of Nunez Portuondo as political
leader.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the opinion of MM T-1 the infighting had delayed the overthrow of Castro by months.
“MM T-1 said that Mr. Pawley is recognized as being a daring and very able man with
influential contacts in the Dominican Republic, Cuba, and other Latin American countries.” In
addition, “Nunez Portuondo told MM T-1 upon leaving the meeting at the Mayflower Hotel,
Pawley remarked to those present that he had to go to an appointment which he had with Vice-
President Richard Nixon and with Mr. Allen Dulles, Chief of CIA.” MM T-1 was concerned </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“that should Fidel Castro learn about Mr. Pawley’s alleged efforts to ‘spark plug’ the anti-Castro
movement, that Castro would use this information for propaganda purposes against the United
States.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Special Agent in Charge of the FBI’s Atlanta office advised Director Hoover that the
informer’s “name is being concealed inasmuch as he does not desire his identity revealed to the
State Department.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On January 21, 1960, a memorandum was circulated in the FBI about activities in Cuba.
The first topic mentioned is a “Conference with Vice President Nixon” while the second covers
“William Pawley ... who reportedly is promoting a new counterrevolutionary group aimed at
Castro regime.” Other topics included a “Recent Report of Plane Dropping Fire Bombs over
Cuban Sugar Fields” and “Prospects of Coordinating Exiled Groups” plus the recommended
“Action: The Liaison Agent will continue to report developments as received.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A second memo that day notes “Pawley is taking an increasingly active part in Caribbean
affairs which has prompted us to take a look at what his role is” but concludes “Pawley is
obviously moving in top-level circles in this Cuban situation and apparently has some
semiofficial backing. Our files show he has great respect for FBI and the Director and he
vigorously objected to withdrawal of FBI intelligence work abroad when SIS was discontinued.”
A handwritten note on the document says: “Pawley has been in touch with V.P.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">At the CIA that day Rudy Fernandez, a close friend and confidant of Francisco Cajigas”
who “resides in Atlanta, Georgia, where he presumably has a successful waste cotton business”
and “has a reputation for integrity” reported “that Cajigas is quickly coming to a parting of ways
with Nunez Portuondo” who “seems to subordinate all considerations to his personal interest.”
This includes obtaining $50,000 “from Trujillo/Pedraza for the purchase of aircraft which Nunez </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">allegedly turned to his own personal use.” Portuondo “appears to have washed his hands of
Trujillo/Pedraza.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Cajigas “had asked Reed Whittle to make inquiries in our government to see if it would
be possible for Pedraza to make a visit to the U.S. to discuss what might be salvaged from his
deteriorating forces.” Moreover, “Cajigas is seeking through Whittle to obtain the backing of
such people as Kleberg, Lykes, and Standard Oil” for help “not only in the field of anti-Castro
propaganda but for the development of a military force” to invade Cuba if Somoza of Nicaragua
can be persuaded to “to cooperate and to provide the necessary facilities for marshalling and
staging of the military expedition. All of this is to be done completely independently of Nunez
Portuondo.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A few weeks later Esterline suggested Col. King contact Pawley to discuss Portuondo’s
future role.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On January 29, 1960, Pawley called the CIA’s attention to a month-old announcement in
the </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Gazeta Nacional of Cuba </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">that Dr. Juan Antonio Rubio Padilla was named by the government
as Commercial Attaché for work overseas. Pawley sent a second note that day regarding two
others, Dr. Raul de Cardenas and Cuervo Rubio.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Shortly thereafter, an eleven-page note from one of Pawley’s team members raised a
variety of concerns about the ideology of the CIA’s favored leader, Manual Antonio de Varona,
noting he is locked into old “political demagoguery when the labor movement is concerned and
has no faith in the ways of Free Enterprise to solve the Cuban problem.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s desire to control matters relating to Cuba would become an obstacle in Jake
Esterline’s ability to efficiently organize CIA action against Castro. Esterline heard on February
8, 1960 about the Pawley-Rubio Padilla group’s knowledge of escape routes in Cuba and </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">General Pedraza’s shortcomings as a leader. “While the connection of Mr. Pawley detracts
somewhat from the value of the group for our purposes,” Esterline stated, “Rubio Padillo and
Rivero are believed to be very acceptable to most anti-Castro Cuban groups. Also, the original
plan (1 Dec.) of having Gen. Pedraza as military leader of the group, may have changed, since
Pedraza is now considered to have very little to offer in the way of troops, funds, etc.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Following Pawley’s February 18</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">conversation with Rudolph E. Gomez, CIA Deputy
Chief, WHD concerning Freyre’s claim of an impending invasion backed by Miami lawyer
Slepin,</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley wrote to J.C. King. “I did not know that Trujillo had started broadcasting again
regarding invasion by Pedraza. He had agreed to discontinue this, but both Trujillo and Pedraza
feel so discouraged that no help will be received from anywhere and that they are on their own
that they are likely to make errors in judgment that can be costly in the long run.” To prevent this
Pawley suggested maintaining contact with Pedraza to “convince both him and Trujillo that
Pedraza’s efforts will not be completely wasted.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Well-known for sending newspaper clippings to people, Pawley held true to form. “I
gave Mr. Dulles a copy of the statement presented by the two Cuban priests to OAS referred to
in today’s </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Miami Herald</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">. I am sending a copy to you for your records.” Pawley then laid out
what he considered an important step in raising funds for the invasion.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In Washington, DC, hawks were growing impatient. The CIA history of the period it
states that Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Arleigh Burke “had become extremely agitated
about the rise of Castro to power in Cuba.” On February 26, 1960, the Admiral “forwarded a
paper on U.S. action in Cuba to both” Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Livingston
Talmadge “Merchant and also to Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security
Affairs Irwin, in which the Navy’s senior officer took it upon himself to examine various </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">options.” Among the options were “multilateral action through the OAS, unilateral overt action
by the U.S., or covert unilateral action by the U.S.” Merchant responded that what was being
planned had “a marked degree of similarity” with Burke’s proposal.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Two CIA figures from PBSUCCESS were now also involved in the Cuba project
planning. They were David Philips, in propaganda, and Paul Oberst, Chief, Covert Action,
WHD.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Oberst suggested cautiously that paramilitary actions should not be initiated if they
could rouse support for Castro.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">But Admiral Burke, the principal hawk, indicated “willingness
to move fleet units into Port-au-Prince, Haiti” if Castro entered the Dominican Republic
following the feared collapse of the Trujillo government.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Propaganda not only included anti-Castro pamphlets, publications, articles, and books,
but also radio broadcasts that were transmitted from Swan Island off Honduras to Cuba’s general
population. “The island was manned by 24 people, all but nine of whom were CIA personnel.
The nine were unwitting technicians of the Philco Corporation.” One declassified memo states
“Permission Granted” after it was “requested by WAVE to pay William D. Pawley $7,140 which
was used to pay personnel who worked for Diario de la Marina Swan Radio program.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">CIA
Deputy Director General Cabell called Jake Esterline, Chief Project JMATE to say he received a
suggestion that part of the broadcasts should be the repeated airing of Castro’s speeches not only
to show his inconsistencies but “‘to bore the people horribly.” Esterline passed the suggestion to
Dave Phillips.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On February 27th a cable was sent to CIA Director Allen Dulles detailing “the following
points of interest submitted for attention HQs and QDDALE [Pawley].” Topics included
Trujillo’s renewal of broadcasts relating to Cuba, questions concerning Maceo, and “a U.S. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Congressman named King” who sent an unnamed assistant to Cuba to do a little “investigation
of the situation.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On leap year day, FBI Director Hoover let it be known that he had gotten wind of some
questionable information about Pawley’s activities. An individual whose name was redacted
stated that “Pawley is the man who is attempting to sell 30 to 40 million dollars worth of ‘bonds’
to the U.S. investors in Cuba as insurance that their property would not be seized by Fidel Castro
and that Pawley is in the employ of Castro. It also appears that former Ambassador [Spruille]
Braden is the author of this letter which is in the nature of a warning to former Cuba Ambassador
Emilio Portuondo that these bonds are being so offered.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Hoover wanted the Miami office “to furnish any additional data available concerning the
activities of Pawley in light of the information supplied.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Braden and Pawley had long been at odds with each other. Additional opposition to
Pawley among agency personnel may have grown out of Pawley’s hardline attitude about
communism and union movements. It also could have been based upon Pawley’s earlier work on
the Doolittle Committee which had been critical of CIA Director Allen Dulles and the
PBSUCCESS team. But Pawley’s vantage point on covert CIA operations as well as his
knowledge of Cuba and his friendship with Eisenhower made his guidance on the Bay of Pigs
project essential. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Years later, it would be recorded as part of the CIA history that Richard D.
Drain, Chief of Operations for Western Hemisphere/Branch 4 (COPS WH/4) believed that
PBSUCCESS had been a success “through dumb luck more than anything else.” Even some
major CIA figures found reasons to distance themselves from the project, such as Richard Helms
who was Chief of Operations (COPS) overseeing Drain. The CIA’s history noted “Dick Helms
completely divorced himself from this thing.” Helms was occupied as “a member of an inter-</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Agency committee that met with periodic regularity to discuss air matters of any sensitivity”
following the downing of U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers. The Soviet Union had shot down and
captured Powers on May 1, 1960, nearly a year before the Bay of Pigs invasion.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28 </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Lockheed
U-2 spy plane was developed in 1954 under the guidance of CIA officer Richard Bissell who had
previously helped administer the Marshall Plan in Germany, headed the Economic Cooperation
Administration (ECA), and expedited funding of the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) which
evolved into the CIA where Bissell became Deputy Director of Plans in 1959 after Frank Wisner
had a mental breakdown.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">During the early months of 1960 there were serious discussions about destroying Castro
economically by sabotaging the Cuban sugar industry. Deputy Director of Plans Bissell held a
review session on February 11, 1960 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">“</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">attended by Tracy Barnes, Jake Esterline, Al Cox, Dave
Phillips and Jim Flannery. The focus was on sabotage of the Cuban sugar industry, propaganda
broadcasts, and funding.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Alberto Casimir Fowler Perillait was among the sugar executives whose careers were
thrown into turmoil by Castro’s rise to power. “Fowler was President of the North American
Sugar Company, Havana, from 1951 until he returned to the U.S. in November 1960 and enlisted
in Brigade 2506” to invade Cuba. “At the time of his enlistment he gave Mark Foster, Cuban
Refugee Center White House Representative, and former U.S. Ambassador William D. Pauley,
[</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">] as references.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Captured by Castro forces, Fowler was defiant—“bravely talking back to
his captors, undaunted by his dangerous position,” according to Antonio Navarro.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In Washington, on February 15, 1960, President Eisenhower met with Pawley twice. Ike
described him as “a most knowledgeable man as regards Latin American affairs, particularly the
Caribbean area. He had, for example, gone to Cuba as an emissary from civilians having interest
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">there, but with the knowledge of Mr. Dulles and Mr. Rubottom, to get Batista to abdicate in
favor of a junta.” Batista would have done this had the U.S. guaranteed to keep the junta in
power, but this could not be done. After two still classified sentences, President Eisenhower
“added to Mr. Herter that it has crossed his mind that we should make some further use of Mr.
Pawley in a Latin America assignment.” Herter felt that Pawley’s business interests may
“interfere” with the assignment. “The President said Mr. Pawley had told him he had disposed of
all his holdings in Cuba, Santa Domingo, Mexico and Haiti.” Herter worried “that the situation in
Santo Domingo is very bad in that the Trujillo Government is acting against the moderates and
may soon create a situation like in Cuba where the opposition is taken over by wild radicals.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">President Eisenhower voiced doubts about the effectiveness of toppling Castro by “sugar
sabotage activity.” Nonetheless, “J. C. King charged ahead almost immediately following the
Special Group Meeting of 17 February 1960.” The next day “King and Milo Perkins had a
detailed discussion concerning the disruptive effects which might result from interference with
the Cuban sugar operation. Perkins was planning meetings with Ambassador Hill and Thomas
Corcoran” who had provided “valuable assistance to the Agency in the past.” Other concepts for
hurting Castro came from Assistant Secretary for Economic Affairs Thomas Mann who
supported cutbacks in U.S. tourism to Cuba and a reduction of deliveries of fuel to the island by
US oil companies.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On other fronts, Col. King asked Pawley to make arrangements for publication of </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Diaro
de La Marina </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">in Miami as well as for raising a portion of the money needed for the Cuban
operation. “King also contacted Henry Holland in New York City, suggesting Holland raise
money, through Cuban exile Justo Carrillo, to help pay for the propaganda efforts of New York
radio station WRUL.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">34
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Col. J. C. King had discussions with Vice President Nixon’s military aide, General
Robert Cushman, on January 27 and February 23, 1960. “Cushman made it clear that the Vice
President was interested in supporting anti-Castro groups both within and outside Cuba,
including goon squads or other direct action groups to match against the pro-Castro groups in
Cuba.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">35
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">During early discussions between Col. King and Vice President Nixon’s office it was
pointed out that CIA operations were not shared openly with the State Department. Even the U.S.
Ambassador to Cuba would only be informed on a need-to-know basis. “Cushman then showed
Col. King some derogatory information that the FBI had provided the Vice President about both
Ambassador Bonsal and William Wieland of the Bureau of American Republic Affairs.” It
accused both “of being too tolerant of Castro and communists.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">36 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In all likelihood the origin of
the information was Pawley.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">General Cushman also advised the CIA official “that the Vice President had suggested
that possibly the Agency would want to consult with, or acquire the services of Col. Edward
Landsdale, a member of Gen. Erskine’s Special Operations Staff in the Department of Defense.”
Nixon was apparently impressed with Landsdale’s reputation for “helping to quell the Huk
rebellion in the Philippines.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">37
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In mid-February, Pawley was contacted by the CIA regarding the arrival of Manual
Antonio de Varona (Tony Varona), who had emerged from Cuba as a leading anti-Communist
but not conservative enough that Pawley would approve of him. Varona was a loyal supporter of
former Cuban President Carlos Prio and an ally of Manuel Artime, Huber Matos and future
Frank Fiorini (aka Frank Sturgis). Varona and Artime established the Movement for the </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Recovery of the Revolution (MRR Party; cryptonym AMYUM). Following Pawley’s meeting
with Varona, Pawley contacted Vice President Nixon.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">38</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Artime was exfiltrated from Cuba in November 1959 with the help of CIA’s David
“Morales (true) in Habana disguised as a Cuban priest.” In Miami, Artime “was given one or
more LCFLUTTER tests” (polygraphs) and was found to be trustworthy, given the cryptonym
AMBIDDY-1 and put “in charge of a Cuban underground organization, managing and directing
its political and paramilitary effectives.” In that role he was part of “‘AMWORLD’, a
paramilitary program, vesting him with important and independent responsibilities.” He was
permitted to “correspond with C.I.A. in code (one-time pad)” and was “provided a radio link and
has been given two sterile phone numbers (one attended 24 hours). He has a letter base in Miami
and a P.O. Box address at which to contact C.I.A. He was given a torn banknote for emergency
purpose.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A March 1960 memo to CIA Director Dulles noted that Castroites “accused Artime of
being a deserter, having stolen $7,000, traveling on funds from Batista and being a Trujillo
agent.” Artime and another Cuban, Hernandez, were accused “of being traitors, bad Cubans,
Masferristas, Trujillistas” as well.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">39
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">AMBIDDY-1’s Personal Record Questionnaire completed by Henry Hechsher, Special
Affairs Staff, Senior Officer considered Artime to be “a political analyst and propagandist of
notable talent” who appeared “to stay clear of female entanglements” and had many other
attributes. “Strongwilled, wily, adaptable, prepossessing, vain but not excessively so,
extroverted, physically brave, undaunted by setbacks and adversity, tenacious, deliberate,
charismatic, ambitious, ruthlessly necessary, badly organized, prone to dabble in abstract thought
intellectually, shallow but potential growth potential, fanatic streak, single-minded, task oriented, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">basic impulses decent and honorable.” </span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Other case officers involved with Artime included “David
Morales as ‘Dr. Gonzalez’ ... Howard Hunt as ‘Eduardo’” and “Gerald Droller as ‘Frank
Bender’ and numerous other CIA representatives involved in JMATE” (anti-Castro operations
previously known as JMARC). Those familiar with Artime’s association with AMWORLD
activities were “Rafael Quintero and Dr. Casar Baro (also spelled Cesar; cryptonym AYUM-19.)
Artime’s program was subsidized by the CIA and he interacted with “Desmond FitzGerald,
REDACTED (Chief OC/AD), REDACTED (SA), Raul Hernandez (SAS), Henry Hechsher
(SAS).”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">40</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Just as Varona knew Frank Sturgis, Artime would count among his early CIA contacts
two other future Watergate burglars, Bernard Barker and E. Howard Hunt. Hunt and Artime
formed a personal relationship so deep that Artime became the godfather of Hunt’s youngest son,
David, who even lived with Artime after David’s mother died in a Watergate-era plane crash.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">41
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Varona-Artime team would lobby their cause with Republicans, and Artime
eventually met with John F. Kennedy at the July 1960 Democratic National Convention in Los
Angeles to get his backing.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">42
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On March 2, 1960, “the Director of Central Intelligence gave Vice President Nixon a
detailed [7-page] briefing on ‘What We are Doing in Cuba.’ Among the items mentioned in this
briefing was one that dealt with the Agency’s newly developed “drug, which if placed in
Castro’s food, would make him behave in such an irrational manner that a public appearance
could have very damaging results to him.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">43
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On March 9, 1960, Esterline briefed a diverse group of CIA executives on the Cuba
situation, and “Col. King told the group that the DCI is presenting a special policy paper to the
NSC 5412 representatives.” He voiced concern that Castro forces may attack the U.S. Navy’s
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Guantanamo Bay installation and stated there was need “to reach the mass of Cubans with the
truth.” King said that unless Fidel and Raul Castro and Che Guevara could be eliminated in one
package—which is highly unlikely—this operation can be a long, drawn-out affair and the
present government will only be overthrown by the use of force.” A new Sisyphus was about to
learn how hard it is to roll a boulder up San Juan Hill in Cuba.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">CIA Director Allen Dulles had “approved the training of the instructor cadre at a U.S.
military installation ... Fort Sherman in the Canal Zone which is under the control of the U.S.
Army’s Jungle Warfare Training Center” and “training of Cuban action groups, in non-U.S.
territory.” It was hoped by King that during the minimum of six-to-seven-months training
“opposition groups will have been merged and will have formed a government-in-exile.” King
warned that Castro’s forces had more arms than Batista, and that “Castro has more than 122
agents in the Miami area alone.” King advised that projects were underway “to cover extensive
radio operations” including “a ‘gray’ radio transmitter” and “for the development of air and
maritime capabilities for the in-exfiltration of men and material.” David Phillips, Radio
Operations; Phillip Toomey, PP; Adolf Lium; Esterline’s aide E.A. Stanulis, WH/4/PM, Plans
and PM Operations and two redacted names would be meeting regularly.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">44
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On March 10, 1960, J.C. King, Chief, Western Hemisphere, informed Esterline that “Mr.
Pawley called from the Mayflower where he is staying. He is going out to his farm tonight but
expects to return to the Mayflower by about 1100 tonight. He would like to have lunch with him
at the Mayflower tomorrow, 11 March. He has a group of friends with him, and they are all
having cocktails with Mr. Nixon Saturday and part of Sunday will be devoted to shooting. I told
him that we had heard from Tony Varona and that it was encouraging. He wanted to know if
there was anything new he should tell the Vice President, and I said I thought not.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">45
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Within days Pawley and probably Esterline had another discussion at Pawley’s office to
discuss Varona. Pawley voiced his concerns about Varona being a “big government advocate”
with “’socialist’ ideas at time” which rubbed the entrepreneur Pawley the wrong way. Following
a redacted paragraph, Esterline noted that Pawley intended to buy $100,000 of the bonds when
issued “in order to get the ball rolling with any Cubans who might be holding back. Pawley
leaves this afternoon for the DR for about a week.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">46
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Upon returning from the Dominican Republic, a noon meeting was held on March 21</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">st </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">at
Pawley’s office with Chief, Branch 4 Esterline. It took a week for Esterline’s dictated
Memorandum to be typed and inserted in Pawley’s 201 file and the WH4/Memo file. Esterline’s
memo noted that Pawley gave him “some very sensitive information concerning the Dominican
Republic. He requested this information not be passed beyond CIA until he had the opportunity
to give this information directly to Vice President Nixon. In point of fact, he initially said he
didn’t want the information passed on to Chief, WHD [Col. King].” Esterline “replied that he
could not agree to this arrangement since he was obligated to pass the information on ...
however, in view of the fact he was not returning to Washington until 22 March, he could not
pass the information on prior to that time. Mr. Pawley said he would relay the information
himself before that date, so the question was settled amicably.” As it turned out, King received
the information via another source before Esterline returned to Washington.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">47
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">According to the CIA’s history of the Bay of Pigs, Pawley apparently had his own
ambitious goal for wanting to control information so he would be the one to deliver it personally
to Vice President Nixon. “Pawley was a principal contributor to the Republican party,
particularly to Mr. Nixon’s cause. Apparently hopeful of an appointment as Assistant Secretary </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">of State for Latin American Affairs—assuming a Republican party victory in the 1960
presidential election.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On March 21, 1960, “four days after formal approval of the anti-Castro program, Jake
Esterline met with Pawley to plan a meeting to be held in Pawley’s Miami residence which
would include the DCI, Col. King, Gen. Cushman, and Walter J. Donnelly, Vice President of
United States Steel and former ambassador to Venezuela as well as Mr. Pawley.” The CIA
“carefully explained to Mr. Pawley that any action involving exiles now should be most carefully
coordinated with King and Esterline to avoid any flaps.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">48
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“It was agreed that the group would convene the second or third of April at Mr. Pawley’s
Miami home. The primary purpose was “reviewing what work could be done throughout the
hemisphere and public opinion on the pending operation against Castro.” Ike’s administration
had granted permission “for an all out operation; a government in exile will be formed post
haste; that the acceptable non-Batista groups will be put into contact with each other almost
immediately; and that Mr. Pawley’s contact, Rubio Padilla, will figure prominently in this effort.
Mr. Pawley suggested, and it was agreed, that immediate plans should be made for the
exfiltration of Rubio from Habana.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">49 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As a young man in the 1930s, Dr. Juan Antonio Rubio
Padilla had been a Cuban revolutionary who </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">helped overthrow Cuban dictator Gerardo Machado
y Morales and obtain autonomy for Cuba from the United States</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">. Later he was named
Commercial attaché by Castro.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">50
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">At the April Fools’ Day meeting in Pawley’s Miami home, CIA Director Allen Dulles
addressed King, Esterline, Cushman, Donnelly [cryptonym CITASTE], “and Mr. William
Pawley, Industrialist.” Director Dulles “opened the meeting by stating that everybody present
should be aware of the fact that Fidel Castro and his Communist-oriented regime be removed </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">from power in Cuba. He said the necessary approval had been given for an operation and that the
chosen instrument will be a ‘government in exile’. The DCI went on to say that CIA has been in
contact with several non-BATISTA groups which will form the nucleus of this government.
These groups were identified as the Montechristi group, the Varona group, the Catholic Action
Front and private Cuban citizens; such as, Dr. Rubio Padilla.” The seat of government would not
be in the U.S. or Puerto Rico; “consideration was being given to Venezuela, Costa Rica ... and
Mexico.” Donnelly suggested Canada but the DCI ruled it out along with Colombia and Haiti
“because of its proximity to the Dominican Republic and the unsettled political situation.” King,
Donnelly and Pawley “agreed that Costa Rica, for many reasons, would be the best choice.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley brought the group up to date on how General Pedraza and Francisco Cajigas have
used the U.S. Pawley pushed for Dr. Rubio Padilla as one of the “nominal leaders of this
government in exile” while the Agency’s representatives were backing Dr. Antonio Varona,
whom Pawley feared was a leftist. There was also discussion of the bond issue Pawley would
float to provide financial support of the exiles and “that confidential arrangements have already
been made with the Bureau of Internal Revenue to permit individuals or corporate entities
making donations as contributions to the U.S. Government for tax purposes. He cautioned that
this arrangement was being limited to a very small group.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Varona and Padilla as possible signers of the bond issue brought about discussion of
exfiltrating them from Cuba. “Mr. Pawley said that if CIA desired to expand this capability
beyond present planning, the Chalk Air Line, operating out of Miami, could be purchased for a
reasonable price” and “operates five ‘widgins’ in the Caribbean area. C/WHD expressed
immediate interest ... and indicated he would have a representative of WHD in Miami early the
week of 4 April to look at the company.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">51
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley, whose expertise in Latin American affairs was being heavily relied upon
provided advice on the question regarding “the relationship of the anti-Castro program to the
Organization of American States.” He “suggested that rather than lean toward the OAS, better
use should be made of the U.S. Military Mission in the Latin American countries, especially
having them pass the word on about the dangers of the Castro Government to one and all in the
Western Hemisphere. Other items of importance that were discussed by the group were the
planned propaganda program and ‘the present pathetic effort on the part of the Catholic Church
to face up to the Communist plot in Cuba.’”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The CIA history notes that Vice President Nixon was “being fully informed of the plans
that were underway to accomplish the US objectives, and that certain private American citizens
were closely involved in the planning.” But not everyone was enthusiastic about Pawley’s role. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Shortly after the April meeting at Pawley’s residence, C. Tracy Barnes “began to question the
Agency’s relationship with Mr. Pawley, particularly as Pawley’s support for Rubio Padilla” who
ardently opposed the Frente Revolucionario Democratico leadership. The FRD was the exile
group which the CIA’s Frank Bender, posing as a steel baron, had helped establish between
March and May based on a “Gentlemen’s Unwritten Agreement” with: </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“Dr. Manuel A. de
Varona, Justo Carrillo, Jose I. Rasco, Manuel Artime, Andreas Vargas Gomez, Pedro Martinez
Fraga and with Ricardo Lorie.” Respect for Bender within the halls of the CIA was based on him
being </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">a veteran of the overthrow of Arbenz in Guatemala (like Pawley and Barnes) and having
spent time in talking to Castro about his motivation and intentions (unlike Pawley). </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The
FRD/Bender Group united:
</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: -1pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Organizacion Autentica (OA)—Antonio "Tony" de Varona;
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: -1pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Movimiento de Revolucionario Recuperacion (MRR)—Manuel Artime;
</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="page" title="Page 21">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: -1pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Organizacion Triple A (AAA)—Aureliano Sanchez Arango;
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: -1pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Movimiento Democratico Cristiano (MDC)—Jose Ignacio Rasco;</span></p></li><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: -1pt;"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Agrupacion Montecristi (AM)—Justo Carillos.</span></p></li></ul><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">FRD’s s</span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">ubcommittees focused on planning, financial, propaganda, military, and other activities
to overthrow Castro.</span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">52
</span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 12pt;"><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Shortly after the strategic meeting at Pawley’s home, he learned that Castro was aware of
the U.S. “now undertaking firm measures utilizing following: Pazos, Carrillo, Varona, Sanchez
Arango, Rodriguez Casero, Miro Cardona, Barquin, Borbonet, Martin Gelena, N. Matos, Garcia
Tumon, Gutierrez Menoya.” Castro planned to take action, but CIA headquarters “believes
QDDALE report could be provocation by Castro or propaganda put out by the Dominican rumor
mill” and planned to await confirmation.</span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">53
</span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 12pt;"><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley offered to use his boat to rendezvous off Sand Key to pick up Cubans being
exfiltrated on April 14 or 15. “Campbell to be introduced to QDDALE under alias.”</span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">54
</span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 12pt;"><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On the 15th, two FBI agents interviewed Pawley at his request in his office. He told them
“he is a personal friend of the Director of the FBI, as well as of President Eisenhower, former
President Truman and many other influential people in the United States and Latin America.” He
made it clear “that he is deeply concerned about the communist trend in Cuba and its effect on
other Latin American Countries, and that he has been in close contact with the U.S. State
Department and the CIA relative to this situation.” Two weeks later, FBI Director Hoover
received the information.</span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">55
</span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 12pt;"><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In early June, Bender informed the Latin American division in Miami that Tony Varona
(AMHAWK) and a member of </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Agrupacion Montecristi (AMWAIL) had “</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">advised that Vargas
Gomez had long session with QDDALE during which the latter was alleged to have said the </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">following” during an FRD Executive Committee: “Veep [Richard Nixon], [Assistant Secretary
of State for Inter-American Affairs Roy] Rubottom, Admiral Burke, and Cardinal Spellman were
backing Rubio Group and could not agree [to] policies of FRD.” Some 20-25 prominent
Americans would sign a “letter depicting FRD members as promoting Fidelista policies without
Fidel communism. Letter to be transmitted to State Department via Cardinal Spellman.” The
FRD Executive Committee considered this action as an “irritating interlude of politics which, in
their own minds, necessitated the earliest possible surfacing of Frente.” Moreover, Varona “has
appointment with [State Department’s William] Wieland since latter wanted to discuss Rubio
Padilla personality and policies.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">56</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Tracy Barnes’s concern was that if the U.S. continued to support the extremely
conservative element represented by Pawley’s group, it would be charged that any anti-Castro
action undertaken by the U.S. would be ‘on the basis of protecting economic royalists.’” Barnes
may have conveyed his point of view to CIA Director Allen Dulles who at a Special Group
meeting a month later referred to Pawley’s Cuban-exile leadership candidates to be
“unconstructed reactionaries.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">57 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A decade later when the CIA prepared its history of the Bay of
Pigs Invasion, a footnote mentioned that Barnes was “one of the most voluminous
correspondents” and his memorandums were “repetitious ad nauseam, and that Barnes belabored
issues which were common knowledge to principals in WH/4.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">58
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">According to the State Department’s history of n relationsgn Relations with Cuba, the
FRD “was made up of five organizations with headquarters in Miami and presumably with
coordinated cadres throughout the island of Cuba.”
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="page" title="Page 23">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Internal strife led to a split in the MRR. The dissidents included “Ricardo Lorie, ‘Nino’
Diaz, Lucas Moran, Pedro Luis Diaz Lanz, Michel Yabur and Conte Aguero.” Sanchez Arango
eventually pulled AAA out of the FRD because of differences over leadership.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">59
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On April 7, Pawley called Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Lester D. Mallory, who
then dictated his “Informal Notes of Telephone Conversation” for J.C. King which misspelled
Pawley’s name as Pauley. The notes also went to J.C. Hill and W.A. Wieland, who became
Pawley’s frequent whipping boy. Mallory reported that the evening before Pawley “attended a
party at Palm Beach which was attended by former U.S. Ambassador Earl Smith, the Argentine
Ambassador to Cuba, the Panamanian Ambassador to Cuba and his wife, the Dominican
Ambassador to Belgium Porfirio Rubirosa, and some American couples.” At one point Pawley
speculated “that Fidel Castro probably has two or three hundred other agents in Dade County”
and “‘we are trying very hard to watch them.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">60
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Five days later, CIA Director Allen Dulles issued a cable saying Castro was aware of
anti-Castro activities in Cuba being run by Pawley.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">61 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">This cognizance of potential hostility
coming from Miami was a full year before the Bay of Pigs invasion.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A compilation of documents relating to Pawley includes one from April 27, 1960.
“Masferrer and Diaz Lanz are encouraging groups of young men and former soldiers with the
promise of using them in an offensive. They have bought uniforms, equipment, and arms in
small quantity ... they believe more in these demagogues and business men than in us; yet we
are the ones who have never deceived them even once. This is the result of desperation.” This
group’s “Diaz Lanz and Fiurini [probably Frank Fiorini] will be leaders in the landings. His
brother Marcos will be in charge of supplies from here. They believe they will have some 500 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">men, between the exiles and a group that President Ydoras of Guatemala will provide them
with.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Point “7. To say something more about Masferrer—this is a good Cuban also has his
followers; his demagogia has interested many military personnel (even those with as much
prestige as Sanchez Mosquera) ... Masferrer is an atheist ... These men are not capable of
achieving anything, but many men think of them as the best solution for getting to Cuba in
time.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">62
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: x-small;">FOOTNOTES</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Hampton Chronicle</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 18, 1960</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA History of the Bay of Pigs</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 247 and 454.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Marshall source: nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1953/marshall-bio.html.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/13/1960 Memorandum for the Record. “Minutes of Special Group Meeting” Subject: Anti-Castro Activities;
Cuba; Dulles Allen; Merchant, Livingston.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Facts on File 1959</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 443 E2-F3.
http://www.uscubacommission.org/history3.html.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">United Fruit developed a reputation of being an imperialistic power to be feared in the “banana republics” where it
operated and caused instability. United Fruit’s blemished skin was shed by morphing in the future into United
Brands and, then in 1984, into Chiquita Brands International.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Diary of Colonel L. K. White, Deputy Director for Support, reporting on the DCI’s morning meeting of 8 January
1960.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA History of the Bay of Pigs</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 32-35.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10133-10167 ~ 1/12/1960 Memo: “Extracts Pertaining to Pawley, William D. Pawley.” Subjects:
Pawley, William.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, William D. <span> </span><span> </span>78435 CSA IB/3</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
The following attached extracts pertain to subject:</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Foreign Service Despatch Ciudad Trujillo #165, 10 October 1955, LOU.
Foreign Service Despatch Ciudad Trujillo #251, 14 December 1955, OUO.
NYT 36L6, 19 November 1950.</span></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">LAPNY 1:1 8 December 1950.</span></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Foreign Service Despatch Ciudad Trujillo #171, 17 October 1955, LOU.
LAPNY 8:2, 6 March 1950.</span></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">LAPNY 1:4, 11 March 1950.</span></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Letter to MIS Careless transmittal of Secret Documents 23 Sept 1942.
CMI CRA 127, 15 January 1945, New Delhi, Confidential.</span></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" style="text-align: left;" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Wash Post, 14 July 1945, Confidential.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">[Signed] K </span> </blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">12 January 1960</span></blockquote></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 25">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br />5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">CIA Historian Jack B. Pfeiffer</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">, Official History of the Bay of Pigs Invasion: Draft Volume V, CIA’s Internal
Investigation of the Bay of Pigs </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(unpublished). Submitted to the Center for the Study of the Intelligence Central
Intelligence Agency April 18, 1984. Page 119 of 181. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/C01254908.pdf
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Chapter 21</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10139-10037 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">~ </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/03/1960 “Name Check Report - WM. D. Pawley.” From: Kane, Charles W. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Subjects: Pawley.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Agencies reporting FBI, ONI, ACSI, State, Passport, CSC, HCUA, OSI.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.07.31.11:55:16:030034 ~ 1/26/1960 “W.D.P.— #78435—Summary of Info Contained in File Is At
Passport Office.” From: [None]. To: [None].
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Chapter 21</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10265-10123 ~ 1/15/1960 Memo “Anti-Fidel Castro Activities. Subjects: Pawley.” From: FBI, Miami. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">To: CIA</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I called Dr. Nunez Portuondo at 12:00 noon in Washington to discuss with him the various rumors that
have been reaching me regarding statements credited to him.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I first told him that [American Government displeasure caused by my offering of $3,000,000 to
Generalissimo Trujillo to delay the Pedraza invasion] was a statement far from true. First, because the US
Government would under no circumstance be involved, even as an innocent bystander, in an invasion of
Cuba from the Dominican Republic.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">...When General Pedraza gave me the typewritten list of names, it was given me in confidence and it was
treated by me in confidence, and I felt that there was nothing to be lost by showing that paper to Dr. Nunez
Portuondo and Dr. Marquez Sterling, who visited me in my room at the Mayflower Hotel, some weeks ago.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I told Dr. Nunez Portuondo that his statement to me that he alone could be selected as the next President of
Cuba was a mistake; that having been connected with the Batista Government, both as a Minister and as
Ambassador to the United Nations for the Batista Administration for seven years, that in my judgment he
not only could not be the next President but that his name should not be part of the junta...
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I told him that I was withdrawing from any effort to be of assistance in the Cuban cause because his many
attacks upon me and statements made regarding me that were not true had destroyed my usefulness; that it
seemed a shame that those who had the same objectives of soon finding a way to get rid of a communist
regime should be devoting their time finding fault and fighting among themselves and destroying each
other, instead of the common enemy. I told him I would have no further conversations regarding this
problem and that I wished him every success, but on behalf of the interest of my country, Cuba, and the
hemisphere...if he continued to labor under the opinion that an ex-Batista official such as himself could be
the next President of Cuba, the movement would never succeed and Castro would remain in power for a
long time to come.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">He said that I represented a small group, including myself, that had only started to work on this Castro
problem a few weeks ago...I stated that I first started to work on this in November prior to Batista’s fall
and that I had been working on the Castro problem since 1948 ...
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I told him ... I was grateful for his cooperation with the U.S. during his seven years at the U.N. and
that I admired the work that he had done for his country.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 25">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Obituary for Carlos Marquez Sterling, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, May 8, 1991.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="page" title="Page 26">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/15/1960 AirTel. “Re Anti-Castro Activities IS-Cuba.” To FBI Director. From SAC, WFO, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>> Highly redacted mentioning an informer and an AirTel dated 12/17/1959 in Pawley’s file.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">On December 28, 1959, MM T-1, a former Cuban official who claims to have numerous contacts among
Cubans, furnished the following information which he said related to the formation of a new anti-Fidel
Castro revolutionary group spark-pluged [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">] by Mr. William D. Pawley, President of the Miami Transit
Company, Miami, Florida.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">MM T-1 explained that on Saturday, December 26, 1959, Dr. Emilion Nunez Portuondo, who is generally
conceded to be the political leader of the anti-Castro movement, disclosed that about 20 days previously,
Mr. Pawley went to Washington, D.C. upon invitation of former United States Ambassador to Cuba, Mr.
Arthur Gardner, and met with Nunez Portuondo and Marquez Sterling at the Mayflower Hotel.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It is noted that Marquez Sterling was formerly the leader of the political party in Cuba which openly
opposed the political party of Fulgencio Batista.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">During this meeting, Mr. Pawley disclosed to Nunez Portuondo and the others in attendance that he
intended to promote a new counter-revolutionary group aimed against the Castro regime.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley made a comment to effect that, “What I am doing, I am being backed up on,” giving Nunez
Portuondo the impression that he had some authority from the United States State Department.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">He disclosed that he is in close contact with Generalissimo Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic, and
that he had just recently arrived from the Dominican Republic. He stated to Nunez Portuondo, according to
MM T-1, that he is in contact with the following Cubans relative to this new group:
</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Jorge Garcia Montes, a former Senator and Prime Minister of the Batista Government.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Justo Garcia Rayneri, a former Minister of Treasury in the Batista Government.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Raul Menocal, a former Senator and Minister of Commerce.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(First name unknown) Couseiro, an attorney.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Fabio Freyre, a Cuban with contacts in the sugar industry.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Jorge Bethart, who owns a sugar plantation in Cuba.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It is noted that Cousiero is believed by MM T-1 to be identical to Francisco Rodriguez Couceiro, who has
reportedly been active in the past in anti-Castro organization known as the Revolutionary Crusade Against
Communism (CRAC).
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">MM T-1 said that Nunez Portuondo received the impression that Mr. Pawley intended to unite his new
group with the anti-Castro movement of which General Jose Pedraza is the military leader in the
Dominican Republic, and of which Nunez Portuondo is the alleged political leader in the United States.
Nunez Portuondo received the impression that <b>Mr. Pawley intended to </b></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt;"><b>“run the show”</b></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, according to MM
T-1. [Bold emphasis added by David Cannon]
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Nunez Portuondo confided to MM T-1 that Pawley’s associates would be unacceptable to the anti-Castro
movement led by Nunez Portuondo because of their intimate connections with the former regime of
Batista. MM-1 said so far as he knows, however, Pawley’s Cuban associates do not have contact with
Batista, who is now living in exile in the Madeira Islands of Portugal.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Nunez Portuondo expressed disgust that Mr. Pawley was trying to inject himself into the anti-Castro
movement, and Nunez Portuondo disclosed that he himself had sent a note to Generalissimo Trujillo telling
him that if Mr. Pawley is accepted, that Nunez Portuondo will retire from the movement, as he did not
approve of Mr. Pawley.
</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">MM T-1 said that a unity meeting of anti-Castro organizations in the Miami area is scheduled to be held in
the immediate future for the purpose of reaffirming approval of Pedraza as a military leader, and of Nunez
Portuondo as political leader.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">MM T-1 expressed the opinion that Pawley’s entry into the anti-Castro movement has caused a delay in
plans which MM T-1 had previously reported would go into operation between November 25, 1959, and
January 25, 1960 for the purpose of overthrowing Castro.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">MM T-1 said that according to Nunez Portuondo, Jorge Bethart, named as one of the associates of Mr.
Pawley in this new enterprise, is scheduled to be Chief of operations in the Pawley group.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">MM T-1 said that Mr. Pawley is recognized as being a daring and very able man with influential contacts in
the Dominican Republic, Cuba, and other Latin American countries.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Nunez Portuondo told MM T-1 upon leaving the meeting at the Mayflower Hotel, Pawley remarked to
those present that he had to go to an appointment which he had with Vice-President Richard Nixon and
with Mr. Allen Dulles, Chief of CIA.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">MM T-1 said he himself, has received rumors among Cuban exiles who suspect that Francisco Rodriguez
Couceiro may be in actuality an under-cover informant for Fidel Castro. He explained his concern that
should Fidel Castro learn about Mr. Pawley’s alleged efforts to “spark plug” the anti-Castro movement, that
Castro would use this information for propaganda purposes against the United States.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">MM T-1 said that about four days previously, four Cuban representatives of Aureliano Sanchez Arango, a
former Minister of Education during the Prio regime in Cuba arrived in Miami to obtain the cooperation of
General Manuel Benitez Valdez as their Miami representative.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It is also noted that General Manuel Benitez Valdez was a former Chief of Police during a portion of the
Batista regime, and is now living in exile in Miami.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">MM T-1 said that these representatives, (first name unknown) Jimenez; (first name unknown) Rodriguez
Gonzalez, and Carlos (last name unknown) and one other, proposed that Benitez cease contact with other
anti-Castro groups and devote all of his time to the underground anti-Castro movement by Sanchez Arango
in Cuba. They proposed that General Benitez, through contacts with appropriate United States officials,
obtain aid for Sanchez Arango, obtain recognition for his movement, promote friendship between his group
and the United States, expose the Communist threat of the Castro regime, and take the necessary steps
through news media to avoid the movement of Sanchez Arango becoming confused with the revolutionary
movement of Fidel Castro.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">MM T-1 said that Sanchez Arango’s underground movement also proposes to establish certain
revolutionary laws of a “watered-down type” in the event they are successful.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">These representatives of Sanchez Arango disclosed that they were expecting a revolutionary expedition led
by Jose Pedraza to arrive in Cuba some time in the immediate future; they were not a part of this
expedition, and that they were neither for or against it.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">MM T-1 said Sanchez Arango is a member of the Autentico Party and is presently a professor at the
University of Havana where he is under close observation by the Castro regime, which suspects that he
may be engaged in counter-revolutionary activities.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It is to be recalled that Sanchez Arango was formerly the leader of an underground anti-Batista organization known
as the “Triple A”, which was reportedly active in Cuba, Mexico and the United States during a portion of the Batista
regime. Sanchez Arango also reportedly split with Carlos Prio Socarras, his former chief.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 27">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/15/1960 AirTel “Re Anti-Castro Activities IS-Cuba.” </span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>> Highly redacted correspondence referencing an AirTel dated 12/17/1959 and enclosed information from the Bureau,
Washington Field Office, Jacksonville, New York, Atlanta, and Miami and:</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">(1-105-1880 Batista)<br /></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">(1-2-156 Masferrer)
[REDACTED]</span> </blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">(2-105-New William D. Pawley)</span></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />NARA 1993.07.21.15:39:42:400280 ~ 1/15/1960 FBI Memorandum from Miami, Florida. “Re: Anti-Fidel Castro
Activities.” Summaries of Activities of Werbell and Others. Page 4.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> An investigation summary document indicates that Mitchell Livingston WerBell was providing information to the
CIA on the activities of Jorge Bethart in late September 1959 and General Pedraza and Rolando Masferrer prior to
that.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Chapter 21<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Pawley was not only whipping the Miami operations into shape, but also the Eisenhower Administration:
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">He [Eisenhower] called in the three top officials concerned, Herter, Secretary of Defense Thomas S. Gates
and Allen Dulles and asked them what was wrong. My good friend Robert B. Anderson, Secretary of the
Treasury, who had no responsibility for the operation, usually attended also, because of Ike’s high regard
for his judgment. Anderson was distressed by my repeated accusations of delay, as he had been assured that
the necessary orders were being given to expedite matters. On one occasion, Bob telephoned me at the
Mayflower Hotel to complain rather severely that, because of my criticism of delays, Ike had just Subjected
his three close friends to a tongue-lashing.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/16/1960 AirTel “Re Anti-Castro Activities IS-Cuba.” To: FBI Director. From: SAC, Atlanta.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Highly redacted mentioning the informer “name is being concealed inasmuch as he does not desire his identity
revealed to the State Department.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">A few years later General Manuel Benitez Valdez would be mentioned in Agency documents as being involved with
“Marco (Perez) Jiminez former Venezuelan Dictator” and “also involved in sale of narcotics to Latin and American
society.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">11/18/1963 CIA Message. To: The Director. From: JMWAVE.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
One Manuel (Benitez) Valdes 201-106192 Cuban exile working in Miami with Marco (Perez) Jiminez
former Venezuelan Dictator...Subj[ect] also involved in sale of narcotics to Latin and American society.
Subj[ect] mbr exec comm Alliance for Liberty of Cuba a pro-Batista org in exile and was Chief of Police
during Batista’s regime (1940-1944), he later became a Senator during the Grau govt. Subj[ect] also
rpt[reported] as Sec[retary] of War of Legion Cubana Anticommunista.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/3/1963 CIA Message. To: San Salvador WAVE. From: the Director.<br /></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
1. One Manuel (Benitez) Valdes 201-106192 is longtime KUBARK contact. Recently contacted Guat
Station and requested financial support. HDQS decision at that time was not to use him. He left Guat 12
November 1963 for Mana[gua], allegedly at invitation General Somoza.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
2. Benitez has long and checkered background. Repeatedly characterized as indiscreet, unscrupulous and
unreliable. He was considered one of the worst gangsters around Batista in Cuba.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">End of Message</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
WH Comment: Ref A requested traces on Benitez who approached client of Eggplant in Salv with proposal
invest 200,000 dollars in hotel owned by client. Source of funds allegedly wealthy Cuban exiles ...
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">J.C. King </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">C/WHD</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"> <span> </span></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">SAS/MOB Darling (by phone) WH/COPS</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Old Havana Is Revived Briefly as ‘Batistianos’ Recall 1933.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Miami Herald</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, September 5, 1983.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 29"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Manuel Benitez Valdez, who was a 21-year-old soldier during the 1933 coup, delivered a long, passionate
speech that seemed to include a little of everything.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 29">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/20/1960 FBI Memorandum “Re Cuban Political Activities IS-Cuba” To: A. H. Belmont. From F. A. Frohbose
(with distribution to Donahoe, Parsons, Nasca and Papich).
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/20/1960 FBI Memorandum “Subject: William D. Pawley, Miscellaneous—Information Concerning
(Nationalities—Intelligence). To: A. H. Belmont. From S. B. Donahoe (with distribution to Parsons, Nasca and
DeLoach plus Mohr and Tolson
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/20/1960 CIA Dispatch. “Subject: Report of Contact with Rudy Fernandez, 16 Jan 60.” To Miami WHD
Representative. From Chief, WH Division.
</span></p>
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The following information was obtained from Rudy Fernandez ... a close friend and confidant of
Francisco Cajigas ... also well known to and friendly with Jack Gillespie and resides in Atlanta,
Georgia, where he presumably has a successful waste cotton business ... Apparently he obtained my
name and telephone number from Gillespie and I am a little concerned about the number of people
who are being given my name and phone numbers and the manner in which they obtain them ...
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Fernandez said that Cajigas is quickly coming to a parting of ways with Nunez Portuondo ... [who]
seems to subordinate all considerations to his personal interest. The incident involving US$50
thousand which Nunez is said to have obtained from Trujillo/Pedraza for the purchase of aircraft which
Nunez allegedly turned to his own personal use has greatly disenchanted Cajigas ... who has a
reputation for integrity ...
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... Nunez and [REDACTED] had specifically agreed to terms of alliance ... Fernandez passed a copy
of this memo to ODENVY [FBI] in Atlanta.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">While Nunez appears to have washed his hands of Trujillo/Pedraza ... Cajigas had asked Reed Whittle
to make inquiries in our government to see if it would be possible for Pedraza to make a visit to the
U.S. to discuss what might be salvaged from his deteriorating forces.</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 29"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">According to Fernandez, Cajigas is seeking through Whittle to obtain the backing of such people as
Kleberg, Lykes, and Standard Oil ... to be used not only in the field of anti-Castro propaganda but for the
development of a military force ... if he [Cajigas] is able to obtain this sort of backing, plans to visit
Nicaragua for the purpose of trying to persuade Somoza to cooperate and to provide the necessary facilities
for marshalling and staging of the military expedition. All of this is to be done completely independently of
Nunez Portuondo.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 29"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">~ 2/</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">12/1960 CIA Memorandum “Subject: Material for possible use in
discussion with Mr. Pawley. To: Chief, Western Hemisphere Division. From Jacob D. Esterline C/WH/4.
Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Pages 192 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website: MaryFerrell.org
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.16:49:38:870007 ~ 1/29/1960 Note “Subjects: Pawley, W.; Padilla, J.” From: W.D.P. To: CIA
Employee. CIA File of William Pawley re Argentina, Cuba and Dominican Republic. Page 121 of 145.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Note refers to announcement in the December 28, 1959 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Gazeta Nacional of Cuba </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">that Dr. Juan Antonio Rubio
Padilla was named by the Castro Government as Commercial Attache for work overseas.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/1960 [perhaps] “Handwritten 11 Page Translation of Note from Rubio”
Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Pages 262-267 of 267.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Silvio Cardenas Arenal also had concerns about Varona:
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="page" title="Page 30">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10340 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">~ 2/</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">16/1960 Cable “AMULAR Contact.” To: Director. From: WH 5 (Mr.
Reynolds, WH Div. Notified 1850, 16 Feb 60). Subjects: AMULAR Varona.
</span></p>
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">AMULAR contacted Cardenas evening 15 February. Cardenas asked following message be sent to
QDDALE:
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Conference held with Tony Varona. He will arrive Miami Wednesday or Thursday 17 or 18 February.
He interested in joining junta but has certain conditions which Cardenas’ boss here does not think
should be accepted. Thinks may be premature to admit Varona to junta now. Cardenas group
extremely concerned over recent revival of Trujillo broadcasts particularly referring to Pedraza as head
of invasion forces as this in violation of understanding. All O.K. here. Working hard to meet planned
schedule. This report already sent to QDDALE via diplomatic pouch to Fabre [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">] in Miami.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Next contact with AMULAR set for 11 hours 17 February.
</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">CS Comment: Silvio Cardenas Arenal sent word 13 Feb QDDALE he urgently needed contact our rep per
arrangement discussed with OLIEN at Hqs. Hqs. requests contact be made and results cabled.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The document referenced in the above is:</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
NARA 104-10265-10091 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">~ 2/</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">14/1960 Cable “Silvio Cardenas Arenal Sent Word 13 February [to
QDDALE].” To: Havana. From: Director.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">~ 2/</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">8/1960 [1960?] CIA Official Routing Slip. To: WH/PM [REDACTED]
and WH/4 [REDACTED].
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/29/1960 Note “re Dr. Raul D. Cardenas and Cuervo Rubio. Subjects: Pawley, W.; Cardenas, R.; Rubio, C.” To:
CIA employee. From W.D.P.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10337 ~ 2/18/1960 CIA Memorandum for the Record “Subject: Telephone Conversation with
William B. [sic] Pawley 11:10 a.m., 18 February 1960.” From: Rudolph E. Gomez, Deputy Chief, Western
Hemisphere Division.
</span></p>
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley called from New York and said that he had received a telephone call from [Fabio] Freyre in
Florida, who told him that the FBI had interviewed him, and he gathered from the tone of the interview
that Mr. Hoover was mad at Pawley. Pawley asked me if I knew any reason why Hoover should hold a
grievance against him. I told Pawley I did not know any reason, and if it were true that Hoover was
mad at him, he would not hear about it in this manner.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Freyre told Pawley that the Batista group in exile in Florida is planning a large-scale invasion of Cuba
within the next week) that Matthew Steppin [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">sic: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">actually Slepin], a Miami lawyer who claims to
represent the No 1 Republican figure in Florida, is involved in this plan to invade Cuba and is
“throwing names around.” (Pawley was much more cautious than usual over the phone and did not
wish to elucidate on this. I gathered that the inference was that Steppin was claiming that he had the
support of top US Government officials.)
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley asked me if we knew anything about Steppin. I said not to my knowledge. Pawley said this was
only the second time he had heard his name and would appreciate any information we could gather on
him.
</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">N.B. It is recommended that the information contained in paragraphs 2 and 3 above be passed to Reichhardt
and that he advise what he knows or can find out about Steppin, also the alleged invasion.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Comment by JCK: Pawley reported on 21 February that Fabio Freyre (a reliable Cuban contact) had obtained
independent confirmation of Diaz Tomayo’s report from his friend Lieutenant Colonel Sanchez Mosquiera.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Bay of Pigs History</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 76; Appendix C, Page 311/
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="page" title="Page 31">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Bay of Pigs History</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 85.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Dave Phillips emphasized interagency cooperation, “that without the close cooperation of the United States Navy, it
would have been difficult to transport the two radio transmitters which were going to be installed on Swan Island ...
Because the activities then established on Swan Island were under the control of the Federal Aviation
Administration, C. Tracy Barnes (the A/DDP/A) was to meet with the Director of FAA, Gen. Elwood Quesada, to
clear with him the problems that were involved ...” [A/DDP/A means Assistant Deputy Director of Plans/Actions]
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Bay of Pigs History</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 86/
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Bay of Pigs History</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 91.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10220-10119 ~ 5/23/1961 Memo. “Permission Granted.” To: WAVE. From: Bell WH/4/Finance.
May 23, 1961.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">~ 2/</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">26/1960 Cable Message. From [REDACTED]. To: Director. Unsanitized
CIA File of William Pawley. Page 23 of 267}
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/29/1960 Memorandum. To: FBI Director. From: SAC New York. “Subject [REDACTED] IS-Cuba re WFOlet
2/17/1960.”
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 31"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Reference is made to paragraph one, page two, of this letter particularly as it concerns William D. Pawley
and Spruille Braden.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 31"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It appears the information supplied [REDACTED] that Pawley is the man who is attempting to
sell 30 to 40 million dollars worth of “bonds” to the US investors in Cuba as insurance that their
property would not be seized by Fidel Castro and that Pawley is in the employ of Castro. It also
appears that former Ambassador Braden is the author of this letter which is in the nature of a
warning to former Cuba Ambassador Emilio Portuondo that these bonds are being so offered.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 31"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Attention is directed to a memorandum dated 1/15/60 at Miami in the case entitled “ANTI-FIDEL
CASTRO ACTIVITIES IS-CUBA.”
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 31"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">This memorandum states in part that [REDACTED PARAGRAPHS]
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 31"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In view of the above, UACB, it is not felt that Spruille Braden should be interviewed until such
time as the information supplied by [REDACTED] is further clarified by WFO through
[REDACTED]
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 31"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Miami is requested to furnish any additional data available concerning the activities of
Pawley in light of the information supplied by [REDACTED].
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 31"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA History of the Bay of Pigs</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 35, 37, 40, 41.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">John Prados, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Ivan R. Dee, 2009). Page 93.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Bay of Pigs History</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 7.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993:06.29.13:27:43:180410 ~ Undated. Memorandum “Garrison and the Kennedy Assassination.” Page 8
of 18.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Alberto Fowler (1929-1987)” Remembrance by Antonio Navarro, Palm Beach, Florida, December 31, 1987.
Organización Auténtica. http://www.autentico.org/oa09271.php
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="page" title="Page 32">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Memorandum of Conference [by Goodpaster] with the President, White House, Washington, February 15, 1960,
10:05-10:55 a.m. President met with Pawley 9:45-10:05 and 11:39 to 12:15 p.m.” </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">U.S. Department of State’s
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, Volume VI: Cuba</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;">. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 788.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 32"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[President Eisenhower] said he had been talking to Mr. Pawley. He is a most knowledgeable man as
regards Latin American affairs, particularly the Caribbean area. He had, for example, gone to Cuba as an
emissary from civilians having interest there, but with the knowledge of Mr. Dulles and Mr. Rubottom, to
get Batista to abdicate in favor of a junta. Batista would have done this had the US guaranteed to keep the
junta in power, but this could not be done.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 32"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[2 sentences (4 lines) not declassified]
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 32"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The President added to Mr. Herter that it has crossed his mind that we should make some further use of Mr.
Pawley in a Latin America assignment. Mr. Herter said that Mr. Pawley had had large interests in Santo
Domingo which would interfere but that he has disposed of them. The President said Mr. Pawley had told
him he had disposed of all his holdings in Cuba, Santa Domingo, Mexico and Haiti. Mr. Herter said that the
situation in Santo Domingo is very bad in that the Trujillo Government is acting against the moderates and
may soon create a situation like in Cuba where the opposition is taken over by wild radicals.”
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 32"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">34 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Bay of Pigs History</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 51 & 52.<br />>> Col. J.C. King, Chief WH, should not be confused with WH/4 Finance Officer Michael King mentioned on page 83.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Undated Memorandum “Conversation with J.C. King re Telephone calls to high-level contacts. Subjects: Anticastro
plot; Holland, Henry; Pawley, William.” To: The record. From: Esterline C/WH/4.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/16/1960 CIA Official Routing Slip. To Chief, WH – 1317 Barton (initialed by J.C. King), WH/3 and WH/4.
From: EO/DCI/JS Earman.<br />>> Remarks from Esterline to J.C.: “The attached was handed to the Directors yesterday by Ambassador Pawley.” It is
a letter in Spanish.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">35 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA History of the Bay of Pigs</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 243.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">36 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA History of the Bay of Pigs</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 244.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">37 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA History of the Bay of Pigs</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 245.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">38 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/23/1960 Memo: Pawley report on Slepin approach to Cuban Revolutionary group with offer from VP Nixon.
Subjects: AntiCastro plot; Pawley, William. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">To: Earman. Asst. to DCI. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">From: Gomez. Dep. Chief, WH Division. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">39 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10162-10047 ~ 3/10/1960 Message. From: Redacted. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">To CIA Director.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">40 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10162-10195 ~ “Personal Record Questionnaire Part II – Operational Information for AMBIDDY-1.”
Prepared by Henry Hechsher SAS/SO.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">41 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Manuel Artime Dies; Led Invasion of Cuba.” George Volsky, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, November 19, 1977. Page
24.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Watergate plotter may have a last tale” by Carol J. Williams. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Los Angeles Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, March 20, 2007.<br />
After Dorothy Hunt died in an airplane crash while carrying hush money, William F. Buckley took David Hunt to
Manuel Artime’s home to live.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'CourierNewPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 3pt;">42 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA104-10049-10297~2/16/1960Cable“Re[REDACTED]” From:[REDACTED]. To:Director.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 32"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Asked following message be sent to ... Conference held with Tony Varona. He will arrive Miami Wednesday or
Thursday 17 or 18 February.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 33">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10295 ~ 2/19/1960 Memorandum “Conversation with.” From:
[REDACTED]. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">To [REDACTED].</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Subjects: Pawley, William Cuba.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/16/1960 Routing Slip and letter written in Spanish. Subjects: Cuba; Pawley, William. From: [None]. To: [None].
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/16/1960 Official Routing Slip with typed note: “The attached was handed to the Director yesterday by
Ambassador Pawley.” Subjects: Pawley. From: CIA employee. To: Chief, WH.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/16/1960 Cable “Message to Pawley about arrival of Tony Varona.” To: [CIA] Director. Subjects: Junta.
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Robert Kennedy and His Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., 1978, Pages 454-458.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">43 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA History of the Bay of Pigs</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 245 and 246.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">44 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 178-1000-210158 ~ 3/9/1960 Memorandum for the Record “Subject: First Meeting of Branch 4 Task </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Force, 9 March, 1960.”</span></p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 33"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Participants: Col. J.C. King, CWH; J.D. Esterline, C/WE/4; Jack Baumann, Office of Security; Col. B.H.
Vandervort, OTR; George Geyer, Office of Communications; Mike Ting, Comptroller; Scudder Georgia,
DDS; Mr. Robert Macre, PP Staff; Col. Charles Cocke, OF/MPD; Edward Donohue, TSD; Casimoro
Barquin, DPD; Mr. E.A. Stanulis, WH/4/PM.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 33"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">45 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/10/1960 Memo: “Pawley activities/Meeting with VP Nixon.” To: Mr. Esterline. From: King, J.C. Chief, WH
Division. Subjects: Pawley, William; Anti-Castro Plot.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">46 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1994.05.18.13:23:17:130005 ~ 3/14/1960 Memorandum for the Record. “Subject: Meeting with William
D. Pawley.” Reel 55, Folder L – William D. Pawley. Page 58 of 220. (Pawley’s 201 File was reviewed at CIA
Headquarters by the House Select Committee on Assassinations staff.)
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 33"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">5.We talked about Varona. Pawley agrees that he should come out but has some reservations about Varona.
He describes him as a “big government advocate” who would not promote private enterprise and who has
“socialist” ideas at times. I took the occasion to suggest that Varona and all others will have to find some
common denominators among their divergent beliefs, and this will require compromises if they are to work
effectively and in harmony.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 33"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">6. [REDACTED]</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 33"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
7. Pawley said that he would be one of the first purchasers of bonds—$100,000 worth, to be exact—in
order to get the ball rolling with any Cubans who might be holding back. Pawley leaves this afternoon for
the DR for about a week.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 33"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">47 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1994.05.18.13:23:17:130005 ~ 3/30/1960 Memorandum for the Record. “Subject: Contact with Mr.
William Pawley in Miami, 21 March 1960 Time, 1200 hours; Mr. Pawley’s Office.” From: J. D. Esterline, C/WH/4
Reel 55, Folder L—William D. Pawley. Page 45 of 220.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 33"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2. Mr. Pawley passed to Chief, Branch 4 some very sensitive information concerning the Dominican
Republic. He requested this information not be passed beyond CIA until he had the opportunity to give this
information directly to Vice President Nixon. In point of fact, he initially said he didn’t want the
information passed on to Chief, WHD [Col. King]. Chief, Branch 4 replied that he could not agree to this
arrangement since he was obligated to pass the information on. Chief, Branch 4 said, however, in view of
the fact he was not returning to Washington until 22 March, he could not pass the information on prior to
that time. Mr. Pawley said he would relay the information himself before that date, so the question was
settled amicably. As it turned out, Chief, WHD had already received the information via another channel by
the time Chief, Branch 4 had returned to Washington.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 33"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">48 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation, Volume III: Evolution of CIA’s Anti-Castro Policies 1959-
January 1961.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Internet Archive. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">https://archive.org/details/BayOfPigsV olumeIIIEvolutionOfCIAsAntiCastroPolicies1959-January1961/mode/2up</span></p></div></div>
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<p><span color="rgb(25.490200%, 25.098040%, 25.882350%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Donnelly had been Counselor to Peru, Ambassador to Venezuela and a delegate to the conference in Bogota.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">49 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/30/1960 Memorandum for the Record “Contact with Mr. William D. Pawley in Miami, 21 March 1960
Subjects: Pawley, William; Castro; Batista. From: J. D. Esterline, C/WH/4.” To: The record.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/30/1960: Memorandum for the Record “Contact with Mr. William Pawley in Miami, 21 March 1960. Subjects:
Pawley, W.; Rubio.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/30/1960 Memorandum “Contact with Mr. William Pawley in Miami, 21 March 1960.” Subjects: Pawley, William;
Anti-Castro plan.” From: Esterline. C/WH/4.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/30/1960 Note from Cardena [perhaps transcribed by Anita Pawley]. Probably to: Pawley. Page 257 of 267.
We are waiting for the answer on the verbal [?] question that we made about Dr. Maceo.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 34"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">From now on we are going to try to type our letters so that they will be easier to read.
Cardena, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">(Pages 258-61 handwritten by Rubio.)</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 34"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">50 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Dr. Juan Antonio Rubio Padilla.” </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Miami Herald</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, September 25, 1989, Page 6B
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">51 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10315-10037 ~ 8 April 1960 CIA Memorandum for the Record. “Review of the Cuban Operation and
Examination of Possibilities for Hemispheric Support from Liberal Governments. QDDALE’s Home; 2245 Hours, 1
April 1960.” From: J.D. Esterline, C/WH/4.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Participants: DCI [Dulles], Chief, WHD [King], Chief, WH/4 [Esterline], General Robert Cushman, Vice
Presidential Military Aide; Mr. Walter Donnelly, Vice President of U.S. Steel; and Mr. William Pawley,
Industrialist.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10265-10074 ~ 3/30/1960 Memorandum for the Record “Subject: Contact with Mr. Pawley in Miami.
21 March 1960, Time 1200 hours; Mr. Pawley’s Office.” From: J.D. Esterline, C/WH/4.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> CITASTE is Donnelly.
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">52 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10227-10156 ~ 12/19/1961Dispatch “Subject—Transmittal of PASSAVOY Memo 120, a translation
of the Dr. Pedro Martinez Fraga Document (‘The Recognition of the Revolutionary Council of Cuba’).” To: Chief,
WHD. From: CIA Chief of Station JMWAVE. Subjects: Martinez, Pedro.
</span></p>
<p><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">PASSAVOY was the cryptonym of retired Army Col. Wendell C. Johnson, who was hired in 1961 as a contract
agent. He was the liaison between the CRC and several agencies including the CIA.
</span></p>
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<p><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">12/6/60 Dispatch. To: Department of State. From: The Embassy in Cuba. </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">U.S. Department of State’s </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign
Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, Volume VI: Cuba. </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Section: 617. Page 1154.
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">53 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10322 ~ 4/11/1960 Cable “Three recent visitors to Havana and what they reported.” To:
Havana Station. From: [CIA] Director. Subjects: Pawley, W.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">54 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10220-10114 ~ 4/14/1960 Cable “Operational/Correspondence between QDDALE and Contacts in
Cuba.” To: Chief of Station, Habana. From Chief, WHD. Page 2 of 3.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">55 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 124-90124-10082 ~ 04/29/1960 Memorandum “Anti-Fidel Castro Activities IS- Cuba. To Director, FBI.
From: SAC, Miami.
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">56 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10167-10007 ~6/1960 “</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Letter To Be Transmitted To State Department Via Cardinal Spellman”
To: JMNET (which may be CIA Latin America Division in Miami). From: Wallace Parlett (pseudonym for Frank
Bender).
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 35"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">JMMET (FROM PARLETT)
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 35"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1. During 8 June FRD Executive committee meeting, AMHAWK and AMWAIL advised that Vargas
Gomez had long session with QDDALE during which the latter was alleged to have said the following:
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 35"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">A. Veep, Rubottom, Admiral Burke, and Cardinal Spellman were backing Rubio Group and could not
agree policies of FRD. Thus 20-25 signatures of prominent American signatures now being collected for
letter depicting FRD members as promoting Fidelista policies without Fidel communism. Letter to be
transmitted to State Department via Cardinal Spellman.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 35"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2. FRD Executive Committee ... not in any way concerned ... consider such action ... as an irritating
interlude of politics which, in their own minds, necessitated the earliest possible surfacing of Frente.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 35"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3. In this connection please note that AMHAWK has appointment with Wieland since latter wanted to
discuss Rubio Padilla personality and policies.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 35"><div class="layoutArea">
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">57 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA History of the Bay of Pigs</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 249-254.
Primarily an Esterline memorandum of meeting notes.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">58 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation, Volume III: Evolution of CIA’s Anti-Castro Policies 1959-
January 1961. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: -1pt;">Page 198.
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">59 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">12/6/60 Dispatch. To: Department of State. From: The Embassy in Cuba. </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">U.S. Department of State’s </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, Volume VI: Cuba. </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Section: 617. Page 1154. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">60 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10165-10283 ~ 4/7/1960 Informal Notes “Telephone Conversation. Subject: Mr. Pauley Calling from
Miami, Florida (Franklin 9-0193).” To: J. C. King. From: L.D. Mallory—ARA.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 35"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pauley [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">] said that yesterday evening he attended a party at Palm Beach which was attended by
former US Ambassador Earl Smith, the Argentine Ambassador to Cuba, the Panamanian Ambassador to
Cuba and his wife, the Dominican Ambassador to Belgium Perferio Rubirosa, and some American couples
...
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 35"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[Pawley] said that Fidel Castro probably has two or three hundred other agents in Dade County ... “we” are
trying very hard to watch them.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 35"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">61 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">4/12/1960 Cable “Castro aware of activities of Anti-Castro Cubans.” From: [CIA] Director. Subjects: Pawley.
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">62 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">4/27/1960 Miami, Florida Notes. Reel 55, Folder L—William D. Pawley. Source AARC. Pages 7 & 8 of 22.
</span></p>
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</div>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-22052536857412744952009-12-12T14:31:00.027-08:002023-12-06T16:12:48.860-08:0019: CIA Informant R-1<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">In late September 1959, the CIA’s Bernie Reichardt asked whether the Agency “had any information on Fabio Freyre, a nephew of Julio Sanchez, who is Bill Pawley’s next door neighbor.” Freyre gave Pawley “some important material” which Pawley “will forward as soon as possible.” Pawley also “told Bernie he will try to get a job for General Martin Diaz Tomayo”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">(one of those who had been selected for the post-Batista junta) giving Reichardt the impression that the Spanish-speaking Miamian was continuing the job-finding role he played in Panama.</span></p><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEifOz6Wh34w_UbV42la4tB9qZwDgEhmz8Yh7Ox7D58H4MBz4wg6NdDJjM1wV25aspOfrof5t1UWzVVZOrVOmYVdi_n5Pi1r9JVO57lOKJt5EwWxitd7jDd_FIEQHBM7SXIdjz-_5_LConXOw37cpQPZbjIJrmyVC0zUlrdSAVIcGTA8B-9yM8riVTBJP5I" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="776" data-original-width="980" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEifOz6Wh34w_UbV42la4tB9qZwDgEhmz8Yh7Ox7D58H4MBz4wg6NdDJjM1wV25aspOfrof5t1UWzVVZOrVOmYVdi_n5Pi1r9JVO57lOKJt5EwWxitd7jDd_FIEQHBM7SXIdjz-_5_LConXOw37cpQPZbjIJrmyVC0zUlrdSAVIcGTA8B-9yM8riVTBJP5I=w217-h172" width="217" /></a></div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">When Pawley and Reichardt discussed Freyre, “Pawley suggested to Bernie that a recorder and mike for his office would be a good idea since it would permit him to make recordings of the conversations with Cubans and Dominicans who come in to discuss political matters.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2<br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As a result, plans were made to survey Pawley’s office to install a recording device and the “mike and wire installation was made on 15 October 1959 by employees of an Office of Security field office” according to a 1975 memo summarizing the agency’s relationship with Pawley that was finally declassified December 15, 2021.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3<span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On October 2, 1959, Pawley reported that “he had been visited again by members of the Fabio Freyre group” and “two visitors from Cuba” who were “acutely aware of the danger they are in by visiting the U.S. and in talking along the lines they do.” Pawley did not reveal their names but asserted “these are people of considerable stature in whom he has confidence.” Pawley’s visitors believed it “is futile to continue to think that any counterrevolution is possible in Cuba.” They believed Castro must be hurt economically. “Lots of people have mentioned burning the sugar fields, but this is an age old revolutionary tactic and in the opinion of these </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">people would be ineffective.” Additionally, a sugar-workers strike would endanger them. “This then leaves only one course of action which is positive sabotage of the mills” by the CIA.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">There were also suggestions “to create a fund to reimburse U.S. holders of interests in Cuba for losses suffered at the hands of Cuban government reform programs” and the possibility that Castro would devalue the peso.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On September 24, 1959, the heads of several sugar companies that had property in Cuba met with Roy Rubottom and other members of the U.S. State Department. </span><span style="font-family: 'Cambria'; font-size: 12pt;">Sam H. Baggett, Vice President of United Fruit “considers that the agrarian reform in Cuba will have far reaching effects if it should become a pattern for other countries in Latin America. The low valuation of property and payment in I.O.U.’s, if it spreads, will force the United Fruit Company out of business.”</span><span style="font-family: 'Cambria'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 3pt;">5</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Fred Hall wrote ten days later to the FBI Special Agent in Charge, Headquarters Field Office, regarding the desire to install a device at William D. Pawley’s office “for the use of the subject in certain matters of interest to Goliath [the CIA; perhaps more specifically, its domestic intelligence division in Miami, but an odd identifier considering how Goliath fell]. Upon arrival of your agent at Miami, he should contact Mr. Bernard E. Reichardt, a staff employee of Goliath who shares an office with the open Goliath representative, Room 302, 299 Alhambra Circle, Coral Gables, Florida.” The document calls attention to the fact that Pawley “has cooperated with Goliath on numerous occasions and is a personal friend of the Director of Goliath.” The installation “is being done with the full consent and approval of the Subject.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Hall soon wrote to Martha Tharpe about the installation of Pawley’s “special piece of equipment.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley gave the equipment an immediate test on the 17</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">and 18</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">. The first conversation was with “an unidentified Cuban, believed to be a member of a group of wealthy anti-Castro Cubans, members of which have talked to Mr. Pawley recently about their plans for sabotage of the upcoming sugar harvest as reported in UMWA-32 dated 2 October. The second Cuban was AMPACA-1[Eduardo Borrell Navarro], a Cuban journalist of operational interest in Station Habana, and a separate memorandum is submitted on that conversation.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On October 20</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, members of “WH/3 listened to the play-back of a tape, brought to Washington from Miami and given to Colonel King by Mr. Pawley on 19 October.” On the tape, the unidentified Cuban “said his group had been contacted by a representative of General Jose Eleuterio Pedraza” who discussed a plan “to start sabotage” in Cuba but were in need of “moral backing and money” but “Pawley gave him no encouragement” believing it would be like ‘putting money down a rat-hole’” for two reasons. First, “there is no unity among the anti-Castro groups, and there are at least 10 that he knows of who are working absolutely independently of one another.” The second reason is that “Castro is in control of the country and has the support of a large number of Cubans, especially the under-privileged.” </span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley “felt the Cuban economic situation was worsening fast and that if it gets bad enough, a large number of Cubans will turn on Castro; but until that time comes it would be dangerous to try to organize a revolutionary movement.” The Cuban felt compelled to proceed. Pawley expressed that due to his connections “with the U.S. Government, I can’t get involved in revolutionary movements.’” Pawley added that “he would hate to see the Dominican Government get involved, which might be difficult to avoid with so many Cuban exiles there but commented that he understood ‘the Dominican Government hasn’t given them a dime.’”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 4"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As it was noted years later by Desmond Fitzgerald, Chief, SAS (Special Affairs Services), William Pawley was “granted a Covert Security Approval for use by JMWAVE on a continuing basis. The references reflect that Subject has been in contact with the Agency for a number of years and that the Western Hemisphere Division was granted a CSA in October 1959 to enable their contact with him.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On November 9, 1959, William C. Hunt, Special Agent in Charge, wrote a Memorandum for the Chief, Investigative Division regarding the deployment of the audio taping equipment in Pawley’s office. The device recording conversations for J.C. King to hear was dubbed “Informant R-1” had much thought behind it. “The King coverage was installed within a desk in the personal office of the Subject. The office is located in a modern three-story building in Miami, Florida. The surrounding area, although heavily traveled by vehicular traffic, does not present any severe noise problem which would adversely affect the King coverage. The installation consists of a BK-6 microphone, which has been mounted in a forward section of the subject’s desk, together with an automatic relay system that allows remote operation of the installation. A monitoring post was established in a closet which is located in an adjoining conference room to the Subject’s office. The recording equipment to be utilized consists of one Revere, Model T-700, recorder-producer. All connecting wiring leading from the Subject’s office to the monitoring post have been concealed under wall-to-wall carpet. The automatic switching device for remote operation of the installation has been mounted under the middle drawer of the Subject’s desk and is readily accessible for operational purposes.” While the “King coverage has been established for proper operation on a permanent basis” a later declassified document noted that Informant R-1 needed repair eleven months later.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 5"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley was eager to do the taping. In an undated memorandum he wrote about an impending meeting with Movimiento Anticommunista. “They are a mixture, including Batista’s group, but they are making lots of progress in their organization. I will record the conversation and send it to you.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Jorge Garcia Montes, former Cuban Minister of Education, told Pawley that his anti-Castro revolutionary movement in Miami was “a group of people with profound religious convictions, who have not been connected with the Batista regime and who are willing to engage in a revolution against Castro ... becoming convinced that the Castro government is a Communist government which will liquidate religious schools and training. One man in whom Mr. Garcia has the greatest confidence and who is prominent in Catholic activities and organizations is the director of the newspaper </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Informacion</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, Angel Salvador Arenas (phonetic).”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">When Pawley asked Garcia if he had the two essentials of any revolution—“arms and money”—Garcia stated that the movement was “arming 500 men with rifles, submachine guns and a few bazookas. He was critical of Cuban exiles in the U.S. because they are “unorganized, without plans and anarchical. Any successful revolution must arise in Cuba and not outside. The movement must have no connection with the Dominican Republic or any other outside group.” Pawley expressed his disapproval of “bombing the sugar mills in Cuba. This would destroy a little sugar, but two or three million people would be driven into the Castro camp, by loss of their livelihood.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Garcia and Pawley also discussed propaganda such as focusing on Castro’s violations of “human rights” and replaying his past radio comments about elections. “Mr. Pawley stated that he thought it would be possible to finance a group of competent writers and propagandists to make a study such as the above and that the radio can be financed.” He saw financial obstacles in financing the purchase of weapons “and getting them to the people. Mr. Garcia thought this </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">could be arranged when the U.S. Government was convinced that this government of Cuba was determined to break off relations.” Pawley then provided a list of names of Cubans perceived by him as having no Batista connections who could compose an anti-Communist liberation group and asked Garcia’s comments.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Garcia noted that Barquin was “in France” and Barbonnett “in Spain.” No thoughts about Melchor. Both Manach and Pasca had government connections. Garcia looked favorably upon Pepin Bosch who had a “good anti-Batista reputation” and although General Diaz Tomayo “has a good reputation in Cuba” he was very “much connected to the past.” If Tony Varona “had guts, he would have been the man of the moment. Still admired by public.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In responding to the need for arms for “about 500 persons: (250 to 500 rifles and some submachine guns)” Pawley commented “that getting arms out of Miami to Cuba is almost impossible. It might be possible to take them to some Central American country and then to Cuba.” Pawley and Garcia then exchanged telephone numbers.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In another early November conversation with next-door neighbor Julio Sanchez and his nephew Fabio Freyre, Pawley expressed his disdain of a plane incident which took some Cuban lives. “Castro has capitalized on our mistakes in the plane incident and in the bombing of two sugar plantations and is using the United States as a whipping boy. We must find out how to win over the public in Cuba. We must continue to give Castro enough rope to hang himself. Every time one of his men turns against him and Fidel calls him a traitor or a do-nothing, we should exploit it. Castro is a good propagandist and he will probably save Matos’ life after he has been condemned to death.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley reiterated that he “does not believe that any invasion from abroad will succeed, but the movement must come from within. There is a substantial movement of about 500 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Catholic citizens, who are aroused by the new decree forbidding the teaching of religion in the schools in Cuba. The people who were with Castro are gradually turning against him—the chauffeurs, hotel employees, gastronomic union personnel, etc., and we must help this dropping away. Castro is not mentally fit to govern and it is just a question of time until he goes. The campesinos want to believe in Castro because they believe a Utopia is coming, but Castro cannot deliver.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley further stressed that “sabotage by plane or from outside the country does more harm than good.” Radio broadcasts were needed, “constantly stressing where Castro had failed in his promises for elections, justice, jobs, land and equal opportunities for all.” He envisioned purchasing time on existing stations as opposed to investing in creating one—“and the U.S. government would not interfere since there was nothing illegal about it, and it is not to be compared with dropping leaflets which is an unfriendly act.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley “was told that General Pedraza had offered a lot of things” and the General had signed a memorandum of agreement to form a junta “of fifteen to twenty people representing the industrial, commercial, journalistic, professional, Catholic and political sectors of the nation. From this junta must be chosen the President and Council of Ministers who will act as a provisional civil government. Ochos, Varona, and Julio Padilla already have been consulted in this regard.” The national hymn and flag “will be recognized. The only effective guide will be that set forth in the Constitution of 1940.” The new government would abide by the “principles and programs of government as contained in the Manifesto of the Accion Democratica Cristiana (ADC).” Upon revolutionary victory “a civilian government will be established, led by members of the junta” and General Jose Eleuterio Pedraza would be “recognized as the supreme military leader of the revolutionary movement.” In keeping with the Christian principles no “amoral </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">people or those repudiated by the Cuban people can participate, particularly as leaders, in either the military or civilian phase of the movement.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">General Pedraza’s strategy included an “extensive propaganda campaign of not less than twenty days explaining the name and program of the ADC, its ideology and the fact that it constitutes a third force neither Batista nor for Fidel.” Some “$5,000 to $15,000” would be used to cut off Castro’s voice on TV and radio “and “insert ADC programs in the Dominican Republic.” Moreover, the General was committed to “physical elimination of Fidel and of the principal figures of his government” and “destruction of the Air Force at Columbia” as well as “sugar mills.” There also would be “a delegate from General Pedraza with full powers” designated.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley opined that success could only happen by “Getting as many people as possible back into Cuba who are willing to take chances” and by documenting with broadcasts “what a charlatan and a liar Castro really is.” In discussing potential propagandists “Pawley advised against sending General Tamayo to Pedraza at this time” and Pawley was informed that Jorge Manuch “was not included in their list of top people such as [Antonio de] Varona, Julio Padilla and [Dr. Emilio Ochoa y] Ochoa. There wouldn’t be any objections to using Barquin who is in Europe, but they wouldn’t use Pepin Bosch whom they consider a man full of complexes.” When told that a “one million dollar letter of credit has been opened for them in New York” for Pedraza’s group, “Pawley commented that there should be many Cubans who would be willing to contribute.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley called a meeting at his office on December 9</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">at 3:00 p.m. with representatives of different groups that had organized opposition to Castro, including General Martin Diaz Tomayo. The purpose was “to explain to them the events and impressions of Mr. Pawley and Mr. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Freyre’s past trip” to “the nation’s capital at the beginning of the week.” They “had the impression that everyone there was most concerned and very worried with the last events developing in Cuba.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Following their trip to DC, “we traveled to Santo Domingo and had conferences with Generalissimo Trujillo and with General Jose Eleuterio Pedraza of the Cuban Constitutional Army. We had found that Generalissimo Trujillo was in a position more than willing to cooperate in all ways possible to him so that the Cuban opposition would be organized to overthrow the present regime. We had found that General Pedraza had an organized army at his disposal of over 2,000 men of various nationalities including Cubans and that he was most willing to help any organized army that would start working in Cuba or its coast at any moment. To that effect, General Pedraza made good the signed agreement that he had given Mr. Freyre approximately a month before and authorized Mr. Pawley to make any commitments in his name that would facilitate the forming of the opposition block against the present communist government in Cuba.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pedraza was “willing to head the military force that would strike. However, “he was more willing to work in close cooperation with a group of army officers such as General Diaz Tamayo.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley believed it was possible “to prepare two or three bases that would be training centers for the commandos that would ultimately work on the Cuban coast and inside of Cuba.” He felt it was possible “to prepare two strong radio stations that would make themselves be heard clearly in the national territory of Cuba – stations that would be installed in the bases where the personnel would be trained.” To accomplish this, he spoke of the “grave necessity that the movement had to raise from $1,500,000 to $2,000,000 among the Cubans that represented</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">private enterprise and among the foreign interests that have business interests in the Cuban national territory. To that effect, he gave the idea of considering a printed bond that should be signed by responsible members of the opposition group that it would be a pledge to everyone who advanced the necessary funds to be able to collect at a later date if this patriotic effort succeeded.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Others attending the meeting gave thanks to Pawley and proclaimed their desire to participate and encouraged “General Pedraza to visit Miami as soon as possible.” Corzo “went as far as stating 40,000 men under arms” inside Cuba would back them in the near future.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley had shown General Pedraza in the Dominican Republic a list of 19 Cubans that Freyre had prepared “and asked Pedraza whether he would be willing to work with any of the people named on this list. Pedraza replied that he would have no objection to anyone on the list.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley, not being one to let others decide the future of his Cuba, had “a similar list of 7 persons which was prepared by a Cuban associate of Mr. Pawley whom he did not wish to identify.” Pedraza was OK with them as well. The seven included the same names he had given Garcia: Dr. Jorge Manach, Gen. Martin Diaz Tamayo, Cor. Jacinto Barquin, Cor. Barbonet, Jose M. Bosch, Antonio de Varona and Melchor Gaston.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On December 15, 1959, agent Jack Gillespie reported on a conversation with Francisco Cajigas who had raised concerns about Pawley’s involvement in the rebellion planning. “Cajigas and Rudy Fernandez had just returned to Atlanta. Cajigas told Gillespie that William Pawley was back in Washington. Trujillo told Cajigas that Pawley had promised that he would have information on the United States’ official position on Cuban matters within three days. An important personage from the Dominican Republic was to come to the United States on 15 December to meet with Pawley on 15 or 16 December. Trujillo said that he is holding the </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pedraza force until the United States’ position is known.” Cajigas revealed </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“t</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">hat he fears and dislikes Pawley because of some earlier transactions in Cuba in which both were involved. Cajigas expressed dislike for having Pawley support Trujillo since this might involve some future commitments.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">If Cajigas received assurances “that the United States Government will not interfere” with his anti-Castro activities, “he knows where to get some arms in the United States.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Cajigas received a phone call from Emilio Nunez Portuondo who said “he had seen Pawley on the night of 15 December after the latter dined with Vice President Nixon. According to Nunez, Pawley claimed that he was to meet with the DCI [Allen Dulles] at 0900 on 16 December.” While Nunez had named members of his junta, “Pawley wanted to drop him as head of the revolutionary movement. According to Nunez, Trujillo would not allow the revolutionary army to leave the Dominican Republic without the United States Government’s approval.” Further, Cajigas reported that one junta member, Gerard, who “was hung from his balcony on the night of 15 December was the first man on the list given to Pawley by Trujillo.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Cajigas noted that “Pawley is having General Pedraza sign notes in excess of a million dollars. Cajigas said that he does not like the way the situation is developing and he will step out of the picture rather than work with the generals and Trujillo, although he would be willing to work with a group of businessmen.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In response, “Gillespie expressed personal distrust of Pawley, and said that he had discussed Pawley with H. Graham Morison, former Assistant Attorney General now a prominent Washington attorney. Morison spoke adversely of Pawley, whom he characterized as a great opportunist.” Gillespie considers Cajigas a ‘great gentleman’ and hopes someone at the CIA will contact him “at the Biltmore Hotel in Atlanta, room 603.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In commenting to the Chief of the CIA’s Western Hemisphere Division about Jack Gillespie’s conversation with Cajigas, J.D. Esterline not only mentioned the characterization of Pawley as “an opportunist” but also stated that Cajigas “considers Pawley ‘a meddler’ who does more harm than good to the Cuban cause.” Esterline noted that “Bernard Reichardt is also favorably impressed by Cajigas and has described him as one of the most objective and responsible Cubans he has talked to in Miami.” He also disclosed that the FBI reported “that Pawley had been meeting with several exiles at the Mayflower Hotel and on leaving the meeting he told them he was going to meet with Allen Dulles and Richard Nixon.” Pawley who “has been known to compare Trujillo with Abraham Lincoln” is reportedly careless “in conversations with Cubans, which would reveal his covert connection with CIA. However, the above is the only information readily available on this subject.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">At the request of the Chief, WHD, (known as Thompson) there was a meeting with Freyre at the Mayflower Hotel on December 15, 1959 there were fears “that Castro is going to set a trap and provoke an uprising by falsifying a beachhead, since he knows that something serious is being organized around General Pedraza. For that reason extreme caution is necessary on the part of Freyre’s group.” Moreover, there were reports “that thirty MIGs are being assembled in the Havana area.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley requested Freyre obtain “the photostat of a letter from the Cuban Minister of Defense authorizing Katherine Taife [Catherine Taaffe] to make contacts to purchase twenty Hawker Hunter planes on the black market. She has been promised a letter of credit for 11 million dollars for the purchase” which is probably “drawn against a Swiss bank account which is in the name of Fidel, Raul, and Che Guevara.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Freyre will use a contact “going into Cuba to determine the arms needs for the army of 1500 and the 3000 reserve.” Freyre also has a group of “750 under Diaz Tamayo and Col. Corso. They are planning landing spots in Cuba.” The morale of Freyre’s Miami group was described by him “as high, but [he] stressed the need to bring General Pedraza to Miami to meet this group.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley “said that General Pedraza had a valid passport and visa, but that the State Department had instructed the Immigration and Naturalization service to pick him up if he enters the United States.” Two other groups were mentioned by Fryre. “One is Diaz Lanz group whose approach was discouraged as Mr. Freyre’s group does not want to have anything to do with the 26</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">of July movement. The other is the Batista group offering manpower under Colonel Sanchez Monqueda. Mr. Freyre instructed his second in command (Rodriguez Couzeiro) to confer with the Batista group.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18<br /></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Meanwhile the State Department was meeting with business executives regarding protecting their property. On December 22, 1959, Acting Secretary of State Douglas Dillon met with Emilio Collado, Standard Oil Co. (Esso); H. Harvey Pike, Chairman, NFTC Cuba Committee; the NFTC Secretary John Akin; H.B. Sargent, President, American and Foreign Power, and his Executive Vice President H. W. Balgooyen; and G.P. Gardner, Chairman, United Fruit Company.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">During Cuba’s transformation to communism, others who would become intertwined with William Pawley were being arrested in the country. Among them was John V. Martino, a 49-year-old U.S. engineer, who provided services to gambling casinos in Cuba, was sentenced to 13 years imprisonment by a military court in Havana for attempting to smuggle out of Cuba the wife and children of a Batista regime ex-police official, Esteban Ventura. Forty-five others were </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">charged with conspiring against the government, including wealthy property owner Eugenio de Sosa Chabau; Batista Army Lt. Antonio Albuquerque Tamayo; and Eugenia Alvarez Martinez, sister in-law of Maj. Pedro Diaz Lanz, ex-Air Force chief, who was charged with smuggling dynamite into Cuba.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The following week, CIA Director Allen Dulles received a memo from Sheffield Edwards, Director of Security, who would soon become involved in assassination plots against Castro. His office approved Pawley for covert activities despite the misgivings of others over his relationship with Trujillo. A primary reason was Informant R-1. “Mr. Pawley will assist WH Division by making available to them reports of conversations held by Mr. Pawley at Miami, Florida, with his contacts among Caribbean revolutionary groups, especially anti-Castro Cuban leaders.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley squeezed one last policy-shaping effort into 1959. He called Rudolph E. Gomez, Deputy Chief, Western Hemisphere Division, at 11:45 a.m. December 31</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">st </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">and gave him “Walter Donnelly’s address in Miami Beach.” He also wanted Colonel King to know that of those arrested in Cuba at Christmastime, only Dr. Eugenio de Sosa y Chabau was identifiable to him having heard his name from General Pedraza.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley also stated that he “was quite perturbed over the activities of Nunez Portuondo. He said that Nunez was making many wild and dangerous statements; for example, he said that Pawley was part of a group of Americans who had investments in Cuba and wealthy Cubans who were active in the opposition movement against Castro; that Nunez had said that Pawley offered Trujillo three million dollars, which money was to be used to support an invasion of Cuba from the Dominican Republic. That this invasion had the support of the United States Government, but Trujillo did not go through with it because Pawley never gave him the three million. Nunez </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">claims that Pawley put his (Nunez) brother’s name on a list of Cubans who would form a junta if and when Castro was deposed. Pawley said that the list Nunez referred to was the one which Pedraza had made up on Pawley’s request and which list Pawley had shown to Nunez when he met him in Washington several weeks ago. Pawley said that Nunez is in a very ‘wild way’ claiming U.S. Government support and is also trying to destroy any efforts which Pawley is making to straighten out the Cuban situation.” Pawley pressed Gomez “that something be done to quiet Nunez down and suggested that Colonel King have a talk with Nunez, pointing out to him the error of his modus operandi and threaten him with expulsion from the United States if he does not stop his agitating tactics. Pawley said that if Colonel King would call Nunez in and have a talk with him, he (Pawley) would be glad to be present at this meeting.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Gomez responded that he “would pass all the above on to Colonel King and would let him [Pawley] know what, if any, action would be taken concerning Nunez.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the coming months, Informant R-1 would learn of the CIA’s plan to invade Cuba that would end in a disaster.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In January 1960 William Pawley advised the CIA that a Miami police officer had been offered $200,000 to kidnap Rolando Masferrer,</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">a Batista thug in Cuba who along with General Pedraza had been on the FBI radar since 1959. Two years later Masferrer would be arrested for leading exile raids against Castro.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the following decade, his adventurous life would be capped off by a car bombing in Miami that killed him.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">NEXT CHAPTERS</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span></p><ul id="recently" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.61px; list-style: none; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-21-caribbean-oyster.html" style="color: #225588;">20: Hitmen</a></li><li style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-22-suspicious-minds.html" style="color: #225588;">21: Dictating to Dictator Trujillo</a></li><li style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-23-find-me-someone-to-kill.html" style="color: #225588;">22: QDDALE'S Deep Pockets for Special Proposals</a></li><li style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-24-informant-r-1.html" style="color: #225588;">23: Presidents Come and Go; CIA Remains</a></li><li style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-25-qddale-cryptonym.html" style="color: #225588;">24: Pig in a Poke</a></li><li style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-26-whos-running-show.html" style="color: #225588;">25: The Name Game</a></li><li style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-27-dancing-with-awkward.html" style="color: #225588;">26: Days of Swine and Rose's Boys: Bay of Pigs Inv...</a></li><li style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-28-pawley-smathers-and-trujillo.html" style="color: #225588;">27: Brigade 2506 Hostage Negotiations</a></li><li style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-29-exfiltrating.html" style="color: #225588;">28: Cuba Cacophony: Northwoods, Mongoose, JMWAVE a...</a></li><li style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/rounders/icon_arrow_sm.gif") 2px 0.25em no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(238, 238, 238); line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 3px 16px;"><a href="http://williampawley.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-30-pawley-eastland-and-sourwine.html" style="color: #225588;">29: Strange Dreadfellows: Citizens Committee for a...</a></li></ul><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">FOOTNOTES:</span></span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10364 ~ 9/25/1959 CIA Memorandum for the Record “Conversation with Reichardt, 25 September [1959].” From [REDACTED] WH/III/AO [Carib]. Subjects: Freyre, Fabio; Pawley, William; Diaz, Tamayo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10373 ~ 9/25/1959 “Report of Contact with Mr. William D. Pawley (201-262094).” To: Chief, Western Hemisphere Division. From: Miami. Subjects Pawley, William; Freyre, Fabio.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10364 ~ 9/25/1959 Memorandum for the Record “Conversation.” Subjects: Freyre, Fabio; Pawley, William; Diaz, Lanz. From: [REDACTED]</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10134-10052 ~ Memo “Subject: Pawley, William D. #78435.” For: Chief, SB/1. From: Acting Chief, Support Branch.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Tom Flores mentioned the microphone installation to Colonel King and will mention it to the DCI’s office.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10134-10061 – 4/30/1975 Memorandum for the Record “William Douglas Pawley SF#078 435.”</span></p></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">30 April 1975</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">MEMORANDUM FOR THE RECORD SUBJECT:</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">William Douglas Pawley</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">SF#078 435</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1. Subject, a U.S. citizen and former U.S. Ambassador to two Latin American countries, was of interest to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency circa 1952-1954, apparently in connection with Agency operational requirements. In 1959 Subject again became of operational interest to the Western Hemisphere Division in connection with the Agency's activities directed against Cuba. At that time Subject was an executive with a private corporation in Miami Florida. Subject was granted a Covert Security Approval in connection with WH Division's interest circa December 1959.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2. On 7 October 1959 the Chief, WH Division requested the Office of Security to install an audio mike and wire device in Subject's Miami office for the purpose of "making available to WH Division representatives in Miami detailed reports of conversations held by (Subject) with his numerous contacts among Caribbean revolutionary groups, especially anti-Castro Cuban exile leaders." Cited request from the Chief, W Division indicated that Subject is a personal friend of the then DCI and that he had cooperated with the Agency in the past. Subject's file also indicates that the then DCI was made aware of the planned audio installation</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3. Subject's file specifically states that the audio mike and wire was to be installed in Subject’s office desk ins such a manner that Subject could activate the recording device while talking to foreign nationals. The file reflects that Subject was not only witting of the mike and wire installation but was in complete control of the audio equipment.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">4. Cited mike and wire installation was made on 15 October 1959. By employees of an Office of Security field office. Subject’s file does not reflect when, or if, the audio equipment was removed from Subject's office. However, a report dated January 1961 indicates that the equipment was in operation as of that time as two Office of Security employees were dispatched to Miami, Florida, to repair certain audio equipment which was malfunctioning.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">5. Subject's files do not reflect the results of any tape recordings made through the above installation although the file does indicate that any such product would have been given to WH Division representatives.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Subject appears to have remained of interest to the WH Division and to the DCI until as late as 1964.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">IDENTITY LIST SF#078 435</span></p></div></div></div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Western Hemisphere Division requesting officer: J. C. King, Chief, WH Division<br /></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2. Office of Security assigning officer: Jack Bauman<br /></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Office of Security employee who installed device: Cryer, John B.<br /></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">WH Division responsible officer: Tom Flores<br /></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Director of Central Intelligence at that time: Dulles, Allen</span></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Flores name was redacted in NARA 104-10122-10027 version and other documents.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10134-10051 ~ 10/7/1959 Memorandum “Confirmation of Verbal Request for Installation of Recording Device in Office of William Pawley, Miami, Florida.” For: Director of Security Attention: Mr. Joseph Langdon, Support Branch, 2604 I Building. From: J. C. King, Chief, WH Division.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10/9/1959 FBI Memorandum “Subject: William D. Pawley Information Concerning.” To: Mr. F. A. Frohbose. From: S. J. Papich.</span></p></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley is a former Ambassador, and reportedly has wide business holding in South America and in the Caribbean area [SEVERAL LINES REDACTED]</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">ACTION: This information is being directed to the attention of the Nationalities Intelligence Section. </span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10401 ~ 10/14/1959 Memorandum “Re William D, Pawley - #78435 I SB/I.” Subject: Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">William D. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">#78435. From: Special Agent in Charge, Headquarters Field Office.</span></p></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">This will confirm verbal assignment of this matter to your office on 8 October 1959. Headquarters Field Office was designated Office of Origin.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Subject, who currently resides in Miami, Florida ...</span></li><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Headquarters Field Office is requested to dispatch an agent to Miami Florida so as to arrive during the afternoon or early evening of/6 October for the purpose of installing a recording device in the Office of the Subject for the use of the Subject in certain matters of interest to GOLIATH ...</span></li><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">A representative of Headquarters will call on you prior to the departure of your representative to more fully brief you concerning this matter and to answer any pertinent [REDACTED]</span></li><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Your written report relative to this matter should be submitted to Headquarters as soon as possible. [SIGNATURE REDACTED]</span></li></ol><p></p></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10372 ~ 10/2/1959 CIA Dispatch “Report re Fabio Freyre. Subject Report of Contact with QDDALE, 2 October 1959.” To: Chief, Western Hemisphere Division. From: Miami WHD Representative, Patrick I Karnley.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... Rubottom was at lunch so he talked to Bill Snow and passed him this information, again not identifying his sources. I noted that QDDALE also took the time to preach Snow a little sermon about the danger to US interests which would accrue if something isn’t done to change Castro’s ways. During his conversation with Snow he also told him that he was discussing other matters with KUBARK, so Snow may be inquiring of you what it is we are talking to QDDALE about.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10. QDDALE again said that it was a shame that he didn’t have this discussion on tape. I informed him that we were ready to go ahead and survey his office with a view of placing the equipment as soon as possible. I agreed with him tentatively that a technician would be here to survey the premises on Saturday, 10 October.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">11. QDDALE called me a few days after my visit with him on 25 September to inform me that the name of the British official with whom the Freyre group had discussed the matter of getting an unihabited island as a staging area ... was Col. Morris Hill ... not only would the British Government not entertain such a notion, but Hill was off base in even discussing the matter with the group and in not reporting their proposal to U.S. authorities.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">12. This matter of a British island had been mentioned to me before by George Davis of the FBI ... This information was passed to QDDALE and was greatly appreciated.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">See also NARA 104-10049-10371 from Martha Tharpe, WH/3 Carib.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10134-10051 ~ 10/7/1959 Memorandum “Confirmation of Verbal Request for Installation of Recording Device in Office of William Pawley, Miami, Florida.” For: Director of Security Attention: Mr. Joseph Langdon, Support Branch, 2604 I Building. From: J. C. King, Chief, WH Division.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> King confirmed the request “for the installation of a recording device in the office of William D. Pawley in Miami, Florida, for the purpose of making available to WHD Representative in Miami detailed reports on conversations held by Mr. Pawley with his numerous contacts among Caribbean revolutionary groups, especially anti-CASTRO Cuban exile leaders.” King provided a bio of Pawley noting that in addition to his Ambassadorships to Peru and Brazil, Pawley recently “engaged in petroleum and mining activities in the Dominican Republic and has served as a consultant to the Dominican Government. He has cooperated with this Agency on a number of occasions and is a personal friend of the DCI and of CWH” [J.C. King].</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10/9/1959 FBI Memorandum “Subject: William D. Pawley Information Concerning.” To: Mr. F. A. Frohbose. From: S. J. Papich.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10401 ~ 10/14/1959 Memorandum “Re William D, Pawley - #78435 I SB/I.” Subject: Pawley, William D. #78435. From: Special Agent in Charge, Headquarters Field Office.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10134-10051 ~ 10/7/1959 Memorandum “Confirmation of Verbal Request for Installation of Recording Device in Office of William Pawley, Miami, Florida.” For: Director of Security Attention: Mr. Joseph Langdon, Support Branch, 2604 I Building. From: J. C. King, Chief, WH Division.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Memorandum of a Conversation, Department of State, Washington, September 24, 1959. Meeting with American Sugar Interests Regarding the Situation of Their Properties in Cuba.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations Of The United States, 1958– 1960, Cuba, Volume VI.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>Participants</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><ul><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">William F. Oliver, President, American Sugar Refining Company</span></p></li><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">John A. Nichols, President, Cuban American Sugar Company</span></p></li><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">B. Rionda Braga, President, Francisco Sugar Company</span></p></li><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Michael J.P . Malone, Manati Sugar Company</span></p></li><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Frank G. Brown, Jr., V.P., Punta Alegre Sugar Corporation</span></p></li><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Sam H. Baggett, V .P ., United Fruit Company</span></p></li><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Philip Rosenberg, President, Vertientes-Camaguey Sugar Company</span></p></li><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Warren Lee Pierson, Director, Vertientes-Camaguey Sugar Company</span></p></li><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">W. Huntington Howell, First V.P., West Indies Sugar Corporation</span></p></li><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Lawrence Crosby, Vice-Chairman, Atlantica del Golfo Sugar Company</span></p></li><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Murphy—G</span></p></li><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Mann—E</span></p></li><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Rubottom—ARA</span></p></li><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Ambassador Bonsal—Embassy Havana</span></p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><ul><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Wieland—CMA</span></p></li><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. English—L/C</span></p></li><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Kwiatek—L/C</span></p></li><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mrs. Mulliken—REA</span></p></li><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Callanan—CSD</span></p></li><li style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Stevenson—CMA</span></p></li></ul><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10122-10099 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">~ 10/</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">14/1959 Memorandum “Subject: Pawley, William D.” To: Special Agent in Charge, Headquarters Field Office. From: Fred H. Hall.</span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10122-10102 ~ 11/13/1959 Memorandum. To: Martha Tharpe, Room 1005, Barton Hall, Deputy Director of Security (I&S). From: Fred H. Hall.</span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10265-10118 ~ 10/20/1959 CIA Memorandum for the Record “Subject: Highlights of Tape-Recorded Conversation in Miami between Mr. William Pawley and an Unidentified Cuban during Period 17-18 October.” From: Martha Tharpe, WH/III/CARIB.</span></p></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The Cuban said his group needed two things – moral backing and money ... Mr. Pawley gave him no encouragement ... he felt that at the present time it would be like “putting money down a rat-hole” for the following reasons: (1) there is no unity among the anti-Castro groups, and there are at least 10 that he knows of who are working absolutely independently of one another; and (2) Castro is in control of the country and has the support of a large number of Cubans, especially the under-privileged. Mr. Pawley said he felt the Cuban economic situation was worsening fast and that if it gets bad enough, a large number of Cubans will turn on Castro; but until that time comes it would be dangerous to try to organize a revolutionary movement.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley asked the Cuban if his group felt they had moral support of the U.S. and the Cuban replied that they wanted U.S. moral support but whether they had it or not, they felt they were obliged to carry through with their plans. Mr. Pawley said he didn’t know what to tell him – would have to think about it and see if anything could be done. He said, “Having been connected with the U.S. Government, I can’t get involved in revolutionary movements”. Also said he would hate to see the Dominican Government get involved, which might be difficult to avoid with so many Cuban exiles there, but commented that he understood “the Dominican Government hasn’t given them a dime.”</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10362 ~ 10/20/1959 Memorandum for the Record. “Subject: Highlights of Tape-Recorded Conversation in Miami Between Mr. William D. Pawley and an Unidentified Cuban during Period 17-18 October.”</span></p><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10335-10001 ~ </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">ARRB Request “CIA-2: Background Questions On The Collection.”</span></p></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">20 February 1964</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Memorandum for: Deputy Director of Security (Investigations & Operational Support) Attention: ID/1, Mr. Coleman</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Subject: WILLIAM D. PAWLEY</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">REFERENCES: UFGT-7664, attached</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">UFGT-4162, attached UFGT-6961, attached</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1. It is requested that Subject be granted a Covert Security Approval for use by JMWAVE on a continuing basis. The references reflect that Subject has been in contact with the Agency for a number of years and that the Western Hemisphere Division was granted a CSA in October 1959 to enable their contact with him.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2. Refer any questions to M. K. Holbik, SAS/Security, ext. 5909</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[signed by M.K. Holbik for] Desmond Fitzgerald </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Chief, SAS</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10363 ~ CIA Dispatch “Subject: Installation of Tape Recording Equipment in Office of QDDALE.” To: Chief, WH Division. From: Miami WHD Representative.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> John Cryer surveyed Pawley’s office on October 15, 1959 and “it was decided to make the installation the same night.” There were “several unforeseen difficulties” but Cryer and Karnley got it done that night. After it was tested, “QDDALE was very pleased with this performance.” The Miami Station did not have a recorder to play back and considered borrowing one from KUCLUB (CIA Office of Communication). Tape transcriptions would require a Spanish transcriptionist.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10134-10054 ~ 11/09/59 “Memorandum on William Pawley.” To: Chief, Investigative Division. From: Hunt, William C.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> On November 9, 1959, William C. Hunt, Special Agent in Charge, wrote a Memorandum for the Chief, Investigative Division regarding William Pawley (#78435 I SB/1). “Reference is made to Headquarters Field Office OOC Final report dated 21 October 1959, submitted by Special Agent John B. Cryer. The [J.C.] King coverage was installed within a desk in the personal office of the subject.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">11/09/1959 “Pawley, William – Confidential Informant R-1 Identified as King Coverage.” Subjects: Pawley, William. To: Chief, Investigative Division.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">A number of Pawley documents from 11/09/1959 are Withheld, including: </span></p></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.06.09:17:48:590060 (8 of 26)</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.06.09:20:00:710060 (9 of 26)</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10160-10089 ~ 11/17/1959 “Confirmation that the Recording Device was Installed in William Pawley’s Office.”. To: C/WH Division. From: [CIA] Deputy Director of Security (I&S).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10122-10083 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">~ </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10/25/1960 Memorandum “Subject: Pawley, William D. #74835 I SB/1 [Repair contact Bob Hopkins].” To: Special Agent in Charge, District Field Office. From: Paul T. Auden.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ Undated. Note from Pawley to CIA. Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Pages 171 & 172 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10357 ~ 11/25/1959 CIA Memorandum for the Record. “Subject: Highlights of [REDACTED] Conversation in Spanish between Mr. William Pawley and Jorge Garcia Montes, former Cuban Minister of Education who heads an anti-Castro Revolutionary Group in Miami, during period late October–early November.” From: Phil Toomey, WH/III/Carib.</span></p></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley said that at the time of the plane incident in Cuba, public opposition to Castro was growing and 30% of the people in Havana were against him. The plane incident was a mistake enabling Castro to blame the U.S. for the victims caused by his forces. Garcia said that such mistakes are inevitable because the Cuban exiles in the U.S. are unorganized, without plans and anarchical. Any successful revolution must arise in Cuba and not outside. The movement must have no connection with the Dominican Republic or any other outside group. Pawley said there has been talk of bombing the sugar mills in Cuba. This would destroy a little sugar, but two or three million people would be driven into the Castro camp, by loss of their livelihood.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Garcia said ... a piece is being printed in Washington looking toward a humanist revolution respecting human rights ... showing all the things which Castro has done in violation thereof. Mr. Pawley commented </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">that the radio might replay what Castro said when he was in the Sierra on the subjects of elections and what he was going to do after the revolution had succeeded ...</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley stated that he thought it would be possible to finance a group of competent writers and propagandists to make a study such as the above and that the radio can be financed. What he felt would be quite difficult to arrange at present would be financing and buying of guns and getting them to the people. Mr. Garcia thought this could be arranged when the U.S. Government was convinced that this government of Cuba was determined to break off relations.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Garcia asked if Mr. Pawley thought that a group of responsible Cubans could be gathered together in the U.S. with no connections with Batista and not labeled as a revolutionary group, but set up as a liberation, anti-Communist group. Mr. Pawley agreed that no one connected with Batista could be included in such a group and stated that he had written down some names which might be of use and on whom Mr. Garcia might comment.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Garcia’s Comments:</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Jorge Manach - Connected with Government.</span> </li><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">General Diaz Tomayo - Pretty much connected with the past, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">but has a good reputation in Cuba.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Barquin - Is in France. Nothing against him in Cuba.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Borbonnett - Is in Spain.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pepin Bosch - Seems to have a good anti-Batista reputation.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Felipe Pasca - Honest, but too mixed up with present regime.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Gaston Melchor - Has to think about him.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Varona (Tony) - If he had guts, he would have been the man of the moment. Still admired by public.</span></li></ul><p></p></div></div></div></blockquote><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10310 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">~ 11/</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">27/1959 CIA Memorandum for the Record “Subject; Highlights of [REDACTED] conversation of Mr. William Pawley with Julio Sanchez and his nephew Fabio Freyre in early November.” From: [REDACTED], WH/III/Carib.</span><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Castro has capitalized on our mistakes in the plane incident and in the bombing of two sugar plantations and is using the United States as a whipping boy. We must find out how to win over the public in Cuba. We must continue to give Castro enough rope to hang himself. Every time one of his men turns against him and Fidel calls him a traitor or a do-nothing, we should exploit it. Castro is a good propagandist and he will probably save Matos’ life after he has been condemned to death. Mr. Pawley does not believe that any invasion from abroad will succeed, but the movement must come from within. There is a substantial movement of about 500 Catholic citizens, who are aroused by the new decree forbidding the teaching of religion in the schools in Cuba. The people who were with Castro are gradually turning against him – the chauffeurs, hotel employees, gastronomic union personnel, etc., and we must help this dropping away. Castro is not mentally fit to govern and it is just a question of time until he goes. The campasinos want to believe in Castro because they believe a Utopia is coming, but Castro cannot deliver.</span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div> </div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">In the matter of sabotage, Mr. Pawley stressed the fact that it must be carried out entirely within the country as sabotage by plane or from outside the country does more harm than good.</span> </div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div> </div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley recommended as a first consideration of the Cuban exiles to use all the talent which they have at present in the United States to organize broadcast facilities giving complete news coverage to the Cubans, but constantly stressing where Castro had failed in his promises for elections, justice, jobs, land and equal opportunities for all. When he was told that this material had been prepared but that the money was lacking to enter the radio field, Mr. Pawley said that he understood that there were plenty of Cubans around who would be interested in financing this sort of thing rather than revolutionary movements from abroad. He stated that it would not be necessary to purchase a complete radio station, but that radio time could be bought and the U.S. government would not interfere since there was nothing illegal about it, and it is not to be compared with dropping leaflets which is an unfriendly act.</span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In answer to Mr. Pawley’s query as to what General Jose Eleuterio Pedraza could do to help them, he was told that Pedraza had offered a lot of things. A memorandum signed by Pedraza containing the following points for an agreement was read:</span></span></p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">A junta should be formed composed of fifteen to twenty people representing the industrial, commercial, <span> </span><span> </span>journalistic, professional, Catholic and political sectors of the nation. From this junta must be chosen the President and Council of Ministers who will act as a provisional civil government. Ochos, Varona, and Julio Padilla already have been consulted in this regard. </span></li></ul></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Only on single hymn and one single flag – the national ones – will be recognized. The only effective guide will be that set forth in the Constitution of 1940. </span></li></ul></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">The principles and programs of government as contained in the Manifesto of the Accion Democratica Cristiana (ADC) should be adopted. </span></li></ul></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">As soon as a revolutionary victory is obtained, a civilian government will be established, led by members of the junta. </span></li></ul></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">General Jose Eleuterio Pedraza is recognized as the supreme military leader of the revolutionary movement. </span></li></ul></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">No amoral people or those repudiated by the Cuban people can participate, particularly as leaders, in either the military or civilian phase of the movement.2) The principal lines of action set forth by General Pedraza are as follows:An extensive propaganda campaign of not less than twenty days explaining the name and program of the ADC its ideology and the fact that it constitutes a third force neither Batista nor for Fidel.The use of TV and radio programs of Castro to cut off his voice and insert ADC programs in the Dominican Republic. This would necessitate altering a radio installation and would cost from $5000 to $15000.<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">The physical elimination of Fidel and of the principal figures of his government.</span></span></li></ul></blockquote>
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<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The principal lines of action set forth by General Pedraza are as follows: {NOTE THE FOLLOWING EXTRANEOUS <span style="color: red;">2.</span> IS A BLOG SOFTWARE GLITCH]</span></p></li></ol></div></div></div><div><div class="page" style="text-align: left;" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><ol start="2" style="text-align: left;"><li><ol style="list-style-type: lower-latin;"><li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small;">The destruction of the Air Force at Columbia.</span></p></li><li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small;">The destruction of the sugar mills.</span></p></li><li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small;">The designation of a delegate from General Pedraza with full powers.</span></p></li></ol></li><li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small;">Mr. Pawley states that in his opinion the only chance of success lay in:</span></p><ol style="list-style-type: lower-latin;"><li><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small;">Getting as many people as possible back into Cuba who are willing to take chances.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small;">Putting out all the well documented broadcasts possible to convince people what a charlatan and a liar Castro really is.</span></p></li></ol></li><li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small;">In discussion of the persons who could be used for propaganda the following names were mentioned:</span></p><ol style="list-style-type: lower-latin;"><li><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small;">General Martin Diaz Tamayo. Who needs a job. Mr. Pawley advised against sending General Tamayo to Pedraza </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">at this time.</span></p></li><li style="font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Jorge Manach. In answer to Mr. Pawley’s query about Manach, he was told that this man was not included in their list of top people such as Varona, Julio Padilla and Ochos. There </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">wouldn’t be any objections to using Barquin who is in Europe, but they wouldn’t use Pepin Bosch whom they consider a man full of complexes.</span></p></li></ol></li></ol></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In answer to Mr. Pawley’s query as to how much financial support could be obtained from Pedraza’s people, it was stated confidentially that a one million dollar letter of credit has been opened for them in New York. Mr. Pawley commented that there should be many Cubans who would be willing to contribute.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10307 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">~ 12/</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">9/1959 CIA “Minutes of Meeting received at Agency Dec. 16<br />Representatives of different groups that had organized opposition to Castro. They included: Raul Menocal, Jorge Garcia Montes, Alberto Sosa, Manuel Blanco Canizares, Jose Regalado Santana, Francisco Rodriguez Couzeiro, General Martin Diaz Tomayo, Colonel Corzo [spelled Coronel] and Fabio Freyre.”</span></p></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">We had visited the nation’s capital at the beginning of the week and had the impression that everyone there was most concerned and very worried with the last events developing in Cuba. After that we traveled to Santo Domingo and had conferences with Generalissimo Trujillo and with General Jose Eleuterio Pedraza of the Cuban Constitutional Army. We had found that Generalissimo Trujillo was in a position more than willing to cooperate in all ways possible to him so that the Cuban opposition would be organized to overthrow the present regime. We had found that General Pedraza had an organized army at his disposal of over 2,000 men of various nationalities including Cubans and that he was most willing to help any organized army that would start working in Cuba or its coast at any moment. To that effect, General Pedraza made good the signed agreement that he had given Mr. Freyre approximately a month before and authorized Mr. Pawley to make any commitments in his name that would facilitate the forming of the opposition block against the present communist government in Cuba.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">General Pedraza had stated that not only was he willing to head the military force that would strike but that he was more willing to work in close cooperation with a group of army officers such as General Diaz Tamayo” [and Corzo, Barquin and Barbonet]...</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It was also explained by Mr. Pawley of the possibility of being able to prepare two or three bases that would be training centers for the commandos that would ultimately work on the Cuban coast and inside of Cuba and also of the great possibility of being able to prepare two strong radio stations that would make themselves be heard clearly in the national territory of Cuba—stations that would be installed in the bases where the personnel would be trained. Also that at Ciudad Trujillo they were more than willing to accept any suggestions that would be made in order to change the radio propaganda that was being made and that up to now everyone concerned considers that it does not help at all the opposition groups.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It was brought up by Mr. Pawley the grave necessity that the movement had to raise from $1,500,000 to $2,000,000 among the Cubans that represented private enterprise and among the foreign interests that have business interests in the Cuban national territory. To that effect, he gave the idea of considering a printed bond that should be signed by responsible members of the opposition group that it would be a pledge to everyone who advanced the necessary funds to be able to collect at a later date if this patriotic effort succeeded.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Dr. Garcia Montes thanked Mr. Pawley for asking him to attend the meeting and he approved very highly of everything that Mr. Pawley said and he thought the idea of the bond was a very good one. He wanted to inform Mr. Pawley of the rumor that some organized opposition was underway in Cuba and...stressed the necessity for the civil representatives of this effort to be known and...the most important point was to get the military underway so as to be able to establish beachheads that would start the organized fighting in Cuba. Dr. Garcia Montes understood that all groups except General Pedraza’s were represented at the meeting and he was assured that Mr. Freyre had sufficient powers to represent General Pedraza on that afternoon. This was ascertained to Dr. Montes by Mr. Pawley.</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Same document initialed by JC King is NARA 104-10265-10130</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">~ </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">12/10/1959 CIA Memorandum for the Record “Subject: Meeting [on 6 December with William D. Pawley Reference Memorandum of 9 December with same subject. Prepared by [REDACTED] WH/III Caribbean.” Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Pages 139 & 140 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small;"> Freyre’s list included:</span></p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small;">Juan Antonio Rubio Padilla </span></li><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small;">Gustavo de los Reyes</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Goar Mestre </span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Silvio de Cardenas Arenal </span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ernesto Freyre de Varona </span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Angel Fernandez Varela </span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Enrique Ovares</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nestor Carbonell Cortina </span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Julio Cadenas Sanchez </span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Francisco Rodriguez Couzeiro </span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pedro Hernandez Lovio </span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Felipe Pazos</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Justo Carillo</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Armando Cainas </span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Arturo Hernandez Tallaeche </span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Alberto Fernandez Hechevarria </span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Emilio Ochoa Ochoa </span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Eugenio Albarran </span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Norberto Azqueta</span></li></ol><p></p></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The redacted </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">sender’s name was declassified in 1999: Robert Reynolds, WH/III/Caribbean. NARA 104-10049-10356.</span></p></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 12/16/1959 “Memorandum of Conversation 12, 15, and 16 December 1959: Participants [REDACTED] and Jack Gillespie.” Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Pages 134, 135, 136 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.</span></p></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">On 16 December Gillespie phoned to report that Cajigas had been phoned on the night of 15 December by Emilio Nunez Portuondo. Nunez said he had seen Pawley on the night of 15 December after the latter dined with Vice President Nixon. According to Nunez, Pawley claimed that he was to meet with the DCI at 0900 on 16 December. Nunez mentioned several names, including Julio Sanchez and Juan Gerard (phonetic), who were to be members of the junta. Nunez said that Pawley wanted to drop him as head of the revolutionary movement. According to Nunez, Trujillo would not allow the revolutionary army to leave the Dominican Republic without the United States Government’s approval.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Cajigas said that Pawley is having General Pedraza sign notes in excess of a million dollars. Cajigas said that he does not like the way the situation is developing and he will step out of the picture rather than work with the generals and Trujillo, although he would be willing to work with a group of businessmen.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Cajigas said that Gerard, who was hung from his balcony on the night of 15 December was the first man on the list given to Pawley by Trujillo.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Gillespie expressed personal distrust of Pawley, and said that he had discussed Pawley with H. Graham Morison, former Assistant Attorney General now a prominent Washington attorney. Morison spoke adversely of Pawley, whom he characterized as a great opportunist.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Gillespie urged that someone contact Cajigas, whom he considers to be a “great gentleman.” Cajigas is presently staying at the Biltmore Hotel in Atlanta, room 603. According to Gillespie someone tried to locate Cajigas a couple of days ago. Gillespie asked if we had tried to do so and I replied that we had not insofar as I knew. I told Gillespie that it might be FBI.</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10342 ~ 2/12/1960: Memorandum for the Record “Material for Possible Use in Discussion with Mr. Pawley.” To: Chief, WHD. From: J. D. Esterline, C/WH4. Subjects: Pawley, William. [Cites 16 December 1959 conversation regarding Cajigas and Pawley].</span></p></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Comment: Nunez, Cajigas, and Gillespie are known to dislike and/or distrust Pawley. Pawley’s recent break with Nunez is well known. Cajigas says he fears and dislikes Pawley because of some earlier transactions in Cuba in which both were involved; he fears Pawley’s support of Trujillo which might involve some future commitments; and he considers Pawley “a meddler” who does more harm than good to the Cuban cause. Gillespie has expressed personal distrust of Pawley and said he discussed Pawley with H. Graham Morison, former Assistant Attorney General now a prominent Washington attorney; Morison spoke adversely of Pawley, whom he characterized as a great opportunist. Gillespie considers Cajigas a “great gentleman” and has urged that someone in the CIA talk to him. Bernard Reichardt is also favorably impressed by Cajigas and has described him as one of the most objective and responsible Cubans he has talked to in Miami.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Recently the FBI reported (the DBF is being circulated and is not readily available) that Pawley had been meeting with several exiles at the Mayflower Hotel and on leaving the meeting he told them he was going to meet with Allen Dulles and Richard Nixon. Comment: This DBF also said that Pawley has been known to compare Trujillo with Abraham Lincoln.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Comment: There have been other FBI reports concerning Mr. Pawley’s carelessness in conversations with Cubans, which would reveal his covert connection with CIA. However, the above is the only information readily available on this subject.</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ December 16, 1959 CIA Memorandum for the Record “Subject: Meeting [REDACTED] and Fabio Freyre in Pawley 201 File.” Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Page 137 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.</span></p></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It is thought that Castro is going to set a trap and provoke an uprising by falsifying a beachhead, since he knows that something serious is being organized around General Pedraza. For that reason extreme caution is necessary on the part of Freyre’s group.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Doctor Tomeu [a woman] reported an unchecked story that thirty MIGs are being assembled in the Havana area ... Freyre is sending a man to check this story.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Freyre will obtain for Mr. Pawley the photostat of a letter from the Cuban Minister of Defense authorizing Katherine Taife [Catherine Taaffe] to make contacts to purchase twenty Hawker Hunter planes on the black market. She has been promised a letter of credit for 11 million dollars for the purchase...It is believed that the letter of credit is drawn against a Swiss bank account which is in the name of Fidel, Raul, and Che Guevara.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Freyre has a man going into Cuba to determine the arms needs for the army of 1500 and the 3000 reserve ...</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The Freyre group in Miami was said to number 750 under Diaz Tamayo and Col. Corso. They are planning landing spots in Cuba ...</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Freyre described the morale of his Miami group as high, but stressed the need to bring General Pedraza to Miami to meet this group ...</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley entered the meeting at this point and a summary of the above information was given to him. He said that General Pedraza had a valid passport and visa, but that the State Department had instructed the immigration and Naturalization service to pick him up if he enters the United States.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Freyre spoke about his friend Jose Ignacio Rivero, the Director of Diario de la Marina who has arrived in Miami.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">He mentioned two groups which have been trying to contact his group. One is Diaz Lanz group whose approach was discouraged as Mr. Freyre’s group does not want to have anything to do with the 26</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">of July movement. The other is the Batista group offering men power under Colonel Sanchez Monqueda. Mr. Freyre instructed his second in command (Rodriguez Couzeiro) to confer with the Batista group.</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Memorandum of Conversation, Department of State, Washington, December 22, 1959, Meeting on Protection of American Properties.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, Volume VI: Cuba. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 707.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“American Sentenced By Cuban Tribunal.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Lima News</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, December 19, 1959. Page 1.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10049-10164 ~ 12/29/1959 CIA Memorandum. “Subject Pawley, William D.” To: Director of Central </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Intelligence. From: Sheffield Edwards, Director of Security.</span></p></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Handwritten note states: This has been returned from DC/I’s office 6 Jan 60.</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Born in 1902, Sheffield’s father died when he was about 14 years old. Muriel Edwards, his mother, sold real estate and insurance, while overseeing an 18,000-acre community farm in the Santa Ynez, CA. She also earned a Masters Degree in Education. Sheffield Edwards was accepted to West Point and graduated in 1923. While still in the Army, he was outsourced to the CIA. As Chief of Security, he instituted an assassination plot to kill Fidel Castro involving Johnny Roselli, Sam Giancana, and Santos Trafficante. Edwards reportedly attempted to mislead Robert F. Kennedy, by implying that all assassination plots had been dropped by the CIA. On May 18, 1966 Edwards met with Johnny Roselli who was nervous about Giancana, a man who was soon shot to death in his kitchen. Giancana would be murdered in 1975, and Roselli in 1976. Sheffield Edwards died in 1975 in Leesburg, Virginia. http://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/nc/newhanover/bios/edwards13gbs.txt</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 12/31/1959 Memorandum for the Record “Subject: Telephone Conversation with Mr. William Pawley, 11:45 a.m. 31 December 1959.” From: Rudolph E. Gomez, Deputy Chief, Western Hemisphere Division. Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Page 133 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.</span></p></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley called to give Walter Donnelly’s address in Miami Beach and also to have the following information brought to the attention of Colonel King. Pawley said that of the 40-odd people that were arrested in Cuba over the Christmas holidays, only one of three persons, Dr. Eugenio de Sosa y Chabau, he was able to identify. This name was given to Pawley by General Pedraza.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley was quite perturbed over the activities of Nunez Portuondo. He said that Nunez was making many wild and dangerous statements; for example, he said that Pawley was part of a group of Americans who had investments in Cuba and wealthy Cubans who were active in the opposition movement against Castro; that Nunez had said that Pawley offered Trujillo three million dollars, which money was to be used to support an invasion of Cuba from the Dominican Republic. That this invasion had the support of the United States Government, but Trujillo did not go through with it because Pawley never gave him the three million. Nunez claims that Pawley put his (Nunez’) brother’s name on a list of Cubans who would form a junta if and when Castro was deposed. Pawley said that the list Nunez referred to was the one which Pedraza had made up on Pawley’s request and which list Pawley had shown to Nunez when he met him in Washington several weeks ago. Pawley said that Nunez is in a very “wild way” claiming U.S. Government support and is also trying to destroy any efforts which Pawley is making to straighten out the Cuban situation.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley urged that something be done to quiet Nunez down and suggested that Colonel King have a talk with Nunez, pointing out to him the error of his modus operandi and threaten him with expulsion from the United States if he does not stop his agitating tactics. Pawley said that if Colonel King would call Nunez in and have a talk with him, he (Pawley) would be glad to be present at this meeting.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I [Rudolph E. Gomez] told Pawley that I would pass all the above on to Colonel King and would let him know what, if any, action would be taken concerning Nunez.</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">FBI 105-84265-34 A.J. Weberman. Nodule 7 of former website.</span></p></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In January 1960 William Pawley advised the CIA that he had been contacted by Arthur Patton, a Commissioner from Dade County, Miami, Florida, who asserted that one of his police officers had been offered $200,000 to kidnap Rolando Masferrer.</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.07.21.15:39:42:400280 ~ “Summaries of Activities of Werbell and Others.” Page 4 </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, April 21, 1961.</span></p></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">President Kennedy “pointed out that the Justice Department had just indicted Rolando Masferrer, onetime hoodlum leader of a pro-Batista strong-arm squad, for ‘plotting an invasion of Cuba from Florida in order to establish a Batista-like regime.’”</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Crime is Luring Terrorist from Anti-Fidel Ranks.” By Jim McGee. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Miami Herald</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, December 30, 1983.</span></p></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Growing evidence has linked many reputed anti-Castro terrorists to Mafia-like criminal groups that deal in </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">drugs, extortion and murder, a Herald investigation has found. Instead of fighting Castro, some terrorists </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">have turned to crime. Recent court statements and a wiretap transcript indicate members of the Omega 7 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">terrorist group served as strong-arm debt collectors for Miami-based drug smugglers.</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-21432990312520038302009-12-12T14:24:00.018-08:002024-01-29T14:44:37.767-08:0020: Hitmen
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<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjwIN3XuvQXiP2OL99gagF6sRHJ388H8hZR0oReJ92raAVilMmF_1HxvTQRmqCo9XUmvGwaZrB37ZnH5bmYCYyzejRjGhKC9BBmQ9ilgG7bYz1UAAx1ASpTn6u9TwmDkJsAvbn263e3BVyZBR_jwEKF4IwHcwsQ1Qq3P9UQ9kTj_Ol4j4KsPYP6Hyc0yOo" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="980" data-original-width="1170" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjwIN3XuvQXiP2OL99gagF6sRHJ388H8hZR0oReJ92raAVilMmF_1HxvTQRmqCo9XUmvGwaZrB37ZnH5bmYCYyzejRjGhKC9BBmQ9ilgG7bYz1UAAx1ASpTn6u9TwmDkJsAvbn263e3BVyZBR_jwEKF4IwHcwsQ1Qq3P9UQ9kTj_Ol4j4KsPYP6Hyc0yOo=w245-h215" width="245" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Before entering politics in 1945, Sen. Homer E. Capehart (R-Indiana) had been a highly
successful businessman known as “the father of the jukebox industry.” Back then, a
jukebox contained dozens of 45-rpm, 7-inch records that could be heard on a pay-for-play
basis by depositing a coin and pushing buttons that corresponded to the song selection.
Jukeboxes quickly became fixtures in diners, bowling alleys, military installations,
laundromats, college campus lounges and other gathering spots. Record companies
embraced them because this new platform provided another way for songs to get heard
and for artists to become bigger stars, such as country & western singer Marty Robbins. In an age of 2 minute records, his 4-minute-38-second song about a gunslinger in the west Texas town of “El
Paso” became a No. 1 hit while Pawley was planning Castro’s demise through his own hit squad. As for Capehart, he became an astute politicia</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: medium;">n</span> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">before losing his seat after three
terms to Birch Bayh.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: xx-small; vertical-align: 4pt;">1</span></div><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the spring of 1960, the CIA Deputy Director of Plans sent FBI Director J.
Edgar Hoover a memo from the Department of State that remained classified until 2011
and was not released for several more years. In the memo, the U.S. Counselor of
Embassy for Economic Affairs in the Dominican Republic reported that he had talked on
February 23, 1960 to Wallace B. Rouse, a long-time construction engineer who had
traveled a few months earlier to Ciudad Trujillo with Senator Homer E. Capehart (R-
Indiana). The group had hoped to seal “a large business deal” that collapsed at the “last
minute” when Generalissimo Trujillo called the group “‘thieves’” which greatly upset
Rouse.
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Rouse told the Senator that “Pedro Moreles (presumably an American citizen)
was recently given $5,000 ‘earnest money’ in Miami as a downpayment to bump Castro
off. Rouse implied this was arranged by [Arturo] Espaillat acting for Trujillo, and also
implied that former U.S. Ambassador William Pawley was implicated.” After describing
how Moreles would be smuggled into Cuba, Rouse stated that “William Pawley had
asked him why he, Rouse, had not sent gunmen to kill Castro; and that </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">Pawley told him
if that didn’t work ‘he would send his own gunmen’ to do the job. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On arrival in Port-
au-Prince, the Embassy Administration Officer, unaware of the Rouse conversation,
coincidentally said he had been seated next to William Pawley on a flight from New
York to Port-au-Prince during which </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">Pawley had made the identical remark to him</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Bold emphasis added by D.P. Cannon</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjN2pfQwbQQ9iKLZphcKf5eK8iuV67tvlASAYZGDup4MudVj-9bLPkcmPieHuSSlfEUifO1RzKLXru8VEj_X5WzyNzViWrwwpqikWXxyp-YtL7n-DomV-06c2CGtjFyY2dSrDY8jVBex2rci3MklM5IKU4FdMK1iRkWcar34SPIiVS-gl9MiCL-VXQSviM" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1395" data-original-width="3376" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjN2pfQwbQQ9iKLZphcKf5eK8iuV67tvlASAYZGDup4MudVj-9bLPkcmPieHuSSlfEUifO1RzKLXru8VEj_X5WzyNzViWrwwpqikWXxyp-YtL7n-DomV-06c2CGtjFyY2dSrDY8jVBex2rci3MklM5IKU4FdMK1iRkWcar34SPIiVS-gl9MiCL-VXQSviM=w367-h151" width="367" /></a></div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;"><br /><br /><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In September 1960, a poison pill operation was initiated by the CIA’s Director of
Security Colonel Sheffield Edwards, Director of Plans Richard Bissell and operative Jim
O’Connell who contacted millionaire Howard Hughes’s associate Richard Maheu to be
the “‘cut-out’” between the Agency and the Mafia. Chicago mobster Sam Giancana
arranged for Johnny Roselli to try to get the poison pill to someone who could slip it into
Castro’s drink. CIA Director Dulles and his Deputy Director General Cabell were briefed
about it, as was Richard Helms when he later became Deputy Director of Plans.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3<span></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">This compartmentalization did not mean that Pawley-King-Esterline team did not
have their own plans for assassinating Castro. Pawley himself had offered to personally
pay for such a hit,</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">and propaganda team member in Mexico, E. Howard Hunt, in 1960
recommended the assassination of “Castro before or coincident with the invasion (a task </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">for Cuban patriots).”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Others, like Richard Drain “suggested using Rip Robertson rather
than the Mafia.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Years later the </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Bay of Pigs History </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">would state that “Mssrs. Bissell, Edwards,
and Harvey, with Maheu and the Mafia remained strictly compartmented and isolated
from the officially authorized Project JMARC” in which Pawley was involved. The
history notes that Jake Esterline “refused to grant Col. J.C. King ... a blank check when
King refused to tell Jake the purpose.” King however “got a FAN number from the Office
of Finance and that the money was used to pay the Mafia-types.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The CIA’s William Harvey attended two meetings in 1961 to discuss “Executive
Action,” a euphemism for assassination after discussing the concept with Richard Bissell.
“On January 25, he met with Sidney Gottlieb, the new Chief of CIA’s Technical Services
Division. On the following day, he met with Arnold Silver, who recruited agent
QJWIN—the only agent Harvey ever employed in Project ZRRIFLE (for the purpose of
‘spotting’ potential assets).” William “Harvey was the head of Staff D ... of the
operations directorate” which was responsible for communications intelligence work on
the secret level.” Funding, according to Richard Helms, got special handling “to avoid the
normal clearance procedures.” ZRRIFLE wasn’t limited to executive action by rifle or
other means; it also included rifling through foreign embassy files drawers “to steal
codes” and “ciphers.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Until November 15, 1961, ZRRIFLE remained separate “from the CIA-Roselli
poison pill assassination plot against Castro” that was trying to capitalize on the Mafia’s
eagerness to regain its gambling casinos in Cuba. “Harvey has a note on that date he
discussed with Bissell the application of the ZRRIFLE program to Cuba. Harvey says </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">that Bissell instructed him to take over Edwards’s contact with the criminal syndicate and
thereafter to run the operation against Castro.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 4"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Mafia-triumvirate that the CIA engaged was made up of significant mob
members: Santo Trafficante of Tampa, John Roselli of Los Angeles, and Sam Giancana
of Chicago.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“Santo” also spelled “Santos” was the name of both the father, Trafficante Sr.
who died in 1954, and Jr. who lived until 1987. Trafficante Jr. had been involved with
Meyer Lansky in the casinos in Cuba prior to Castro coming to power and expelling the
mobsters from the country. A resident of Tampa, Trafficante had dinner with Albert
Anastasia, head of New York’s Murder, Inc., the night before he was assassinated in
Manhattan in a barber shop chair in October 1957.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“Handsome” Johnny Roselli had been ordered by Al Capone to relocate to Los
Angeles in 1925 where he cultivated interests in Hollywood and in the Las Vegas
Tropicana Hotel with individuals from Chicago in 1957.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Salvatore “Momo” Giancana (aka Sam, Sam Flood, Sam Gold, Sam the Cigar and
Mooney and many other names) was head of the Chicago Outfit, who profited from
bookmaking in the city’s Southside. In 1957, he was linked to the slaying of Leon
Marcus of Southmoor Bank and Trust, who had lent Giancana $100,000 as the mortgage
to purchase the River Road Motel in Schiller Park which was to be used for additional
gambling operations. The police initially suspected the partner of Marcus, Lionel Ives
(born Isaacs) of Chicago and Ft. Lauderdale, "a big South Side race track handbook operator," according to <i>A Report on Chicago Crime</i>. But a PCI (Protected Confidential Informant)
advised that “some of Giancana’s men” attempted “to obtain $10,000 from Marcus
without the sanction of Giancana.” Ives theorized “that </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Marcus threatened to tell Giancana about the incident and the men panicked and killed
Marcus.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 5"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">It was later determined that Salvatore Moretti—a fired Chicago cop—had killed
Marcus. Giancana rewarded Moretti first with a pair of diamond cufflinks and then on
April 18, 1957 with a car ride to his death carried out by three men who climbed into his
car. When his body was found in the trunk, the only item found in his clothing was a
comb—because Moretti had failed to comb Marcus’s wallet to retrieve Giancana’s
$100,000 IOU to Marcus.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Vicious, sadistic hitman William “Willie Potatoes” Daddano was the major
suspect in the execution of Moretti because his body had cigarette burns, a Daddano
trademark. Seven years before his death Moretti and Joe Adonis had refused to disclose
their income source to the Senate Crime Committee (Adonis had car hauling contract
with Ford Motor Company in New Jersey).</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In all likelihood, the Chicago Outfit was angry about all the attention the murder
brought to Southmoor Bank which Marcus had organized in 1947 along with Southmoor
Securities and the Southmoor Foundation. The financial organization had trust accounts
that concealed the crime syndicate’s ownership of major gambling operations, Ralph’s
Place controlled by the Fischetti brothers and The Fort Tavern near Glenview Naval
Station. From sports gambling to craps to slot machines to coin operated machines,
organized crime had lots of cashflow to hide despite having to buy off police and
politicians with cash-packed envelopes.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In addition, Marcus, who organized the bank in 1947, contributed heavily to local
politicians. (Lionel Ives told me in 1968, "We own the Aldermen.") A year before Marcus was executed, Orville E. Hodge, the Illinois State </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Auditor who wanted to have his own planes and fancy cars embezzled $2.5 million in
state funds and used Southmoor to cash $600,000 in fraudulent state warrants for which
he wound up in prison along with his office manager, Edward Epping, and Southmoor
president, Edward A. Hintz. (The bank would change its name to Guaranty Bank and
Trust Company.)</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Sam Giancana changed the motel’s name from River Road to Thunderbolt and put
his brother Charles in charge. It later became the Caravelle Motel. And Sam’s power
grew. Detective Peter Heidinger of the Chicago Police Intelligence Unit advised FBI
Special Agent “William F. Roemer that he believed Sam ‘Mooney’ Giancana was now
the number one man in the underworld as of” December 3, 1959.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Maheu was a freelance aide to Howard Hughes who served the eccentric
billionaire by “intimidating would-be blackmailers and obtaining information on business
rivals.” Maheu served as the cut-out for the CIA operations, making a $150,000 offer to
Roselli and his cohorts to kill Castro. The Mafia members did not want money, and never
accomplished their mission against Castro.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">William Douglas Pawley’s fervent pre-occupation with ridding the world of
Castro was based in part on wanting his Caribbean profit centers undisturbed by
revolutionaries. As an entrepreneur he had developed “considerable bauxite holdings in
the Dominican Republic,” and his brother, Ed Pawley, “is a big sugar man there, who
praises Trujillo” noted </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Daily News </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">in February 1961.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Pawley family’s business interests had cultivated a long friendship with
Generalissimo Rafael Trujillo who—as commander-in-chief of the nation’s army—seized
power in 1930 and ruled as a dictator for three decades.
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley would testify in Congress that he felt that the State Department’s William
Wieland had shaped the U.S. policy of cutting diplomatic relations with Trujillo without
addressing the potential aftermath. “As to the Dominican Republic, I have been there
many times, beginning as far back as 1916” he told the Senators. “If the United States is
going to help Tito [of Yugoslavia] who is a communist dictator, but condemn Trujillo, it
just doesn’t make sense. The Truman administration went all out to discredit Franco, but
nevertheless George Marshall sent me to Spain to negotiate with Franco. I made the
arrangements with Franco that got us the bases [America has] today.” Pawley’s testimony
did not disclose his family’s business dealings with Trujillo, which the CIA had
investigated for several months in 1957 and 1958.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Castro’s uprising against Cuban dictator Batista had worried Pawley. On May 10,
1960, Pawley sent a letter to Vice President Nixon to recap the work he and Senator
George Smathers had been doing “to bring about a transition from dictatorship to
democracy in the Dominican Republic without bloodshed or chaos.” He wrote that this
was a better choice than to “stand idly by and let the left-wingers overthrow Trujillo and
create another Cuba.” Pawley believed the Dominican Republic’s fall “would be a terrific
blow to U.S. prestige” that could cause a domino effect in the Western Hemisphere. He
informed Nixon that “I am convinced that some of the junior members of the Department
of State are anxious for the overthrow of Trujillo without regard to the consequences. In
this, Herbert Matthews [of </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">] is the ringleader and there are many
more of this type who are contributing to this disaster.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In June 1960, Trujillo had sent men to Caracas to bomb the car carrying
Venezuelan President Betancourt who survived the assassination attempt but his head of
security lost his life. Betancourt had been critical of Trujillo’s dictatorship. Pawley was
no fan of the socialist Betancourt but recognized that Trujillo had won no friends through
his deadly plotting. Trujillo’s human rights violations resulted in the OAS Council of
Foreign Ministers voting in favor of breaking diplomatic relations with the Dominican
Republic.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In November, an event occurred that would unite global opposition to the
Dominican dictator. Three young women—Patria, Marie and Minerva Mirabal—who
became known as the “Las Mariposas (The Butterflies)” were murdered by Trujillo’s
men as they returned through the countryside from visiting their husbands in a
Dominican prison. The women had been a thorn in Trujillo’s side since the time when he
felt slighted by the family leaving a party while he was still there. Their father was
arrested as was Minerva, who refused to write an apology. The brothers of the dictator
interceded and gained their release.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Following the death of their father in 1953, the Mirabal sisters formed a group
(Movement of the Fourteenth of June) opposed to Trujillo. He eventually arrested their
husbands in hopes of shutting them up. When that failed, the women were stopped and
led into a sugarcane field where they were beaten and strangled to death, outraging
Dominicans and external observers.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In November of 1960, Eisenhower asked Pawley to see if he could convince
Trujillo to step down. Pawley then flew to Ciudad Trujillo and was driven to the Hotel
Embajador. As he was about to phone his brother Edward at their nearby nickel company </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">“my chauffeur rushed in to say that the Generalissimo had just driven up in a small car,
alone.” Trujillo told Pawley that he was determined to “never leave this country. I will
stay even if I end up on a stretcher!” His words would prove prophetic.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">FOOTNOTES:</span></span></p>
</div>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span color="rgb(12.549020%, 12.941180%, 13.333330%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">"Homer E. Capehart: Phonograph Entrepreneur." By</span><span color="rgb(12.549020%, 12.941180%, 13.333330%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">William B. Pickett. <i>Indiana Magazine of
History</i>. 1986, 82 (3). Pages 264–276.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">DOC_0005660960.pdf ~ 5/24/1960 CIA Memorandum “Subject: Wallace G. Rouse.” To: Director,
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Attention: Mr. S.J. Papich. From: CIA Deputy Director, Plans.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
>> Sections of this transmittal document were still redacted when released over half-a-century later.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Attached was:<br /></span></p></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
2/24/1960 “Memo of Conversation Dealing with Caribbean Political Tensions, Including Communist
Activities in Latin America; and Alleged U.S. Intelligence Deficiencies.” To: The Ambassador. From: The
Counselor of Embassy for Economic Affairs.
https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0005660960.pdf
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Handwritten note indicated Pedro Moreles had Florida/Dominican Republic connections.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 157-10014-10169 ~ 8/06/1975 SSCIA Miscellaneous Records of the Church Committee. Title:
“Richard Bissell.” Subjects: ZRRIFLE; Bissell, Richard. Pages 8, 12, 13, 24 of 36. Released 10/23/2017.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 157-10011-10024 ~ 5/21/1975 “SSCI Transcript, Testimony of DCI William Colby.” Subjects:
Castro; SSCI Transcript, Testimony of DCI William Colby; Operation Mongoose; Cuba. Pages 4,5 & 10 of
18. Released 12/15/2022.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"> “William D. Pawley Kills Himself.” By </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">Sam Jacobs and Arnold Markowitz.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Miami Herald</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, January 8, 1977,
page 1.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 282.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 279-281.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 278.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Anthony Provenzano file. Page 42. Mary Ferrell Foundation MaryFerrell.org.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">FBI Informant: “NY T-1 said Clemente did not furnish any further information concerning his
possible involvement in the loan shark business, but did comment in general that, ‘Bob Kennedy,
he expects by March, to have a lot of guys pulled in. He’s going to pick on the 100 top hoods in
the country, all Italians.’ Clemente felt that he was not one of the hoodlums that Kennedy expected
to pull in. The subject, in discussing newspaper articles, made mention that there were no Italian
appointees in the President’s cabinet or sub-cabinet.”
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Anastasia Slain in a Hotel Here; Led Murder, Inc.; Victim's Brothers.” By Meyer Berger. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, October 26, 1957.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Anastasia had dinner with Santos Trafficante the night before Anastasia was killed in late 1950s.]</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 124-10224-10022 ~ 7/18/1958 FBI Report “John Roselli, May 5 through July 18, 1958.” Monte </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Proser Productions interconnections.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Tropicana axed Theodore Schimberg, Chicago bottling company executive, and Charles Baron, a Chicago
auto dealer in 1957 after it was revealed that the casino lost money, according to the </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Reno Evening Gazette</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">,
June 12, 1957.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Note to Costello Cited by Nevada,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, June 29, 1957.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> It was revealed that New York mobster, Frank Costello, was receiving details of the Tropicana’s winnings.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 124-10198-10112 ~ 9/6/1966 FBI Supplemental Correlation File “Subjects: SGI, Advice, ACT,
Association, OC.” From: Director, FBI. Page 9 of 42.
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Chicago Crime Commission, <i>A Report on Chicago Crime for 1957. </i>Pages 25 and 26.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Chicago Crime Commission, <i>A Report on Chicago Crime for 1969. </i>Pages 84 and 85.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> An investigation at the Guaranty Bank and Trust Company disclosed that unsecured loans totaling $ 200000 had been made by this institution and as a result Howard M. Nuss was discharged as president on December 17 1968. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Guaranty Bank and Trust Company was formerly known as the Southmoor Bank and Trust Company 6760 Stony Island Avenue Chicago . One of the organizers of the bank in 1947 was Leon Marcus who was also one of its principal stockholders . Associated with Marcus in this banking venture was Lionel Ives, alias Lionel Isaacs, a big South Side race track handbook operator. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Marcus also organized the Southmoor Securities Company and the Southmoor Foundation . Through the bank and securities company, Marcus made large contributions to several powerful politicians . In the middle 1950's Orville E. Hodge then Illinois State Auditor em- bezzled about $ 2500000 in state funds. Over $ 600000 in fraudulent state warrants were cashed by Hodge in the Southmoor Bank and Trust Company . As a result in addition to Hodge the president of the Southmoor Bank Edward A. Hintz and Hodge's office manager Edward A. Epping were sent to prison.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">On March 31 1957, Leon Marcus was shot down and killed in a typical gangland slaying . Among the effects in the possession of Marcus when he was murdered was a carbon copy of a receipt he had given to the gang leader Sam Giancana in the sum of $ 100000 which was to apply on a $ 150000 mortgage held by the Southmoor Securities Company on the River Road Motel 5400 North River Road Schiller Park Illinois. This motel's name was subsequently changed to the Thunderbolt Motel and was managed by Sam Giancana's brother Charles. Later the name was again changed to the Caravelle Motel. </span></span><b style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">It was also revealed that when Marcus was a stockholder in the Southmoor Bank and Trust Company, the bank held trusts established to conceal the true ownership of the crime syndicate's notorious gambling establishment known as Ralph's Place and The Fort. "</b><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;"><i> Emphasis added by D.P. Cannon.</i></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">When Marcus received the $ 100,000 from Sam Giancana , he placed it in the Southmoor Bank and Trust Company on March 28 , 1957 , just three days before his death . Following the Hodge scandal , the bank was reorganized and its name was changed to the Guaranty Bank and Trust Company . In recent years , the bank has been controlled by New York financier Victor Muscat and his associates including Roy M. Cohn , once chief counsel for a U.S. Senate sub - committee headed by the late Senator Joseph R. McCarthy . Cohn served as the bank's chairman prior to January 17 , 1967 when he was replaced by Frank H. Miller , son-in-law of U.S. Senator Edward V. Long, a Democrat from Missouri. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">During the investigation of the unsecured loans totaling $ 200,000 made </span></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">by the Guaranty Bank and Trust Company it was determined that the $100,000 which Marcus had received from Sam Giancana and placed in the bank on March 28 , 1957 is still there. Although over a decade has elapsed, the money has not been bearing interest. The executor of the Leon Marcus estate declined to claim it and Giancana has also avoided it. If it remains unclaimed for fifteen years the money will go to the State of Illinois pursuant to the Unclaimed Property Act. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">The name of gang leader Sam Giancana was also mentioned prominently during a flareup of violence in Tucson , Arizona in the summer of 1968. Targets of the violence were Joseph Bonanno, head of a powerful New York crime syndicate, Pete Licavoli, a Detroit underworld leader and once a member of the infamous Purple Gang, and the son-in-law of Sam Giancana, Chicago lawyer Anthony P. Tisci. For several years the New York gang boss, Joseph Bonanno, has been spending much time in Tucson, Arizona, where he maintains a home at 1847 East Elm Street. In recent years, Joseph Bonanno, and his son, Salvatore, have been embroiled in a fight with another underworld faction over control of Bonanno's New York underworld organization . During this period , Joseph and Salvatore Bonanno have been bringing their bodyguards with them to Tucson and reportedly have tried to establish them in legitimate business enterprises there . Joseph Bonanno's enemies are not limited to the New York underworld , however . A known bitter antagonist of Bonanno is Chicago gangster Sam Giancana . Reportedly , Giancana and Bonanno have fought in the past over control of rackets in Arizona and California. In January , 1965, a New York Federal grand jury was investigating, among other things, the alleged kidnaping of Joseph Bonanno on October 21, 1964, just a few days before he was scheduled to appear before the same grand jury. Sam Giancana was issued a subpoena as he was about to board an airplane in New York and required to appear before the New York grand jury. A short time later , Giancana when subpoenaed as a witness before a Chicago Federal grand jury refused to testify and was committed to jail for contempt of court. Giancana remained in the Cook County Jail from June 1, 1965 to May 31, 1966 and upon his release fled to Mexico. <i>The Tucson Daily Citize</i>n reported on July 4, 1968 that Sam Giancana was upset over the efforts of Bonanno to expand his holdings in recent years. It was suggested that when Giancana leaves his hiding place in Mexico, he may want to visit Tucson to resist the Bonanno holdings in Tucson . </span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">Sam Giancana also has personal ties in Tucson. His daughter, Bonnie, and her husband, Anthony Phillip Tisci, a Chicago attorney, live with their child at 4545 North Camino Escuela in Tucson, Arizona . Bonnie and Tisci were married in Miami Beach, Florida, on July 4, 1959. Giancana's son-in-law subsequently became the $985-a-month Federally paid secretary to Chicago Congressman Roland V. Libonati and his successor Representative Frank Annunzio of the Seventh District which covers the First Ward of Chicago. It was in this ward that the Capone gang was spawned and nurtured to power. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Chicago Daily Tribune</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, December 13, 1950.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Salvatore Moretti was in Chicago. Willie Moretti in Hasbrouck Heights, NJ also was called before the
Senate Crime Committee; his income came from a one-seventh ownership of U.S. Linen Supply of
Paterson, NJ valued at $900,000.
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">"Ex-Bookie's Killing May be 'Message.'" <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, November 24, 1988.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Lionel Ives, born Isaacs, was like Lenny Patrick and Phillip "Philly" Goodman, Jewish Americans affiliated with the Italian American Chicago Outfit involved in bookmaking. Shortly after Patrick was arrested with professional football slips and $13,000 in cash, Goodman, age 73, was beaten to death in a motel on the northside of Chicago, Patrick's territory. Hundreds of dollars and an airplane ticket to Las Vegas (where he was an oddsmaker, casino host at the Stardust and suspected mob money launderer for Chicago mob boss Anthony "The Ant" Spilotro during the 1977-1980 heyday of casino-profit skimming) were still on Goodman, making the police to believe he was hit for being an informant about Patrick's activities. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #111111; font-family: georgia, garamond, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">"Balistrieri Tapes Part 12: 'Balistrieri convictions left void in local Mafia FBI agents say'" By </span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); color: #111111; font-family: georgia, garamond, "Times New Roman", serif;">Mary Zahn and Bill Janz. </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); color: #111111; font-family: georgia, garamond, "Times New Roman", serif;"><i>Milwaukee Journal Sentinel</i> January 17 2024.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: georgia, garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></p><p><span style="color: #111111; font-family: georgia, garamond, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">>> “'The Balistrieri Tapes'” was a twelve-part series originally published in the <i>Milwaukee Sentinel </i>beginning Oct. 31 1988."</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); color: #111111; font-family: georgia, garamond, "Times New Roman", serif;">>> As my father-in-law from 1967 to 1971, Lionel Ives (aka Isaacs) told David Price Cannon in 1969 that he was looking to the the Milwaukee and Detroit mafia to invest in the Landmark hotel in Las Vegas and he would make a million-dollar commission as the. mortgage broker, but Howard Hughes bought the hotel a few days after the closing and the court ruled in faver of the reclusive millionaire. According to <i>The Milwaukee Journal</i>, Frank</span><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); color: #111111; font-family: georgia, garamond, "Times New Roman", serif;"> "Balistrieri reportedly had taken over as Milwaukee’s organized crime boss by the early 1960s and had a wide range of legal and illegal business interests: nightclubs restaurants strip clubs vending machines and gambling." In addition to taking his cut from the area's bookmakers under threat of violence, the Milwaukee crime boss "</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: georgia, garamond, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">frequently conducted business from a table at Snug’s restaurant on the ground floor of the Shorecrest Hotel which was owned by his family — became a key figure in skimming money from Las Vegas casinos a story made famous in the 1995 movie “Casino.”</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #111111; font-family: georgia, garamond, Times New Roman, serif;">FBI Agent Frank Demarco stated, "'Since the 1950s, the Milwaukee La Cosa Nostra family has been subservient to the Chicago family. Furthermore, the Milwaukee family has close ties to the LCN family in Kansas City. The Milwaukee family has, in the past, imported people from Kansas City to assist them.'"</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">"Details of Spilotro murders revealed in mob trial. Targets of a legendary mob hit lived in Oak Park." By Bill Dwyer. <i>Journal of Oak Park and River Forest</i>. August 14, 2007.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> In June 1986, Anthony Spilotro and his brother Michael </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">were slain by Outfit killers Nick </span><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); color: #111111; font-family: georgia, garamond, "Times New Roman", serif;">Calabrese, James LaPietra, John Fecarotta, John DiFronzo, Sam Carlisi, Louie “The Mooch” Eboli, James Marcello, Louis Marino, Joseph Ferriola, and Ernest “Rocky” Infelice. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); color: #111111; font-family: georgia, garamond, "Times New Roman", serif;">>> Spilotro had ticked off the Outfit's </span></span><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); color: #111111; font-family: georgia, garamond, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span>Joey “The Doves” Aiuppa</span></span><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); color: #111111; font-family: georgia, garamond, "Times New Roman", serif;"> by having an affair with the wife of "Lefty" Rosenthal, and burglarizing Las Vegas jewelry stores and gamblers. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); color: #111111; font-family: georgia, garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Illinois: Hodge Dislodged.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, July 30, 1956.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">124-90024-10122 ~ 1/5/1961 FBI Untitled Document. To: HQ. From CG. Subject: Sam Giancana. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Page 250, 252 & 253 of 376.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Marcus Slaying Link Probed in Shortage.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Hammond Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, June 13, 1957.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">From 1967 through 1970 Lionel Ives revealed details to David Price Cannon of the case including that the bank had been
established on a whim when a gambler who bet on horses at Ives’s wire house noted, “There is so much
money flowing through here, you should open a bank.” According to the former FBI SAC in Chicago,
William Roemer, “Ives was a gentleman, not a gangster.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Also see </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Hammond Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, April 13, 1957 Salvatore Moretti’s death; and the </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Delta Democrat-Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">,
August 7, 1960 regarding the bank. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Giancana asked Willie Daddano to take care of Marcus. He sent ex-cop
Salvatore Moretti to retrieve the document from the Marcus’s wallet, but failed to do so after murdering
him. Moretti was then taken to southwest Chicago, tortured and shot through the head, stuffed into a dry
cleaning bag, and left in the trunk of his Chevy.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">6/14/1968 Chicago FBI Report ITWI [Interstate Transmission of Wagering Information]. Report Made by:
[Redacted]. Lionel Ives file.] CG 165-1801 Page 9 of 129.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Lionel Ives operates mostly in the Wabash area but is being forced out by the “outfit.” Source does
not know the reason but it is common knowledge among horse book operators that Ives has lost
favor with the “Outfit.”
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Report on Chicago Crime By Chicago Crime </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Commission. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Senate Congressional Record, Monday
January 29, 1951. Page 1095.</span></p></div></div>
</div>
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Las Vegas' Tropicana plans for major makeover as it turns 50 by Ryan Nakashima,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">USA Today</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, March
31, 2007.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Sam Giancana was shot to death in his home in 1975. The chopped up remains of Johnny Roselli were
found in a 55-gallon drum off the Florida coast in 1976.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Our Man in Havana, William D. Pawley.” By John T. O’Rourke. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Daily News</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">,
February 20, 1961.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Pawley also praised Mann.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... Manuel Ray, another disillusioned Havana leader of Fidel’s 26</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">of July Movement also now in
exile and plotting against Fidel remarks, “I doubt if Col. Barquin would like to have joined any
movement in which Gen. Diaz Tamayo ... had a part.” It seems Gen. Tamayo had sentenced Col.
Barquin to prison for Batista. Later Gen. Tamayo went to jail too, for plotting against the boss.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... Col. Borbonnet [aka Borbonet] is still in Cuba.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">All of these men were considered loyal to Fidel, except jailed Gen. Tamayo....
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Jules du Bois, Latin American expert for the </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Chicago Tribune </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">and chairman of the Inter-American
Press Association’s press freedom committee says: “Mr. Pawley has evidently changed his mind.
When I saw him at Miami Airport in January 1958 on his way to the Dominican Republic, he said
he didn’t think Castro was going to be good for Cuba, but said then he didn’t think he was a
communist.”
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In his Senate testimony, Mr. Pawley says he thought Fidel was a communist back in 1948 at the
uprising in Bogotá, Colombia.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Regarding the Dominican Republic:
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Understand, I’m not trying to evaluate Trujillo ... the situation there is not all black ... today it is a
beautiful little country that has accomplished more for its people in short time than any other
country,” says Mr. Pawley.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley is reported to have had considerable bauxite holdings in the Dominican Republic, and may still
have them. Mr. Pawley’s brother, Ed, is a big sugar man there, who praises Trujillo.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Executive session testimony of William D. Pawley September 2 and 8, 1960 to the Committee of the
Judiciary’s Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal
Security Laws, Report (December 20, 1960). </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 742 & 745.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
“Mob Offered to Kill Castro—Mafia Turned Down CIA’s $150,000, Volunteered to Do It For Free.” By </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Laura Myers, Associated Press. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Seattle Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, July 2, 1997</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">5/10/1960 Letter to Vice President Nixon. From: William D. Pawley.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">If Trujillo were permitted to fall dramatically, we would have another Cuba on our hands. This
would be a terrific blow to US prestige and would create a situation for us that would make it
impossible for us to prevent the chain reaction throughout the other countries in the Hemisphere....
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Your help in the matter would be of tremendous value, as I am convinced that some of the junior
members of the Department of State are anxious for the overthrow of Trujillo without regard to the
consequences. In this, Herbert Matthews [of </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">] is the ringleader and there are
many more of this type who are contributing to this disaster. With warm personal regards, I am
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">sincerely yours,
William D. Pawley
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Hermanas Mirabal/Mirabal Sisters.” Sights and History of the People, Colonial Zone-Dominican
Republic.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Overlooked No More: Dedé Mirabal, Who Carried the Torch of Her Slain Sisters.” </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">By Gavin Edwards,
The New York Times, January 18, 2021, Section D, Page 6.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Chapter 20.</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">When I arrived at the airport in Ciudad Trujillo, the officials there, all of whom I knew fairly well,
informed me that the Generalissimo had asked me to stand by for his call. I waited for fifteen
minutes, then took my car, which was at the airport, to the Hotel Embajador for a shower and
change. In the lobby, I was about to telephone my brother Ed, who was associated with our nickel
company, that I would not be able to dine with him that evening, when my chauffeur rushed in to
say that the Generalissimo had just driven up in a small car, alone.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-67800950682950912042009-12-12T14:23:00.013-08:002023-11-14T08:50:42.971-08:0021: Dictating to Dictator Trujillo
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<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s entrepreneurship and bilingual skills led to global success and wealth that gave
him easy access not only to U.S. presidents but also to Generalissimo Trujillo, the
dictator of the Dominican Republic, who profited so much from the Pawley family’s
thriving businesses that William believed he could dictate the course of the country. In 1955, Trujillo asked Pawley to help him write laws to attract U.S. investment in oil and minerals. That same year, Vice President Nixon was criticized for embracing the dictator.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On January 20, 1960, Jane Atherton Roman, who served as liaison between the CIA and FBI as a senior aide to CIA counterintelligence head, James Jesus Angleton, received a document that listed
Edward Pawley as the subject. One who read it wondered if it was actually about
his brother, William. The document noted that following trips to Florida and Cuba,
“Catherine Taaffe, whose activities are well known to the intelligence community”
advised that “there was a widespread belief among Cubans that the United States
Government, and specifically CIA, was sponsoring anti-Castro plotting” and, according
to former Havana lawyer Francisco Rodriguez Couceiro, Edward Pawley was working
with the CIA on the effort. The document had a handwritten note: “Probably Wm D.
Pawley Miami.” Mrs. Roman wrote beneath it: “Or his brother, Edward, who represents
the Pawley business interest in the Dom. Rep.”
</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjo2CuetSNz9y6mK3vkSyvLc1Vmo2S-P2fg1lhgWu1IwhQpLJkwsMv0Hq0Cfe0aFzYnyW_ojLAQYgdLoScPSSzpNwhxgDOs3TS2XsDchuppNmkZOdAteMJJz5Xr3MYtHJW1LPVn3Yt_N2vao9PmsdEYA4B9gkJsicoZTkZoFYzAQmvW6DFYmdfdCnXFcm4" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="971" data-original-width="833" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjo2CuetSNz9y6mK3vkSyvLc1Vmo2S-P2fg1lhgWu1IwhQpLJkwsMv0Hq0Cfe0aFzYnyW_ojLAQYgdLoScPSSzpNwhxgDOs3TS2XsDchuppNmkZOdAteMJJz5Xr3MYtHJW1LPVn3Yt_N2vao9PmsdEYA4B9gkJsicoZTkZoFYzAQmvW6DFYmdfdCnXFcm4" width="206" /></a></div><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">An English major graduate from Smith College, Jane Atherton worked in advertising then served in the OSS in 1944. A decade later, she married CIA co-worker Howard Edgar Roman who became a researcher for two books written by CIA Director Allen Dulles. Ten weeks before reading about the Pawleys activities, Jane Roman had opened the CIA's first file on Lee Harvey Oswald, a U.S. Marine Corps radar operator who, after learning Russian and monitoring U-2 flights over Russia, defected to Russia. By the summer of 1963, William Pawley and Lee Harvey Oswald would both interact with the CIA-funded Cuban-exile group DRE. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In February 1960 an article appeared in the </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Miami
Herald</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, titled “Smathers at Conference: Miamian Pawley Had a Part in Trujillo’s ‘Free
Vote’ Vow.” While it mentions that Edward Pawley lives in Cuidad Trujillo and manages the
Pawley mining and oil interests, the article notes that William Pawley is a longtime friend
and an informal “economic advisor” to the Dominican Republic Dictator Rafael Trujillo,
who accepted his advice and promised “to hold free multiparty elections within a year.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">At the Dominican Republic press conference, Senator George Smathers was
joined by William Pawley who stated that he had recently sold all of his investments in
the country, while assuring the media that Trujillo was not in trouble, even though he
recently had broken up a plot to overthrow his regime. Pawley “told </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The Herald </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">from
Washington his motives were ‘patriotic—to keep another Communist regime from
forming in the Caribbean.’” He claimed that Smathers and Trujillo “each recognized that
the Caribbean is entering a new period. A revision of regimes unacceptable to democratic
nations has to be made,’ Pawley added.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2</span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">
</span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In his autobiography, Pawley stated that he sold off his assets in the Dominican
Republic under the belief that President Eisenhower was about to appoint him to an
important post advocated by former Ambassador to Cuba, Harry Guggenheim. “It would
increase the prestige and importance of Latin America in our foreign policy by
establishing the post of Under Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs,
including Canada ... I strongly urged the nomination of either Walter Donnelly or Henry
Holland for the new Under Secretary. The President, however, responded to Pawley:
‘The reason I called was to offer the post to you.” Eisenhower insisted that Pawley must
first “dispose of your mining interests in the Dominican Republic. We don’t want any
conflict of interest.’”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley arranged to dispose of his stock with an option to repurchase 60% at the
same “price at which it was sold.” Pawley later wrote that “Trujillo accommodated me by
taking over the stock on my terms, knowing that the Canadian firm of Falconbridge was
making an enormous investment in the Dominican Republic.”<span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">When Pawley returned to Washington, he learned that too many people in the </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">State Department had objected to his appointment. In his setback he refocused on trying
to improve Trujillo’s power because “Trujillo had been the main bulwark of anti-Communism in the Caribbean.” Pawley hoped Trujillo would “initiate a transition from
dictatorship to democratic rule without further delay” noting that “the one-man rule of
Trujillo had brought the nation impressive economic and social benefits. But it had also
involved the ruthless destruction of political opponents, the suppression of such basic
freedoms as those of the press and speech, and the creation of vast personal fortunes by
Trujillo and his immediate family.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On March 18, 1960, Roy Rubottom, Jr. Assistant Secretary, drafted a
memorandum regarding a conversation at the State Department with Senator Smathers
who expressed concerns about Cuba and the pressures being placed on the Dominican
Republic’s Trujillo who was “clearly anti-communist and had always been friendly
toward the United States.” Rubottom noted that Senator Smathers had been criticized in
his home state of Florida for painting a rosy picture of the Generalissimo and “his
willingness to hold free elections in a year.” The Senator “acknowledged that he might
have been mistaken in making such a declaration, adding that he had visited the
Generalissimo with former Ambassador William Pawley, who had encouraged him to do
what he did.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Senator’s concern about his political career being damaged by his assertions
that Trujillo was going to abandon his old ways was grounded in the reaction to his
February 8, 1960 meeting with Trujillo. Even though Smathers questioned Trujillo about
the recent imprisonment of some dissidents from well-to-do families, Smathers was
criticized by the </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Miami Daily News </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">as a “blind man.” George H. Salley, who had </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">practiced law in Miami since 1936 and was a good friend of Pawley, wrote a rebuttal
letter to the newspaper.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">At the time of Salley’s death following an automobile accident
in 1991, his wife commented, “‘He loved his work and was still working with the sugar
industry.’” An industry in which the Pawleys had also cultivated a money-making
interest in.<span></span></span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 4"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Salley’s defense of Smathers was quite a reversal from a letter Salley had written
in the 1950s to the </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Miami Herald </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">denouncing Rep. George Smathers and his campaign
director, ex-FBI agent Dick Danner, for “maligning an unfortunate victim of wartime
hysteria”—a reference to Salley’s client, Baron Fritz Von Opel of the German
automobile and rocket family. Opel had been arrested in 1941 in Palm Beach on
suspicion of being a Nazi “‘enemy alien.’”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">George Smathers had tried to smear Claude Pepper’s 1950 senatorial campaign by
pointing to the fact that Pepper had introduced a bill to clear Opel’s name. A closer look
would have found that the majority of the impressive Opel automobile operations had
been acquired by General Motors a decade before the U.S. and Germany went to war.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">(Several decades later, General Motors—which had fallen from its position as the largest
industrial corporation in the world—failed in an attempt to sell a majority of its Opel
holdings to raise cash to stave off bankruptcy following the 2008 financial crisis; U.S.
taxpayers involuntarily rescued GM.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">)
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In April of 1960, Pawley invited two FBI Agents to his office for a conversation
about Cuba and the Dominican Republic. Pawley disclosed “he had been a personal
friend of Generalissimo Rafael Trujillo for many years, that he has had considerable
financial interest in the Dominican Republic in the past, but that he has recently </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">liquidated and withdrawn all of his investments in the Dominican Republic. He explained
that he has done this because he and Senator George Smathers of Florida, have been
working out a plan with Trujillo to democratize the Dominican Republic by an orderly
procedure. He said that he feels that he has sold Trujillo on the idea of being the first
dictator to successfully step down and turn his country over to a democratic type of
government, without bloodshed or disorder. Mr. Pawley said he is keeping the State
Department and CIA closely advised concerning his efforts in this field.” Pawley advised
the agents “that if the Bureau desires more detailed information concerning the plan that
Mr. Pawley and Senator Smathers are attempting to work out with Trujillo, that such
information can be obtained from Mr. Pawley.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 5"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley also told the Miami FBI agents that his personal friendship with
Generalissimo Trujillo keeps him “well informed concerning activities, within the
Dominican Republic. He said that there are presently about three thousand mercenary
soldiers in the Dominican Republic of whom approximately 130 are Cubans exiled from
Castro Government of Cuba.” Trujillo was “in the process of closing out this operation,
and that within thirty days most of these mercenaries, who are from European countries,
will be shipped back to Europe by boat.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">An internal review done by the U.S. government a year after the Trujillo
assassination was declassified in November 2017 (with numerous redactions). Page 18 of
the 64 pages revealed that Dearborn “used the code name DELTA in correspondence
with the plotters.” On page 6, CIA “activities aimed at replacing the Trujillo regime were
assigned the cryptonym EMDEED. One segment of EMDEED was known as
[REDACTED] the cryptonym for the operation to remove Trujillo by violent action.”
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 6">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Many of the EMDEED documents were kept in Colonel J.C. King’s private file—ones
that eventually went missing. “It is pertinent to note that King and Esterline attribute U.S.
and CIA involvement with the plotters in the Dominican Republic to Ambassador
Farland.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Joseph S. Farland was “a former FBI employee who considered himself quite a
clandestine operator” and “had direct dealings with a number of the key plotters.” A July
1, 1960 memorandum for Charles P. Cabell addressed the request for “12 sterile, U.S.
rifles, Model 1903 (Springfield), with telescopic sights together with 500 rounds of
ammunition.” The memo noted this procurement had the approval of “Assistant Secretary
of State Roy Rubottom, who requests that the arms be placed in the hands of the
opposition at the earliest possible moment.” It was “signed by Rudy Gomez for Chief
WH Division; was concurred in by Richard Helms as Acting DD/P [Deputy Director of
Plans]; and was approved by C.P. Cabell” as acting Director of the CIA the next day.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">This was five months before Eisenhower asked Pawley to see if he could
convince Trujillo to step down. Another who tried to persuade the Generalissimo to give
up his lucrative dictatorship and grand lifestyle in the Caribbean was General Edwin
Norman Clark who had conducted an economic study of the Dominican Republic for Ike
in 1953, and like Pawley was unable to persuade the dictator to embrace democracy.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">When Pawley testified before a congressional committee in September 1960, he
expressed in his testimony that he felt that William Wieland had shaped the U.S. policy
of cutting diplomatic relations with the Dominican Republic’s dictator Generalissimo
Rafael Trujillo without realizing a communist uprising might follow in the country.
Pawley believed his own knowledge of the Dominican Republic was deeper than the </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">State Department’s Wieland because Pawley not only had frequently traveled to the
country starting in 1916 and had exploited a number of business opportunities there
including his undisclosed family business dealings with Trujillo. In his Senate
Subcommittee testimony, Pawley questioned how the U.S. could “condemn Trujillo” but
support Yugoslavia’s communist dictator Marshall Tito. He also pointed out Truman’s
“all out” effort to discredit Spain’s fascist dictator Generalissimo Francisco Franco which
was offset by Pawley himself successfully negotiating the installation of U.S. Air Force
bases in Spain at the behest of General George C. Marshall.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Impatience with Trujillo was growing in Washington. On January 12, 1961,
Livingston Merchant told all of the members of Eisenhower’s Special Group that the
Department of State felt “that limited supplies of small arms and other material should be
made available for dissidents inside the Dominican Republic. Mr. Parrott said that we
believe this can be managed securely by the CIA” to arm the anti-Trujillo forces.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The actual arms provided by the CIA were not used when Rafael Trujillo was shot
to death in his 1957 Chevrolet Bel Air on San Cristobal Avenue in Santo Domingo, on
May 30, 1961. Four M-3 submachine guns that were pouched to the CIA station in the
Dominican Republic were never given to the dissidents. When the Dominican Republic’s
Military Intelligence Service examined the assassination, “Ortiz, the SIM investigator,
told the FBI that the assassins who were apprehended and interrogated spoke only of the
firing of a sawed-off shotgun, revolvers, and pistols.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Only a faint CIA connection could initially be traced to some of those involved—
General Antonio Imbert Barrera who drove the vehicle carrying Antonio de la Maza,
Salvador Estrella Sadhal</span><span color="rgb(12.549020%, 12.941180%, 13.333330%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">á (aka “El Turco</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">,”) and Amado Garcia Guerrero to the scene of </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">the ambush. Others implicated in the plot by Trujillo’s feared police included </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Modesto
Díaz Quezada, Luis Manuel Cáceres Michel, General Juan Tomás Diaz, Manuel de Ovín
Filpo, Salvador Estrella Sadhalá (a.k.a. "El Turco"), Huascar Antonio Tejeda Pimentel,
Luis Amiama Tio, Roberto Pastoriza Neret, and Pedro Livio Cedeño Herrera.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span color="rgb(12.549020%, 12.941180%, 13.333330%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“We do not know the motivations of men such as [REDACTED], Amiama Tio,
and Antonio Imbert” a post-mortem review by the CIA reported. “Most of them were
seeking vengeance or personal gain.” General Roman “admitted he had no intention of
permitting free elections. He planned to establish himself as the new Dominican
‘strongman’ replacing Trujillo. General Juan Tomás Diaz was bitter over having been
publicly disgraced by Trujillo and then cashiered from the army. Antonio de la Maza’s
“brother, Octavio, had been killed by the Trujillos to conceal his and their participation in
the slaying of Gerald Murphy in the Galindez case. Most of the others also had personal
reasons for wishing Trujillo dead.”</span><span color="rgb(12.549020%, 12.941180%, 13.333330%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Twelve days after Rafael Trujillo’s demise, Pawley revisited the Dominican
Republic. He then reported to the Secretary of State his observations. “Pursuant to
conversations had in Washington at the Department of State with Mr. Coerr and J.C.
King, and subsequent conversations had with Allen Dulles, Richard Bissell and J.C.
King, I proceeded as scheduled to the Dominican Republic on Sunday, June 11, 1961,
accompanied by my brother, Edward P. Pawley, who lives in Ciudad Trujillo.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">William and Edward were “met at the airport by Mrs. Edward Pawley and a
businessman, Fernando Viyella” who drove William to the city. Viyella claimed that
there was a change “in the view expressed to me [Pawley] several weeks earlier that all of
the Trujillos would have to absent themselves from the country for at least a year and a </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">half or two years if there was to be any chance of rebuilding the country under some
limited form of democracy ... He stated that a ‘miracle’ had taken place, that young
[Ramfis] Trujillo upon his return to the country had acted with statesmanship, courage
and ability, that he had immediately backed the President [Balaguer], declared he had no
political ambitions of any kind, and would remain in the Dominican Republic to help
only so long as it was felt that his services would contribute to the stabilization of the
country.” Ramfis Trujillo, “an uncle, Hector Trujillo (who is generally liked by everyone)
and the President, were able to prevent a complete disintegration of the armed forces and
the country in general.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s memorandum noted that some members of the Trujillo family met with
him at Ed’s residence for several hours. “We arrived at Ed Pawley’s home out on
Washington Boulevard close to the Country Club, several miles from the city, and we
were soon joined by Flor Trujillo and her cousin Garo Trujillo. Garo is an extremely
intelligent girl. She worked in the Palace for some time and is more familiar with
government activities and personalities than Flor.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Flor expressed her opinion that the entire family would have to leave the
Dominican Republic and noted that “there are a large number of extremely mediocre and
unattractive Trujillos that would contribute nothing to the stabilization of the country.” In
fact, “Dona Maria, the mother of Ramfis, Rhadames and Angelita Trujillo, had most of
her trunks and bags packed and on the yacht and she was trying to persuade all of her side
of the family to leave without delay.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley and Flor discussed “if it would be wise for Ramfis to leave immediately
and she said that she had some doubts as to the advisability of creating a vacuum in the </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">military establishment at this time.” Flor “was very proud of her brother (Ramfis), that he
had left the Dominican Republic as a spoiled boy and had returned after her father’s
death as a man capable of assuming some responsibility, extremely kind and generous to
all of the family, and very aware of the wellbeing of the country.” Flor then arranged a
meeting the next day between the Pawleys and Ramfis at the air base.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“My brother Ed and I went together. Ed was to say “hello” and then withdraw to
give me an opportunity to speak privately with Trujillo, but upon arriving at his office,
we found that his younger brother, Rhadames, and his brother-in-law (husband of
Angelita) were in the room and remained there during the conversations, although they
did not participate and remained at the far end of the room.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Pawleys “talked with Trujillo for thirty minutes. I explained that my visit was
prompted by the death of his father and as his father’s friend, I would like to be of
whatever assistance he and his family felt might be useful. I congratulated him on the
steps he and the President had taken to avoid widespread unrest, and said that the
economic and political measures had seemed to be of great value judging by the reaction
of the people of the country. The deactivation of SIM, the arrest of Espaillat, the
immediate removal of Abbes and his appointment to a post in Japan, were all excellent
moves. The headquarters to which most prisoners were taken in the past and which was
considered as the torture headquarters, has been completely done away with and turned
into a school.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Ramfis assured Pawley “that all exiles would be permitted to return immediately,
and freedom of speech and press were guaranteed.” Pawley took it with a grain of salt
and reported “I was not at all impressed with the attitude of the younger brother. He </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">seems completely sour and, from everything we hear, untrustworthy.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">
Pawley’s memo to the Secretary of State lamented that “a few days after my talk </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">with the Generalissimo suggesting that he leave the country” there was a backlash. “It
seems that everyone friendly to me at that time was removed from office.” This included
Dr. Temistocles Messina “formerly with the Foreign Office, in charge of United Nations
affairs for the Dominican Republic” who “had been our company lawyer for five years.
He was relieved of his government post and his son, Milton Messina, was relieved as
President of the Banco de Reserves a few days after my talk with the Generalissimo
suggesting that he leave the country. It seems that everyone friendly to me at that time
was removed from office.”</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The Pawleys and Dr. Messina discussed who would be the best “head of the
armed forces should young Trujillo either leave or something happen” to him. Pawley
then “sent President Balaguer a telegram asking for an interview, and within fifteen or
twenty minutes I had a telephone reply that the President would receive me at five
o’clock that afternoon.” They met in a waiting room and whispered to each other fearing
that the conversation was being taped. Balaguer stated that he knew I had been a friend of
the country for a long time and that he had found from experience that he could trust me
and that he desperately needs someone to whom he could confide and someone whom he
could seek advice from insofar as it dealt with U.S. matters.” William Pawley “quickly
stated to him that, as a private citizen visiting the country with no official status of any
kind, the only help I could offer would be of a personal nature.” They then discussed the
need to establish a diplomatic relationship with the U.S. to counterbalance the Trujillo
family’s power and avoid “a bloodbath and disorder which might result in a Castro-type </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">communist takeover” which neither country should want.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">
William Pawley told Balaguer that Chargé d’Affaires ad interim Henry Dearborn </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">was being replaced by John Hill whom Pawley knew “quite well and that he was an
extremely capable man.” While Balaguer “was very glad to hear this” he felt it was
essential to have “an older man of higher government position, as an offset to the
influence of the Trujillos.”</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Balaguer repeatedly reiterated that he considered “it was almost a miracle that
Trujillo could be assassinated and that a revolutionary upheaval had been avoided” and
asked Pawley to make himself available to him for further talks as the matter developed. I
told him I would be happy to return at any time that he needed me and that if he did not
object, I would convey that portion of our talks having to do with a U.S. representative to
officials of the U.S. government.” Balaguer requested Pawley “not to communicate with
him by letter or telegram or even by telephone; that any communication between us
would be through my brother Ed, who would either telephone me to come over; or he
would send word by messenger.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">After hearing the Foreign Minister express concerns “that if the Dominican
Republic were permitted to devolve into a bloodbath, not only the Dominican Republic
would be lost but Haiti as well,” Pawley returned to his hotel and spoke for a half-hour in
the lobby to “Dr. Arce Medina, a prominent lawyer and an old friend” and “then called
Ambassador Gerry Drew to say ‘hello’ and he and John Hill invited Ed [Pawley] and me
to go to the embassy residence at 6:30. I reported fully to Ambassador Drew all of the
conversations that I had had, and to Mr. Hill, and I left the residence at 8:30.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley also reported to the Secretary of State that he had surveyed the clerks, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">secretaries and other employees at Ed’s office and learned “without exception they were
all surprised that order had been maintained” in the country. He also reported on what
rumors were circulating about the assassination and the lack of a coup.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The departing General Consul Henry Dearborn had good reason to leave the
country. Upon arriving back at his residence on May 30</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">from a charity funding-raising
“party at a country club outside Ciudad Trujillo”—hosted “by the Nationalist Chinese
ambassador”—Dearborn received a call confirming the assassination of the
Generalissimo from one of the hitmen. Dearborn “had been in contact with them for
months.” Only two of the plotters survived retaliation by Trujillo loyalists.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Henry Dearborn, who lived to be over 100, passing away in 2013</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">was
interviewed in 1991 for an oral history of the period. He stated that “</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">William Pawley was
a nuisance. He had a brother who was in charge of their family interests in the Dominican
Republic and they had been cozy with Trujillo.” When “Senator Smathers (Florida) was
coming to the Dominican Republic and wanted to talk with Generalissimo Trujillo about
our relationship, etc. He wanted me to go with him to see Trujillo—the last thing I had
any desire to do.”
</span></p>
<p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Upon Smathers arrival, he informed Dearborn that he didn’t want Pawley to be in
the meeting with Trujillo, but Pawley insisted on coming, and Smathers “didn't want to
say no to Pawley I guess because Pawley had influence in Florida.” Pawley brought
along banker Charles “Bebe Rebozo, a friend of Nixon's in Florida,” as well as Smathers.
The group listened as Smathers exhorted Trujillo to give up his three decades as head of
the nation by emphasizing the point “‘you have the opportunity to be a great hero in this
hemisphere’” as “‘one of the only dictators, who was ever able to turn his country into a </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">democracy during his lifetime.’” Trujillo dismissed Smathers’s proposition by asserting
that he held no public office and that the structure of the government was not unlike that
in the U.S. Trujillo then asked Smathers, Pawley, Rebozo, and Dearborn to join him in
the National Palace Chapel and witness one of Trujillo’s mass baptisms where he
becomes “godfather to all these little kids.”</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">The group then posed for photos.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 14"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Two weeks after Trujillo was assassinated, J.C. King at the CIA received a call
from Pawley in Miami, details of which King wrote in a memorandum. “Pawley strongly
supported President Balaguer’s request that the U.S. send a distinguished and able senior
man in addition to John Hill. The presence of this man will strengthen Balaguer when he
takes a firm position in favor of reform. This will eventually include the departure of all
of the Trujillo clan. On this point Balaguer and others felt that Ramfis was doing a better
job than had been anticipated, and was, for the short term, a stabilizing influence.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley had already picked out three individuals “who conceivably could replace
Ramfis successfully, as Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces.” They were “Col. Jose
Joaquin Hungria Morell, Col. Rhadames Hungria Morell, Col. Ferrer Lopez Guzman.”
The Balaguer-Ramfis team “emphasized to Pawley their intention of cleaning up and
probably eliminating the hated SIM. This would include the cleaning out of those places
where tortures were practiced.” The team had already cancelled Trujillo’s monopolies of
“meat, coca, bananas and milk, as well as others. They reportedly were the source of
eighteen million dollars a year additional income.” Indeed, Trujillo owned over 70% of
the Dominican sugar industry, which Ed Pawley also found profitable.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley promised J.C. King a complete written report of his conversation with
President Joaquin Balaguer who been vice president under Rafael’s brother, Hector </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Trujillo, and rose to the presidency. Balaguer then served two more separate terms over
the next two decades, a period that saw the free election of Juan Bosch, a coup against
him, U.S. intervention, and the assassination of political opponents.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“The following is a summary of information on William D. Pawley from the files
of the FBI from January 1963 to August 1963. Since it is a compilation of all relevant
references in the file, reliability of any one account cannot be guaranteed.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">January 1963 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">– Ref. to FBI memo captioned “Unknown Subjects”
(possibly U.S. Congressman & government officials—Bribery and
conflict of interest in Dominican Sugar Lobbying activities). Information
in this memo from 3</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">rd </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">agency but dissemination note makes reference to
George Smathers; Igor Cassini and William D. Pawley.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">*
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">February 1, 1963 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">– Ref. Airtel re Igor Cassini—Inter-American Public
Relations, LTD.; RA Dominican Republic. FBI obtains documents which
reveal commercial matters between Dominican Republic and Pawley.
These documents were not reviewed by staff but we were told that these
3</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">rd </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">agency materials were letters from Trujillo to Pawley discussing
commercial matters only. (28 letters)
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">February 26, 1963 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">– Newspaper article reveals Juan Bosch taking over the
government of the Dominican Republic. Critical of Pawley as “one of the
most blatant critics of President Kennedy on Cuba,” who conducted
various deals with Trujillo.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">[This was Drew Pearson’s column “Sugar
Diplomacy in the Caribbean” which also suggested that Gov. Nelson </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Rockefeller’s friends in the Senate “seem hell-bent for war with Cuba”
should learn from Bosch’s peaceful election after 32 years of Trujillo
dictatorship.]</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Igor Cassini was a Hearst newspaper syndicated gossip columnist published under
the moniker “Cholly Knickerbocker” who gained fame for coining the trendy phrase “jet
set.” As the brother of Oleg Cassini, a fashion designer for first lady Jacqueline Kennedy,
Igor occasionally was an invited guest to White House events with his wife at the time,
Charlene Wrightsman, the daughter of Oklahoma oil millionaire Charles B. Wrightsman,
a Palm Beach, Florida friend of Joseph P. Kennedy. Two months after her father cut off
communications with her upon learning that Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy had
indicted Igor for failing to register as an agent for Trujillo, Charlene overdosed on
sleeping pills and died the following day on April 7, 1963.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Igor pleaded guilty in the
autumn.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In April of 1963, the FBI noted that Pawley provided a personal reference on the
visa application for Generalissimo Trujillo’s oldest daughter Flor de Oro Edesma
Trujillo. Flor had been married to and divorced from international playboy </span><span color="rgb(21.176470%, 19.607840%, 17.647060%)" style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Porfirio
Rubirosa Ariza who counted among his wives five of the richest women in the world
including tobacco heiress Doris Duke (while still seeing his ex-wife Flor). Following her
father’s assassination, it became obvious that she needed to leave the country. After
obtaining her visa with Pawley’s help, Flor </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">moved to the U.S. where she lived until her
death in 1978. Her grave is in the Dominican Republic.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 16px;">In an odd twist to the Nixon-Pawley-Trujillo relationship, after the death of Trujillo--who like Rubirosa was a constant womanizer who fathered many children--six of them in Miami hired former Vice President Nixon's law firm to sue the Trujillo estate. They won some money but not all they wanted.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10.6667px;">24</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 16px;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"></span></p><div class="page" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"></div></div></div><p></p><div class="page" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">*<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">A January 15</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">memo from the FBI’s W.C. Sullivan is redacted to the point of being meaningless to researchers.</span></p></div></div></div><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">FOOTNOTES:</span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 17">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small; vertical-align: 4pt;"> Anthony R. Carrozza, <i>William D. Pawley: The Extraordinary Life of the Adventurer, Entrepreneur, and Diplomat Who Cofounded The Flying Tigers</i> (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2012). Page 270.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: x-small; vertical-align: 4pt;">"Richard Nixon at the National Press Club, May 21, 1958." National Press Club website. Page 2</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 10pt;">NARA </span><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(56, 56, 56); color: #383838;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: times;">104-10049-10351</span><span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">~ 1/</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">20/1960 Office Memorandum. “Subject: Edward Pawley.” To: Chief, CI Staff. ATTN: Mrs. Jane Roman. From: Chief, Contact Division, OO. </span></p><ol style="list-style-type: decimal;"><li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In mid-December 1959, Mrs. Catherine Taaffe, whose activities are well known to the
intelligence community, upon returning from a trip to Cuba and Florida, told us there was a
widespread belief among Cubans that the United States Government, and specifically CIA,
was sponsoring anti-Castro plotting. She said she would let us know if she acquired more
information.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">On 17 January 1960, Mrs. Taaffe, upon her return from another trip to Cuba and Florida, said
on those responsible for this belief appeared to be Edward P. Pawley who, according to her
Cuban informants, encourages the belief that CIA is backing anti-Castro plotting and that he,
Pawley, is working for CIA in this effort. She indicated one of her informants was Francisco
Rodriguez Couceiro, former Havana lawyer now in exile in Miami.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">This information will also be disseminated to the office of Security.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Any further inquiries pertaining to this memorandum should be directed to Mrs. Shirley
Stetson on Extension 2775.
</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span><span> </span>[Signed by Peter Liniss for E.M. Ashcraft]
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Liniss appears to be the reader who wrote the "William" comment.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">*Taaffe’s name appeared when document was declassified in 1999. An earlier declassification, indicated
she was an “American tourist.” Point number four was redacted with statement: Internal instructions [which
was to contact Mrs. Shirley Stetson].
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">"Jane Roman Obituary." <i>The Berkshire Eagle,</i> December 6, 2007.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">"Howard Edgar Roman, 72, Former CIA Officer, Dies." <i>Washington Post</i>, December 10, 1988.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">"November 14, 1963: CIA Aide Signs for an FBI Report on Oswald." By Jefferson Morley, <i>JFK Facts </i>substack. November 14, 2023.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">JFK Assassination Archive Declassified Documents:
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/20/1960 Memorandum “Re Edward P. Pawley.” To: Chief, CI Staff. From: Chief, Contact Div.
Subjects: Pawley, Edward; Cuba; Anti-Castro.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">01/20/1960: Memorandum “Re Edward P. (Prob. William D.) Pawley [Probably is Edward].
Subjects: Memorandum; Pawley, Edward; Cuba.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/20/1960: Dispatch “Report of Contact with Rudy Fernandez, 16 Jan 60.” To: Chief, WH
Division. From: [CIA] Miami WHD Representative. Subjects: Fernandez, R. Pawley, W.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/20/1960: Office Memo. Subject: Edward P. Pawley. To: CIA Component. From: Chief, CIA
Component. Subjects: Pawley, E.; Cuba</span><span color="rgb(100.000000%, 0.000000%, 0.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.04.18:16:39:120006 ~ </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Smathers at Conference: Miamian Pawley Had a Part in Trujillo’s
‘Free Vote’ Vow</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">,</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">” By Leo Adde. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Miami Herald</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 13, 1960. HSCA Segregated CIA Collection,
Box 51.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Chapter 20.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Memorandum of Conversation, Department of State, Washington, March 18, 1960.” (Drafted by Roy
Rubottom, Jr. Assistant Secretary; Other participants The Secretary and Senator George A. Smathers).
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, Volume VI: Cuba</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 864.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The Senator was equally concerned with the appearance of our exceptionally tough policy toward
the Dominican Republic. He said ... it was clear that the Dominican Republic, as well as Trujillo
personally, were clearly anti-communist and had always been friendly toward the United States ...
The Senator said that he had been under criticism in his home state [Florida] because of statements
he had made following his recent trip to the Dominican Republic in which he had reported the </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Generalissimo’s willingness to hold free elections in a year. He acknowledged that he might have
been mistaken in making such a declaration, adding that he had visited the Generalissimo with
former Ambassador William Pawley, who had encouraged him to do what he did.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Chapter 20.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“George Salley, Longtime Lawyer for the Sugar Industry.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Miami Herald</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, April 24, 1991. Page 3B Local
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Pepper Admits Aid for German Alien,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Evening Independent</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, April 21, 1950.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Germany is talking to possible Opel bidders: economy minister.” Reuters, March 21, 2009. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE52K15W20090321</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span color="rgb(13.725490%, 13.725490%, 13.725490%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 124-10221-10094 ~ 4/29/1960 FBI Memorandum from SAC, Miami to FBI Director. Subject </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Anti-Fidel Castro Activities IS-Cuba. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>> Full document is available for reading in next chapter in Footnote 2.</span></p></div></div></div>
<div class="page" title="Page 21">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">4/29/1960: [No Title] Subjects : Deb, Assoc, INTV, Pawley, William D., B/F INT, ACA, Meetings, Plane Sale, Dominican
Government. Originator: FBI. From: SAC, MM. To: Director, FBI
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Miamian Pawley Had a Part in Trujillo’s ‘Free Vote’ Vow - Smathers at Conference.” By Leo
Adde and David Kraslow. <i>Miami Herald</i>, 1960
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">William D. Pawley...played a major part in the apparent agreement between Dominican Republic
Dictator Rafael Trujillo and Florida Sen. George Smathers on a “transition to democracy” for the
Caribbean nation.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Strongly disclaiming credit for the idea, Pawley admits, however, that he sold both Trujillo and
Smathers on the idea before the two met in Ciudad Trujillo on Tuesday....
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“...Each recognized that the Caribbean is entering a new period. A revision of regimes
unacceptable to democratic nations has to be made,” Pawley added.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Smathers urged Trujillo, now 68 and his 30</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">year as Dominican Boss to make certain he
succeeded by democratically chosen, freely elected government....
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley has had substantial investments in the Dominican Republic. He was president or major
stockholder in mining and an oil company there.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“I do not now have a nickel invested in the Dominican Republic, nor in Cuba, nor in Mexico,”
Pawley stated. “I have sold my Dominican interests recently, within weeks.”
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley’s appearance...did not surprise officials in Washington.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley has long been Dictator Trujillo’s friend and adviser.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">And Pawley is also close to Smathers.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley attended Smathers’ press-conference in Ciudad Trujillo and told reporters that recent press
reports of Trujillo’s difficulties were not true.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley’s brother, Edward lives in Ciudad Trujillo and managed the Pawley business interests.
Their drilling for oil brought in only one small well.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley was described in Washington as an economic adviser to Trujillo – “on an informal basis.”
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">....There is only one political party in the Dominican Republic and Trujillo has had – and
exercised – dictatorial control for 30 years....
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Trujillo recently broke up a plot to overthrow his regime by arresting many [123 to 137
individuals] of the alleged participants, including members of some of the country’s leading
families....
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">But Washington sources put the figure between 1,000 and 2,000.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>
<div class="page" title="Page 22">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Executive session testimony of William D. Pawley September 2 and 8, 1960 to the Committee of the
Judiciary’s Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal
Security Laws, Report (December 20, 1960). </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 745 and 742.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Church Committee: Interim Report – Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Section 5, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Page 196.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Livingston Merchant died fourteen years after the Trujillo assassination at the time when Senator Richard
Schweiker said the key to the JFK assassination lay in Oswald’s contacts with Cubans. Merchant’s death
also coincided with the release of newly declassified documents relating to the Trujillo assassination.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Untitled 64-page review of the Assassination of Rafael Trujillo (begins on Table of Contents page).
Released by the National Archives with JFK Assassination files mass release in November 2017.
https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/104-10214-10034.pdf
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Stephan G. Rabe, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(University of
North Carolina Press, 1988). Page 156.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Untitled 64-page Review of the Assassination of Rafael Trujillo (begins on Table of Contents page).
Released by the National Archives with JFK Assassination files mass release in November 2017.
https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/104-10214-10034.pdf
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">6/14/1961 Memorandum “Handwritten note QDDALE File Pawley 201.” To: The Secretary of State.
From: William D. Pawley. Pages 12-19 of 267.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">6/15/1961 Memorandum “Pawley, William; Dominican; Pawley, Edward.” To: The Secretary of State.
From: William Douglas Pawley.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">6/15/1961 Memorandum “re Conversations and Contacts in the Dominican Republic.” To: The Secretary of
State. From: Pawley, W.D. Subjects: Pawley, W.D.; Dominican Repub.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">6/15/1961 Memorandum “Pawley, William.” To: Secretary of State. From: W.D. Pawley.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Ed and I drove to the office, where we invited Dr. Temistocles Messina to join us. Dr Messina was
formerly with the Foreign Office, in charge of United Nations affairs for the Dominican Republic
and had been our company lawyer for five years. He was relieved of his government post and his
son, Milton Messina, was relieved as President of the Banco de Reserves a few days after my talk
with the Generalissimo suggesting that he leave the country. It seems that everyone friendly to me
at that time was removed from office.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Young Milton Messina has since received a good job at the Inter-American Development Bank in
Washington. Dr. Messina is a senator and I believe this is the only source of income. Dr. Messina,
who has not been pro-Trujillo for some time and who some years ago was a very prominent
oppositionist, has felt that sooner or later all of the Trujillos would have to leave the country in
order to secure the desired results. On this occasion, however, he stated that he has changed his
mind because he believes the present arrangement of Balaguer as President, young Trujillo as head
of the armed forces, and Hector Trujillo lending moral support because of his popularity with all
sectors of Dominican life, is the reason that the stability of the country has been maintained and a
bloodbath did not occur... He stated that Arismende Trujillo might try some power play...He feels
that young Trujillo is ready to arrest any member of the family who interferes with Balaguer.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... Ed Pawley, Messina and I agreed that the three following names have some possible merit as
head of the armed forces should young Trujillo either leave or something happen [Col. Jose
Joaquin Hungria Morell, Col. Rhadames Hungria Morell, and Col. Ferrer Lopez Guzman] ...
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... I sent President Balaguer a telegram asking for an interview, and within fifteen or twenty
minutes I had a telephone reply that the President would receive me at five o’clock that afternoon.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Flor Trujillo telephoned to say that her brother had been extremely pleased to receive me and
hoped that through friends in the U.S. I might be able, in some small measure, to help them
through this difficult period.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... it is important to note that during the conversation he stated that he was very anxious to
normalize the connection and the government’s relations with the Catholic Church. He asked me
whether I was acquainted with Bishop Reilly. I replied that I knew him only slightly but that I was
acquainted with Cardinal Spellman...Upon inquiry later, I found it was a three-hour drive each
way to see Bishop Reilly and I therefore decided to postpone it until some future trip.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I called Balaguer at the Palace at five o’clock. I was shown to a waiting room and within a few
minutes he joined me in the waiting room rather than bring into his office. I had prepared myself
for a conversation which might have been taped, but as he came to the waiting room and sat on the
sofa next to me and our entire conversation was carried out in almost a whisper, I wondered if he,
himself, thought that that maybe the room was tapped and therefore wanted his private
conversation to be secure.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">He stated that he knew I had been a friend of the country for a long time and that he had found
from experience that he could trust me and that he desperately needs someone to whom he could
confide and someone whom he could seek advice from insofar as it dealt with U.S. matters.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I quickly stated to him that, as a private citizen visiting the country with no official status of any
kind, the only help I could offer would be of a personal nature...obviously I had friends in the U.S.
with whom I could talk ...
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">He said he was extremely pleased that Hector and Ramfis had been so helpful...however, in his
judgment the Trujillos would soon have to go, but this could not be done unless first the U.S. was
willing to extend him a friendly hand ... He said that he would sincerely hope that the U.S. would
consent to send to the Dominican Republic an American of ambassadorial rank even though he not
be accredited as an Ambassador, a person known to be a friend of the President of the U.S. and/or
the Secretary of State, a man of sufficient stature that it would be a counterbalance to the influence
of the Trujillo family and their supporters.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">He said he wanted very badly ... that the U.S. did not intend to permit the Dominican Republic to
be subjected to a bloodbath and disorder which might result in a Castro-type communist takeover;
that to create this type of vacuum would not be in the interest of the U.S. or in the interest of the
Hemisphere ...
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I told President Balaguer that John Hill had just arrived in substitution for Henry Dearborn and
that I knew Mr. Hill quite well and that he was an extremely capable man. Balaguer stated that he
was very glad to hear this but that he would feel that for the purposes above-mentioned an older
man of higher government position, as an offset to the influence of the Trujillos, was almost an
essential ...
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The President several times reiterated that it was almost a miracle that Trujillo could be
assassinated and that a revolutionary upheaval had been avoided ...
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... As I was taking my leave, President Balaguer said that he would greatly appreciate my making
myself available to him for further talks as the matter developed. I told him I would be happy to
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">return at any time that he needed me and that if he did not object, I would convey that portion of
our talks having to do with a U.S. representative to officials of the U.S. government. He asked me
not to communicate with him by letter or telegram or even by telephone; that any communication
between us would be through my brother Ed, who would either telephone me to come over; or he
would send word by messenger.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... I met the Foreign Minister and ... He expressed his gratification at the lack of disorder as a
result of Trujillo’s death ... he felt that if the Dominican Republic were permitted to devolve into a
bloodbath, not only the Dominican Republic would be lost but Haiti as well.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I returned to the hotel and there found Dr. Arce Medina, a prominent lawyer and an old friend. We
talked for a half hour in the hotel lobby ...
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>
<blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I then called Ambassador Gerry Drew to say “hello” and he and John Hill invited Ed and me to go
to the embassy residence at 6:30. I reported fully to Ambassador Drew all of the conversations that
I had had, and to Mr. Hill, and I left the residence at 8:30.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">While in the Dominican Republic, I talked with everyone with whom I came in contact—the
clerks and secretaries in Ed’s office, the driver who has worked for the company for the past five
years, etc. and without exception they were all surprised that order had been maintained and they
all felt that this condition should not be disturbed now. Most feel, however, that in due course, the
Trujillo clan must leave the country for at least a couple of years, but none feel that trouble could
be avoided if the change were made immediately.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Among the rumors circulated are that:
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1) The Secretary of War (who is under arrest) did not follow through as per plan and therefore the
effort to overthrow the government failed.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2) A telephone call made to Hector Trujillo, President Balaguer and Abbes to come to Fortaleza in
the city for a meeting immediately following Trujillo’s disappearance. Abbes, through his
intelligence service, found that they were being invited to Fortaleza to be assassinated. He rushed
to the President’s home, found him changing clothes to keep the appointment. They advised
Hector Trujillo by telephone, and, of course, none kept the appointment. I am told that it is for this
reason that Abbes was not summarily dismissed, but instead, was offered the post in Japan. The
above-mentioned call was supposed to have been made in the name of the Minister of War.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3) [SIM military intelligence Chief, General Arturo] Espaillat was driving along Washington
Boulevard at the time that Trujillo was assassinated and he was present at the time it occurred. He
turned his car around and fled, and when they arrested him and accused him, he admitted that he
was there by accident and that he only had a side arm and could not have participated in trying to
save Trujillo’s life without practically committing suicide. This obviously, is a very bad situation
for Espaillat. No one seems to know what the charge is against him or what will be the finding.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 24">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Biaggi Messina website:</span></p></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
In 1924, Licenciado Temistocles Messina and his brother-in-law, Vetilio Matos, formed Messina & Matos.
Political pressures eventually forced it to close. It reopened in 1967 as Milton Messina & Asociados. Dr.
Milton Messina, former Ambassador of the Dominican Republic in Washington D.C., later became a representative of the country before the Interamerican Development Bank.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“A Dictator’s Death: U.S. Role on Trujillo Examined.” By William Greider. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">,
March 16, 1975.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Dearborn was Charge d’Affaires in the Dominican Republic in August 1960, when the United States
severed diplomatic relations with the country. He remained as Consul General, which position he held until
shortly after the assassination of Generalissimo Trujillo in May 1961.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 25">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span color="rgb(29.019610%, 23.529410%, 19.215690%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Henry Valpey Dearborn, January 30, 1913—April 9, 2013.” Dignity Memorial Obituaries. Robert E.
Evans Funeral Home, Bowie, MD.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(29.019610%, 23.529410%, 19.215690%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Henry Dearborn, age 100, a retired Foreign Service Officer and specialist in Latin American
Affairs, died on April 9th, 2013. Mr. Dearborn was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts. He
graduated from Dartmouth College (1936) and received a Masters degree from Yale University
(1938). He also was a graduate of the National War College in Washington DC, class of 1959.
After two years with the Washington Office of the Foreign Policy Association, he joined the
Foreign Service. Beginning in 1941, his posts included: Barranquilla, Colombia; Manta and
Guayaquil, Ecuador; Lima, Peru; Santo Domingo (then Ciudad Trujillo), Dominican Republic;
Bogota, Colombia; and Mexico City, Mexico. He retired in 1970.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(29.019610%, 23.529410%, 19.215690%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Dearborn was Charge d’Affaires in the Dominican Republic in August, 1960, when the
United States severed diplomatic relations with the country. He remained as Consul General,
which position he held until shortly after the assassination of Generalissimo Trujillo in May, 1961.
Fourteen years later he appeared in executive session before the Senate Select Committee
investigating allegations of U.S. Government involvement in assassination plots against foreign
leaders (July 28, 1975).
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(29.019610%, 23.529410%, 19.215690%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Dearborn was a member of the Foreign Service Association, DACOR (Diplomatic and
Consular Officers Retired), the Dartmouth and Yale Clubs of Washington, and the Kappa Sigmas
fraternity.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Interview with Mr. Henry Dearborn, The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign
Affairs Oral History Project.” Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy. April 24, 1991 Library of Congress.
Copyright 2009 ADST.
</span></p>
<p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Interview with Mr. Henry Dearborn http://www.loc.gov/item/mfdipbib001539
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Nixon’s Winter White House Razed.” CBS News, July 23, 2004
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Victim Drawn to Politics.” By Robert D. McFadden. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, July 20, 1969.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“The Mysteries of Chappaquiddick.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, August 1, 1969.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Michael R. Hall, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Sugar and Power in the Dominican Republic: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the Trujillos
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Contributions in Latin American Studies, 13, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000). Page 5.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Our Man in Havana, William D. Pawley.” By John T. O’Rourke. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Daily News</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February
20, 1961.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">6/14/1961 Memorandum for the Record. From: J.C. King, Chief/WH.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">At 10:45 on 14 June 1961, Mr. William D. Pawley called me from Miami to report on his
conversations in the Dominican Republic. They were in substance the same as those in State
message No. 1396 from Ciudad Trujillo of 13 June.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley strongly supported President Balaguer’s request that the U.S. send a distinguished and
able senior man in addition to John Hill. The presence of this man will strengthen Balaguer
when he takes a firm position in favor of reform. This will eventually include the departure of
all of the Trujillo clan. On this point Balaguer and others felt that Ramfis was doing a better
job than had been anticipated, and was, for the short term, a stabilizing influence.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley attempted to identify individuals who conceivably could replace Ramfis
successfully, as Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The following three names were
mentioned:
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Col. Jose Joaquin Hungria Morell
Col. Rhadames Hungria Morell
Col. Ferrer Lopez Guzman
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Both Ramfis and Balaguer emphasized to Pawley their intention of cleaning up and probably
eliminating the hated SIM. This would include the cleaning out of those places where tortures
were practiced.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">One of the encouraging steps taken by the Balaguer-Ramfis group has been the cancellation
of all of the old monopolies exercised by Trujillo. These include meat, coca, bananas and
milk, as well as others. They reportedly were the source of eighteen million dollars a year
additional income.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Jerry Drew, the American OAS delegate, said that every time his Committee asked by
name for a Dominican reported to be held as a prisoner, the individual was produced. A
number of these people were rumored to have been murdered.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley promised to write up and mail to me a complete report of his conversations.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Similar memos include:</span></p>
<blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">6/14/1961 Memorandum for the Record. “Subjects: Memorandum; Pawley, William.”
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">6/14/1961 Memorandum for the Record “William Douglas Pawley.” Subjects: Pawley, William.
Dominican.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">6/14/1961 Memorandum for the Record. “Re Pawley reports on conversations in the Dominican
Republic.” Subjects: Telecon; Dominican Repub; Pawley, William
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">6/14/1961 Memorandum for the Record. “Subject: William Douglas Pawley.” Subjects: Pawley,
William; Dominican Repub.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 26">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Staff Memo House Select Committee on Assassinations. Summary of information on William D. Pawley
from the files of the FBI from January 1963 to August 1963. NOTE: The staff member’s original memo
actually extended into September. David Cannon rearranged the events to provide chronological order of
events. Other portions of the memo appear later in this chapter.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">George Volsky, “Manuel Artime Dies; Led Invasion of Cuba; Castro Foe, 45, Had Close Ties to Bay of
Pigs Operation, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">November 19, 1977.<br />
Artime died of cancer. E. Howard Hunt was his children’s godfather.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="section" style="background-color: white;">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">January 15, 1963. FBI Memo. Subject: Unknown Subjects (Possibly U.S. Congressman and Government
Officials – Bribery and Conflict of Interest in Dominican Sugar Lobbying Activities). From: W. C.
Sullivan. To: W. R. Wannall
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="section"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Previous memoranda is captioned matter, have highlighted information contained in documents
[REDACTED] The documents are presently being translated on an expedite basis. Additional
translations have been reviewed and the following information pertinent to the captioned matter
has been noted.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="section"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[REDACTED PARAGRAPH]
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">This may be a reference to William D. Pawley, former U.S. Ambassador to Brazil and Peru a
resident of Florida and Senator George A. Smathers (D) of Florida.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[REDACTED PARAGRAPH]
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote>
<div class="page" title="Page 27">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Drew Pearson’s column “Sugar Diplomacy in the Caribbean,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">St. Petersburg Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 26, 1963. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Pearson also skewers Henry Holland for being a mining consultant to Trujillo and “handling various oil </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">problems for Venezuela dictator Perez Jimenez."</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Mrs. Cassini, Society Columnist’s Wife Dies,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Los Angeles Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, April 10, 1963.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Igor “GhiGhi” Cassini died in 2002. Igor Cassini was the second “Cholly Knickerbocker” for the
newspaper.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. Historical Resources, A Chronology from </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New
York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">: October 9, 1963. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/New+York+Times+Ch
ronology/1963/October.htm</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Staff memo House Select Committee on Assassinations.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
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<p><span color="rgb(21.176470%, 19.607840%, 17.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Obituary “Flor de Oro Trujillo, Whose Father Led Dominican Republic.” </span><span color="rgb(21.176470%, 19.607840%, 17.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">By Rudy Johnson. </span><span color="rgb(21.176470%, 19.607840%, 17.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York </span><span color="rgb(21.176470%, 19.607840%, 17.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Times</span><span color="rgb(21.176470%, 19.607840%, 17.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 17, 1978, Section D, Page 12.</span></p></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(21.176470%, 19.607840%, 17.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';"><span style="font-size: 10.6667px;">24 "</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nixon in New York." By Victor Li. <i>ABA Journal </i>website. May 2018.</span></span></p>
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</div>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-90260452552933132592009-12-12T14:22:00.013-08:002023-10-08T15:27:10.211-07:0022: QDDALE'S Deep Pockets for Special Proposals
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<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Two days after learning that Fidel Castro was aware of William Douglas Pawley’s activities, a
cable appears in Pawley’s 201 file with a tantalizing, but redacted, glimpse at the strategy to
exfiltrate Dr. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Juan Antonio Rubio Padilla in the spring of 1960. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">The exfiltration operation
involved using Pawley’s boat with a “proposed rendezvous off Sand Key light 16 April between
Cuban yacht and KUBARK (cryptonym for CIA) for transfer passengers.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The day before the rendezvous, Pawley successfully requested a meeting with FBI Miami
Special Agents Leman L. Stafford and George E. Davis, Jr. at his own business office where he
had his secret recording equipment. According to a memo that the Special Agent in Charge of
the Miami office later sent to Director Hoover, Pawley reiterated his praise of the FBI while
revealing negotiations with Trujillo. Pawley also dropped some big names. “During the course of
the interview, he disclosed that he is a personal friend of the Director of the FBI, as well as
President Eisenhower, former President Truman and many other influential people in the United
States and Latin America.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj8cw09bApsRfswYx-mq2gTRhIh-jqOImr_ClzLBkCQBn3j-TJdECrTSyG2VC1ojoHitsfGITLNgQyC3Q77rLhUgeV59c2iX1G8Tb8L4R_8uul2F7n2teS3y1hKUifUVW4KyBliL-45Nl_tPo2_1Sv4vSTZ5fxw-2NPnpC6PcbeA3qReyofuHm4HlXEHJk" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="946" data-original-width="806" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj8cw09bApsRfswYx-mq2gTRhIh-jqOImr_ClzLBkCQBn3j-TJdECrTSyG2VC1ojoHitsfGITLNgQyC3Q77rLhUgeV59c2iX1G8Tb8L4R_8uul2F7n2teS3y1hKUifUVW4KyBliL-45Nl_tPo2_1Sv4vSTZ5fxw-2NPnpC6PcbeA3qReyofuHm4HlXEHJk" width="204" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley told the agents he’s “deeply concerned about the communist trend in Cuba and its
effect on other Latin American countries, and that he has been in close contact with the U.S.
State Department and the CIA relative to this situation.” Understanding the friction between the
FBI and CIA, Pawley “expressed admiration for the SIS program formerly operated by the FBI
in Latin America during World War II and expressed the opinion that it had been a great mistake
to supplant the FBI’s operation with that of another agency.”
</span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley revealed “that he had attempted unsuccessfully to make tape recordings of the
two interviews, involving Merola and Bartone which took place in Pawley’s office; however due </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">to a technical error on the part of one of Mr. Pawley’s employees, this recording failed. Mr.
Pawley exhibited to agents his recording equipment, which he keeps in a locked closet in his
suite of offices, and he offered his facilities in the event this Office [the FBI] ever desired to
make a recording of any conversation held there.”<span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley shared multiple copies of “a letterhead memorandum” about Anti-Castro
activities “for the Bureau, and one copy is being enclosed for the Pittsburgh Office in view of its
interest in Joseph R. Merola.” The “communication is classified ‘Confidential’ as the letterhead
memorandum contains information relating to a foreign diplomat.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The anti-Castro activities described by Pawley included a proposition to bomb Cuba by
two Americans Dominick Bartone and Mitchell Livingston WerBell III who had arranged to
meet with Ambassador De Moya “in the presence of Mr. Pawley. Bartone did 90 percent of the
talking and it appeared to Mr. Pawley that WerBell was a contact man for Bartone.” They
wanted $300,000.00 “to stage on behalf of the Dominican Government a bombing attack against
Cuba” using “an undisclosed number of B-25 bombers, P-51 planes and other airplanes which
could be used in an attack against sugar centrals and other installations in Camaguey Province of
Cuba.”<span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Bartone “would also supply trained pilots to stage this operation, which would be
launched from a base outside the United States. He implied that the planes are presently in the
United States, but that they would be removed to an undesignated location outside the United
States prior to the bombing attack.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Could Bartone be trusted? He had been “convicted in 1959 in United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida, in connection with an attempt to illegally export arms and </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">ammunition by plane to the Dominican Republic. He was given a three-year probationary
sentence.” WerBell of Atlanta “has allegedly been involved in gun deals in the past.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A second anti-Castro activity that Pawley wanted the FBI to know about was Joseph R.
Merola’s proposition to counterfeit Cuban Pesos for circulation in Cuba. “On Saturday
afternoon, April 9, 1960, Mr. Pawley accompanied Mr. De Moya to the DuPont Plaza Hotel,
Miami, where a meeting was held on a porch overlooking the swimming pool, with Joseph R.
Merola of Miami Beach, and an individual introduced as Bill Bapst” who “is reportedly
employed by the Eden Roc Hotel, Miami Beach.” (William J. Bapst was a longtime friend of De
Moya and converted Dominican currency into U.S. dollars for him. An informant in 1961
asserted that Bapst was shipping “boat loads” of sugar from Cuba to another island and then
moving the contraband into the U.S.) Merola at the time of the meeting was “out on $50,000
appeal bond in connection with his conviction in U.S. District Court for the Western District of
Pennsylvania, February, 1959, in connection with the interstate transportation of firearms stolen
from a National Guard Armory at Canton, Ohio, October 14, 1958.” Joseph Raymond Merola
was a Pittsburgh mobster associated with Norman Rothman, Samuel and Gabriel Mannarino and
John Sebastian LaRocca owners of the San Souci in Havana. He faced a prison term starting in
1961.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Coincidentally, the brazen Merola wanted “$50,000.00 payable in advance” for obtaining
the paper and ink needed to “print fifty million dollars worth of counterfeit Cuban pesos in five,
ten and twenty peso denominations, for circulation in Cuba.” The “money could be printed in the
United States, or if the Dominicans so desired and furnished transportation, the money could be
printed in the Dominican Republic with experts supplied by Merola and his associates.”
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Merola had no compunction in claiming “he had contact with the best counterfeiters in
the United States, and that some of the money, in U.S. currency, counterfeited by these
individuals was already in circulation in the United States. He said that he had already shown a
sample of this money to Mr. De Moya. At this point, Mr. De Moya in the presence of Mr.
Pawley acknowledged that Merola had shown him a U.S. bill which appeared to him to be a
genuine piece of U.S. currency. Merola claimed that his counterfeit associates did their work so
well that their counterfeit money could not be distinguished from the real thing.” Pawley told the
FBI agents that “De Moya told Merola and Bapst that the Dominican Government was not
interested in their proposition” but Pawley “was anxious to obtain more information against
Merola and Bapst, [so] he arranged a second meeting to be held at his own office on the
following Monday, April 11, 1960.” It turned out to be “a repetition of the first meeting and
Merola renewed his proposition. It was again turned down by De Moya; however, in the
presence of Mr. Pawley, De Moya gave Merola a check in the amount of $1,000.00 explaining
that this was compensation for their trouble.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A few days later Pawley furnished the information about the counterfeiting offer to “John
Marshall, U.S. Secret Service, Miami, who stated that he had received rumors that Merola had
made similar propositions on previous occasions. Mr. Marshall stated that the above facts are
typical of the so called ‘green goods’ swindle, a ‘bunco’ type of operation by which the intended
victim is induced into paying money to a swindler under circumstance which prohibit the victim
from ever taking legal recourse to recover his loss.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In his diary entry for April 25, 1960, President Eisenhower, recalled a conversation he
had with Pawley. “He believes as does Harry Guggenheim, that our relationship with the whole
of Latin America would be much improved if we should appoint an Under Secretary with duties </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">confined to this hemisphere. I brought up this idea to the State Department many times over the
past few years—the staffs there are always so bitterly opposed that I am becoming quite sure that
I am right. This morning I told Secretary Herter that if I was to be put off in this matter again, I
wanted some very convincing reason.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 5"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley in his autobiography, stated that Lloyd A. Free, a former United States
Information Agency official, visited Cuba to assess public opinion and provided President
Eisenhower his report, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The Cuban Situation, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">at a meeting on April 25</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">. One of his conclusions is
that “‘Most Cubans remain personally friendly toward individual Americans. However, as a
result of Castro’s psychotic anti-American campaign, they are becoming afraid to show
evidences of pro-American feelings.’”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On April 28</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">reported that Frank Fiorini (Frank Sturgis) had been
stripped of his U.S. citizenship after it was learned that the Norfolk, Virginia native had fought in
Castro’s army. His lawyer said he would appeal.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">There were significant differences within the CIA regarding who should lead the Cuban
exiles. While some favored the old Batista faction, others opposed any association with it. E.
Howard “Hunt’s protégé, who was selected by Colonel King, was Dr. Antonio Rubio Padilla,
minister of the government under Carlos Prio in the 1940s, founder of the Radical Liberty Party
together with Jose Ignacio Rasco, and backed by the powerful Cuban bishops. He was friendly
with many U.S. businessmen, among them Ambassador William Pawley.” But Hunt was now a
subordinate of “Frank Bender” (aka Gerry/Jerry Droller) who opposed Dr. Rubio; thus their
agency superior Tracy Barnes selected Manuel Antonio de Varona Loredo (aka Tony de Varona,
Tony Varona, and Manuel Antonio) who had fled to Florida following a failed coup against
Batista in 1952.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In May of 1960, Pawley was in discussions with his team members, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Dr. Rubio Padilla
and Fabio Freyre,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">whose wealthy family had abandoned large land holdings in Cuba when
Castro began nationalizing assets.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">During May 1960 the CIA’s JMASH operation opened in the Coral Gables section of
Miami as the CIA’s second Forward Operations Base (FOB). The first FOB was set up for the
Arbenz overthrow in Guatemala in 1954. “In general, the Miami FOB paralleled the organization
of Headquarters with FI, CI, CA, Support, and PM units. FOB reported directly to the Chief, WH
Division, not to Jake Esterline, Chief, WH/4.” The base was behind the veil of “Clarence A.
DePew & Sons, a notional cover for an organization engaged in classified research.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Exiles such as Garcia Montes issued rallying cries against Fidelism and “the Communism
which conceals itself in the Government as Fidelism.” Montes called for </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">“</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">a Lawful regime
which is based on the principles of Equality and Liberty and is capable of returning peace and
order to Cuba.” Elections as soon possible were part of his vision as well as “the United States
should substantially assist with Cuba’s economic reconstruction after the elimination of Castro’s
regime” so that Cuba would not “fall again into communist hands through desperation resulting
from economic factors.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">But reality quickly set in. As soon as formal organization was brought to the anti-Castro
operation, it began to unravel. Pawley and Hunt’s highly valued Rubio Padilla was not happy
with the people he dealt with in North America. In a letter he eventually wrote, Rubio Padilla
stated that he “refused to be part of F.R.D. My objections stemmed from a fundamental criteria
maintained by me all along: The necessary aid from the United States to Cuba in the struggle
against Communism was not an act of generosity or charity that has to be unilaterally imposed </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">upon the Cubans by the United States. The need to defeat Communism in Cuba is equally
important to Cuba and the United States.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A cable bearing the names of G. Droller, J.C. King, Rudy Gomez and Jake Esterline
appears in Pawley’s 201 CIA file on Padilla’s change of heart. They hope to “take steam out of
Rubio’s sails if necessary.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s organization was facing logistics problems as well. “Pepin and Oscar Rivero
will have to go to Peru first before they can go on to the States. Hope leave here on 23 May.”
Also “Aureliano Sanchez Arango is reported to have entered Ecuadorian Embassy” and “Silvio
again complained about long delay in receiving any mesgs from Rubio.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The allegations that had been made earlier in the year that Pawley was perhaps pro-
Castro were put to rest finally in a late May memorandum to FBI Director Hoover by the Miami
Special Agent in Charge. “At no time has Miami ever received any information reflecting that he
is pro-Fidel Castro or in any way sympathetic with Castro’s program.” In fact, “Pawley
expressed the opinion that Fidel Castro and his regime are a very serious threat to the United
States security. He condemned the Castro regime for being pro-Communist and anti-United
States.” Moreover, “during the interview, Mr. Pawley confided that he himself was responsible
for the removal of Spruille Braden as Assistant Secretary of State several years ago. Mr. Pawley
indicated that he and Braden were at odds with RUC [FBI shorthand for Referred Upon
Completion to office of origin].” In conclusion, the FBI’s Miami Special Agent in Charge found
that the pro-Castro charge against Pawley “appears to be without any foundation whatsoever.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the CIA’s Bay of Pigs history, it is revealed that the FBI had its own plans for dealing
with Cuba. “Technically the FBI was prohibited from engaging in intelligence operations
overseas, but in mid-June 1960, Chief, WH/4 [Esterline] revealed that the FBI reportedly had </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">plans for installing a stay-behind network—using Mexicans and Cubans—to be activated in case
diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Cuba were broken. Chief WH/4 suggested that the CI
Staff get in touch with the FBI Liaison Officer, Sam Papich and ask for an explanation of the
bureau’s plan.” No one in the CIA “registered a formal protest against the FBI’s activities in the
Havana area. By mid-summer 1960, the relationship became even closer, particularly as the
agency expanded activities at the Forward Operations Base, JMASH (later JMWAVE) in
Miami.” There were so many Cuban exiles under suspicion of “working for Castro, or were
trying desperately to get support from one or another U.S. Agency” that the FBI would be hard
pressed to “bring about the overthrow of the Castro regime using Cuban exiles.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 8"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On June 6, Pawley learned that Rubio’s group was “joined by Pepin Rivero” and that
“Rubio apparently has taken position also that should Sanchez Arango become part of FRD
[Frente Revolucionario Democratico] this would eliminate for all time any possibility his group
even marginally supporting FRD.” Rubio’s stance was such a problem “that a number of people
had gone to considerable lengths to try to induce Rubio to come into FRDEsterline without success and
that perhaps now it would be unreasonable to expect that Rubio would ever in fact be willing to
compromise, and if taken into FRD might therefore present an interminable source dissension
which would paralyze FRD.” A suggestion was made regarding the “possibility that on Bender’s
next trip (did not say when this would be) might be worthwhile review Rubio’s position and
potential in light current situation.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">According to the CIA history of the Bay of Pigs, Pawley threatened to bow out of the
CIA’s anti-Castro operations as a result of the agency’s failure to fully back Rubio Padilla, and
Jake Esterline would have been happy to see him go. “Pawley informed Chief, Western
Hemisphere Division that he was withdrawing from support of the Agency’s anti-Castro </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">operation; and Pawley told Col. King that he intended to make his views regarding the FRD
known to Vice President Nixon.” In mid-May, Pawley had met with President Eisenhower on
Caribbean matters. “In view of Pawley’s recalcitrance to continue to work on the funding of the
FRD, the DDP, ADDP/A, Chief WH/D, Chief WH/4 and others discussed the pros and cons of
cutting off the communications channel between Pawley and the Rubio groups into Cuba—a
channel which was provided by the Agency’s communications facility.” However, Chief, WHD
convinced the group that it was best to keep the communications channel open because “it did
provide a window to the activities of the Pawley group. Moreover the Pawley group had a
duplicate channel into Cuba and would not necessarily have been restricted by denial of the
Agency channel.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The decision was made to restrict “transmittal of communications which would be
prejudicial to CIA operations in Cuba; but it was agreed that Pawley should be advised of the
cancellation of such messages by Chief, Western Hemisphere Division. The monitoring of such
cable traffic, however, was to be the responsibility of Chief, WH/4, Jake Esterline.” The decision
should be brought to the attention of CIA Director Allen Dulles so he could be aware before
Pawley complained to Eisenhower and Nixon.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“By the first week of June 1960, however, Jake Esterline apparently had reached the end
of his tether” and wrote a Memorandum to the Deputy Director Plans which stated “our firm
conviction, based on months of discussion, that </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">Mr. Pawley’s views on the Cuban situation
are highly personal and rigid. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">These views in our opinion are </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">inimical to the best interest of
the United States. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Mr. Pawley has refused to budge from his position and has continued to seek
official endorsement of his views at the high levels of government. The flagrant disregard for
security reflected in Havana cable 4820 dated 4 June 1960 requires Chief, JMARC to </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">recommend that all contact with the Rubio Pawley group be immediately and finally severed. If
such action is not taken, no guarantee can be made for security of the JMARC operation. In point
of fact, the information in the foregoing message indicates that security has already been
damaged severely.” </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">(Bold emphasis by D.P. Cannon.)</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The falsehood that was circulating in “anti-Castro circles in Cuba” that maddened
Esterline was the assertion that the “U.S. Government now backing Rubio group and no other
group. Group has entre to Veep [Nixon]. For a time Pawley was having trouble with an Agency
or Agencies who wanted [to] back another junta, but after Pawley offered [to] withdraw
completely, he was talked out of doing so, and given assurance that his group only would be
backed, [and this] resulted resignation person backing other group.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">At CIA Headquarters a priority cable was drafted to be sent to Havana and the Forward
Operations Base, which had heard the disinformation being spread by the anti-FRD group.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The cable from headquarters “authoritatively advised that the U.S. Government is not
(repeat not) backing Rubio group and ... has no intention ever doing so.” The message went on to
express that it is a “complete fabrication that Pawley was given U.S. government assurance that
only his group would be backed. No resignations of any kind occurred, nor are any foreseen.
Mention Veep in such context and on this particular level sheer foolhardiness.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Despite Esterline’s strong concerns about Pawley having a “flagrant disregard for
security,” being recalcitrant and “inimical to the best interest of the United States,” Pawley won
the war of wills. The cable was never sent to Havana or Miami because Col. King “did not
concur” with Jake Esterline’s recommendation “that all contact with Rubio-Pawley group be
‘immediately and finally severed.’”
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Shortly thereafter and through to the Bay of Pigs invasion “the relationship between
Pawley and Jake Esterline appears to become mutually supportive” according to the CIA’s post-
mortem review.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">But after the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion, Esterline would complain
about the ephemeral political figures that tamper with the work of professionals.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley had argued the first week of June that he had information “that AMBIDDY feels
he in dominant position FRD by reason his control over MRR, without which FRD helpless, and
fact that he personally is looked upon as ‘favored son’ by ODYOKE.” Pawley asserted that
“AMBIDDY and MRR clearly have ambitions for ultimate takeover govt in Cuba post-Castro
and AMBIDDY already plotting double cross FRD to achieve his and MRR aims. When asked if
any details available on these allegations QDDALE said he thought he could come up with some
specifics.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Gen. Andrew Goodpaster, a key advisor to Eisenhower, wrote on June 10, 1960 about his
conversation with the President, Herter, Persons and Dillon in which “Herter next mentioned that
William Pawley has been working with a rightwing group of Cubans, including former Batista
police.” The next four lines are classified. “The President asked Mr. Herter to call up Mr. Pawley
and tell him to get out of this operation, [less than 1 line not declassified].</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On June 20, 1960, General Cushman lunched with Esterline. Cushman needed
information for Nixon who was about to become the senior official at an upcoming National
Security Council meeting. He was deeply concerned about the progress of the anti-Castro
program since the previous planning meeting at Pawley’s house on the first day of spring. Of
particular concern was the impact of Rubio Padilla’s decision not to join the FRD, but General
Cushman was assured that the Frente’s headquarters were about to be established in Mexico. The
CIA history notes that “it was on this occasion that Esterline introduced General Cushman to E. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Howard Hunt, who was going to move to Mexico with the Frente.” This may not be the first time
Richard Nixon heard the name of future Watergate burglar Hunt</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">—Pawley was a strong Rubio
Padilla backer like Hunt; and Hunt and Pawley were well-versed in coup activities from the days
of the Arbenz overthrow.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Hunt, a one-time writer for Luce’s Time-Life publications and a former OSS member in
the Far East, had spent time in Mexico before. In December 1950, after a stint in Europe with the
Economic Cooperation Administration, he “was assigned as Chief of Station, Mexico City, and
then served as Chief of Mission there until 1953.” Hunt’s wife, Dorothy, became fluent enough
in Spanish to eventually work for the Argentine Ambassador and as a translator for the Spanish
Embassy in Washington.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Hunt’s talents then took him to an assignment in Japan, where U-2 planes departed for
flights over the Soviet Union and where China activities were monitored. His knowledge of
Pawley’s old stomping grounds, China, was of such significance that Hunt would be hired in
1971 “as a Consultant to President Nixon preparatory to the President’s visit to the Peoples
Republic of China.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Something Pawley would not be asked to do because of his opposition to
détente with China.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">After February 1957, Hunt served as Chief of Station in Montevideo, Uruguay. Upon
returning to the U.S. in June 1960, he “was assigned to Mexico City on Project JMARC”— the
Cuba project—until November 1961 when he was re-assigned to CIA headquarters.” Hunt was a
propaganda expert, and Esterline’s briefing included details about radio programs to be broadcast
from Swan Island as well as “on the preparation being made for training paramilitary types, base
communications, planned paramilitary activities, the choice of Third Country’s staging area, and
that the operation was still scheduled to begin during the month of November 1960.”
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Cushman also learned of Esterline’s concerns about the “political differences among the
exiles” and “that much had yet to be done vis-a-vis other countries in the hemisphere to ensure
that JMAC [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">] would have adequate support at the eleventh hour.” In the end, the coalition of
nations providing support for an invasion against Castro would only include Guatemala and
Nicaragua. Mexico, where Hunt ran operations, did not join them.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Two days after the lunch, Vice President Nixon presided at the NSC briefing by Acting
Director of Central Intelligence, General Charles Cabell, with support provided by Bissell, King,
Esterline and McMahan who was on the Staff of the Deputy Director for Intelligence. Those
being briefed included the Secretaries of State, Defense, Treasury, the Director of the Office of
Civil & Defense Mobilization, the Acting Attorney General, and a representative of the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Much of the briefing was devoted to the FRD leadership,
policies, background, and its “internal difficulties and bickering.” The briefing also covered the
“propaganda picture” using “radio broadcasts from Swan Island.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On June 28, 1960, Pawley’s name surfaced in the CIA’s grapevine in Cuba.
AMCLATTER-8 informed AMCLATTER-4 that an informant in the Cuban Prime Minister’s
office had revealed “that the police are investigating the activities of a North American known as
‘Pauli.’ This appears to be an obvious reference to William Pauley [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">] of Miami.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Also inside Cuba, three helicopter pilots were becoming disenchanted with Castro and
considered him a menace to Cuba and Latin America “which must be physically eliminated.”
Pawley learned that they could not bring themselves to do it but would help others accomplish it.
However, Castro was already taking countermeasures. “Castro’s flights are on highly irregular
basis and pilots are not informed of destination until arrive at hanger. However, Castro most
frequently is only passenger and once airborne presumably completely in pilot’s hands.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On July 1, 1960, Jake Esterline received a call from General Cushman, telling him that
Vice President Nixon would help remove “any obstacles that the Agency was encountering vis-
a-vis other agencies in support of JMATE” and Cushman stated that “the Vice President has
commissioned him to keep Mr. Pawley happy and ... briefed on how things are moving.” The
CIA’s post-mortem of the Bay of Pigs noted that “General Cushman said he realized that this is
much against our desire, as concerns Mr. Pawley, but the big fact remains that he [Pawley] is a
‘big fat political cat’ and, as such, the Vice President cannot completely ignore him.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Esterline promised cooperation with security regulations that applied to Pawley’s level of
clearance. He then related the request to Bissell and Barnes. One of the interagency cooperation
obstacles Nixon was asked by Esterline to smooth out was “to resolve a difficulty between the
Agency and the FCC over the use of commercial advertising to make Swan appear more
legitimate. Barnes, however, took exception and recommended that the U.S. Government should
consider overt sponsorship of the Swan broadcasts” which was rejected.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In July 1960, Nixon “indicated an interest in the activities of one Mario Garcia Kohly
Antiga.” This Cuban exile “claimed to have extensive backing both within the Cuban community
in Miami and among dissidents inside Cuba.” He also bragged of having “large stores of military
equipment in Spain” plus “promises of assistance from General Franco.” In Washington, DC, he
had the sponsorship of former Senator Owen Brewster and Marshall Diggs, a Washington lawyer
who had been FDR’s Deputy Comptroller of the US Treasury. When Esterline heard “Garcia
denounce the FRD leaders as Communists ... Diggs was informed that the Agency had no
interest in supporting Mr. Garcia.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Garcia’s backers—Brewster, Diggs, and Cameron Pulley—claimed that failure to back
Mario Garcia Kohly would hurt Nixon’s chances of election and there was a threat to expose the</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">CIA’s anti-Castro efforts. After failure of the Bay of Pigs, Kohly attempted to take part in the
ransom effort.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">At the White House, a Special Group meeting was held July 21, 1960 to discuss sabotage
and other Cuban matters. It was attended by CIA Director Allen Dulles, Under Secretary of State
Livingston T. Merchant, Gordon Gray, Assistant Secretary of Defense John N. Irwin, and
General Edward Lansdale.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Two days later, a detailed Cuban briefing, prepared by Esterline, was delivered by CIA
Director Allen Dulles to the Democratic nominee for president, John F. Kennedy.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On August 3</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">rd</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, Wallace Parlett met with QDDALE (Pawley) and then prepared a contact
report which was forwarded to Chief, QHD from the Chief of Base, JMASH, under the signature
Wilma B. Goudeaux.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">(QHD probably was a typing error of WHD.) In his memo for the record,
Parlett </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">(CIA officer Gerard Droller aka Frank Bender) stated that following a “conversation
concerning QDDALE's experiences at the Republican Convention in Chicago and his plans to
sell the Miami Transit Company to Dade County,” he explained that the FRD was planning to
move to Mexico in mid-August. Bender complained about the “lack of dynamism on the part of
FRD” and its need to “open its doors to all decent Cubans willing to join them.” </span></p><p><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">At this point
“QDDALE then explained that Rubio Padilla was definitely out of the picture and should not be
considered any longer as a member of the group. Cuervo Rubio had, on 2 August, voiced to
QDDALE the belief that a bloodbath may ensue in Cuba once the FRD had started its invasion.”
Cuervo wanted assurances that a solid plan was in place. QDDALE “thought it might be well to
call Ascham or Galbond on this.” Robert A. Ascham was a pseudonym used by CIA Director
Allen Dulles, and Oliver Galbond was Colonel J.C. King, Chief, Western Hemisphere Division, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Directorate of Operations. Bender reiterated “our current working policy of not bringing FRD
members in contact with high-level ODACID [State Department] officials.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley then told Bender about his meeting the previous evening in the home of
AMBIDDY-1 (Artime) who complained about “Bender’s stinginess in terms of dollars and about
the lack of full support in connection with his disciplinary action against the AMYUM
dissidents.” </span></p><p><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><b>In response, Pawley “told AMBIDDY-1 that he, QDDALE, had a considerable sum
of money in the bank for purposes such as this and that he never wrote checks to organizations
but only to individuals who were able to give him detailed proposals as to what they intended to
do with the contributions.” </b><i>(Bold emphasis added by D.P. Cannon.)</i></span></p>
<p><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">After discussing “the AMYUM dissident problem,” QDDALE indicated that he felt
AMHAWK (Varona) “could be a rather balancing figure in this picture.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Allen Dulles learned on August 4, 1960 from Pawley that there was a desire to use Pepin
Rivero for publishing </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Diario La Marina </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">in exile and wondered if he was involved in some “HQs
op” that would preempt him from working on the newspaper. At the same time, it was mentioned
that “Carbos and Medrano talking about publishing ‘</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Prensa Libre Miami</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">.’ To this end have
contacted Vargas Gomez. Vargas Gomez attempting get Bender group assist Carbos travel [to]
Canada” to get financial aid for the paper.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">34
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The following week, Harold Geneen of ITT reported that Castro’s seizure of the Cuban
Telephone Company would have "no effect on 1960 net income.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">35
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On September 8</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, Walter C. Twicker (cover name for E. Howard Hunt) sent a priority
message from Mexico for the Director that stated he had an “hour meeting with AMBIDDY-1”
(Manuel Artime Buesa) in which “Twicker briefed him new AMCIGAR/AMRASP
organizational concept and obtained his enthusiastic concurrence.” Hunt also used the conflict </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">between AMEER (Sanchez Arango), the current council leader, and “Col. Martin as justification
keeping consejo (council) members from direct contact department heads.” He also sold the idea
that if consejo members were free of “trivial day-to-day responsibilities” they could “become
immediately active long-delayed personal trips through southern hemisphere and commence
planning nature of future gov’t.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">36 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The AM prefix is a reference to Cuban matters.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 17"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Over the next month, E. Howard Hunt in Mexico would continue to have discussions
about the pre- and post-Cuban invasion leadership similar to ones Pawley was having in Miami.
Infighting among exiles would continue through the Bay of Pigs invasion. Following the failure
of the invasion in 1961, a conversation was recalled in which AMBUD-1 complained that
AMOT is controlled by the CIA “and AMOT-2 [</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Jose Joaquin Sanjenis Perdomo] </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">brags about its
support and protection ... AMOT-2 is most disloyal to AMIRON, AMDIP-1 and AMBUD-1 ...
AMOT-2 alledged [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">] to be in charge of ‘Operation Forty’ designed to eliminate AMBUD
provisional govt had it come into being ... Recommendation: AMOT-2 out of WAVE and have
KUBARK assign other tasks.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">37
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Eliminating the provisional government meant assassination by Operation Forty team
members—Sanjenis Perdomo, Frank Sturgis, Felix Rodriguez, Rolando Masferrer and Bernard
Barker to name a few. (Barker’s daughter, Marielena, was stunned that I was aware of Operation
40 when I queried her about it in a casual conversation in New York in the early 1980s.)</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">38
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">FOOTNOTES:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">4/14/1960 Cable Message. To: Miami. From: Director. Releasing Officer: J. D. Esterline. File #201-7738.
Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Page 251 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">4/14/1960 CIA Cable “re Briefing William Pawley on operational instructions.” To: Station. From: [CIA] Director. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">4/14/1960 CIA Cable “Use of Pawley’s boat.” To [None]. From: [CIA] Director.
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span color="rgb(13.725490%, 13.725490%, 13.725490%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 124-10221-10094 ~ 4/29/1960 FBI Memorandum “Subject Anti-Fidel Castro Activities IS-Cuba.” To: FBI
Director. From: SAC Miami.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">On April 15, 1960, pursuant to a prior telephonic request by Mr. William D. Pawley, Mr. Pawley was interviewed at his office in Miami by Special Agents Leman L. Stafford and George E. Davis, Jr.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It is noted that Mr. Pawley is a prominent Miami businessman, financier, and a former US Ambassador to Brazil. He is also organizer of the Flying Tigers.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">During the course of the interview, he disclosed that he is a personal friend of the Director of the FBI, as well as President Eisenhower, former President Truman and many other influential people in the United States and Latin America.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley said he is deeply concerned about the communist trend in Cuba and its effect on other Latin American countries, and that he has been in close contact with the US State Department and the CIA relative to this situation.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley expressed admiration for the SIS program formerly operated by the FBI in Latin America during World War II, and expressed the opinion that it had been a great mistake to supplant the FBI’s operation with that of another agency.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley said that he had been a personal friend of Generalissimo Rafael Trujillo for many years, that he has had considerable financial interest in the Dominican Republic in the past, but that he has recently liquidated and withdrawn all of his investments in the Dominican Republic. He explained that he has done this because he and Senator George Smathers of Florida, have been working out a plan with Trujillo to democratize the Dominican Republic by an orderly procedure. He said that he feels that he has sold Trujillo on the idea of being the first dictator to successfully step down and turn his country over to a democratic type of government, without bloodshed or disorder. Mr. Pawley said he is keeping the State Department and CIA closely advised concerning his efforts in this field.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The above observations by Mr. Pawley have not been included in a letterhead memorandum for dissemination for reasons of discretion; however, Mr. Pawley has offered his cooperation in any way possible. He has expressed great confidence in the FBI and it is felt that if the Bureau desires more detailed information concerning the plan that Mr. Pawley and Senator Smathers are attempting to work out with Trujillo, that such information can be obtained from Mr. Pawley.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley advised that he had attempted unsuccessfully to make tape recordings of the two interviews, involving Merola and Bartone which took place in Pawley’s office; however due to a technical error on the part of one of Mr. Pawley’s employees, this recording failed. Mr. Pawley exhibited to agents his recording equipment, which he keeps in a locked closet in his suite of </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">offices, and he offered his facilities in the event this Office ever desired to make a recording of any conversation held there.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Nine copies of a letterhead memorandum entitled ANTI-FIDEL CASTRO ACTIVIES, dated as above, are being enclosed for the Bureau, and one copy is being enclosed for the Pittsburgh Office in view of its interest in Joseph R. Merola.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The letterhead memorandum enclosed with this communication is classified “Confidential” as the letterhead memorandum contains information relating to a foreign diplomat.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"></span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">RE: ANTI-FIDEL CASTRO ACTIVITIES</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">On April 15, 1960 Mr. William D. Pawley, President of the Miami Transit Company, former US Ambassador to Brazil, and financier with interests in the Caribbean area as well as elsewhere, furnished the following information.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley said that on Friday, April 8, 1960, Mr. Manuel De Moya, former Dominican Ambassador to the United States, and present Secretary of State Without Portfolio in the Dominican Republic, and personal friend of Mr. Pawley, came to Mr. Pawley and requested that Mr. Pawley be present at two meetings with Americans, considered suspicious by DeMoya. Mr. Pawley agreed, and on the following day, two meetings were held.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><u>Proposition by Dominick Bartone to Bomb Cuba</u></span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">At about 11:30 AM, on Saturday, an American, Dominick Bartone, accompanied by another American introduced as Warbell [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">: Mitchell Livingston WerBell], came to Mr. Pawley’s office, where they met with Mr. De Moya in the presence of Mr. Pawley. Bartone did 90 percent of the talking and it appeared to Mr. Pawley that Warbell was a contact man for Bartone.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Bartone then proposed that [for] the sum of $300,000.00 he was prepared to stage on behalf of the Dominican Government a bombing attack against Cuba.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">He claimed to have possession of an undisclosed number of B-25 bombers, P-51 planes and other airplanes which could be used in an attack against sugar centrals and other installations in Camaguey Province of Cuba.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">He stated that he would also supply trained pilots to stage this operation, which would be launched from a base outside the United States. He implied that the planes are presently in the United States, but that they would be removed to an undesignated location outside the United States prior to the bombing attack.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Dominick Bartone was convicted in 1959 in United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida, in connection with an attempt to illegally export arms and ammunition by plane to the Dominican Republic. He was given a three-year probationary sentence.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It appears that his associate, Warbell probably identical to Mitchell Warbell [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">] of Atlanta, Georgia, who has allegedly been involved in gun deals in the past.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><u>Proposition by Joseph R. Merola to Counterfeit Cuban Pesos for Circulation in Cuba</u></span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">On Saturday afternoon, April 9, 1960, Mr. Pawley accompanied Mr. De Moya to the DuPont Plaza Hotel, Miami, where a meeting was held on a porch overlooking the swimming pool, with Joseph R. Merola of Miami Beach, and an individual introduced as Bill Bapst.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley said that Merola, who served as spokesman, brazenly made a proposition to De Moya concerning a Cuban counterfeit peso deal.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Merola said that for the sum of $50,000.00 payable in advance, with which paper and ink would be purchased, that he and his associates would print fifty million dollars worth of counterfeit Cuban pesos in five, ten and twenty peso denominations, for circulation in Cuba.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Merola stated that this money could be printed in the United States, or if the Dominicans so desired and furnished transportation, the money could be printed in the Dominican Republic with experts supplied by Merola and his associates.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Merola claimed he had contact with the best counterfeiters in the United States, and that some of the money, in US currency, counterfeited by these individuals was already in circulation in the United States. He said that he had already shown a sample of this money to Mr. De Moya. At this point, Mr. De Moya in the presence of Mr. Pawley acknowledged that Merola had shown him a US bill which appeared to him to be a genuine piece of US currency. Merola claimed that his counterfeit associates did their work so well that their counterfeit money could not be distinguished from the real thing.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley said that De Moya told Merola and Bapst that the Dominican Government was not interested in their proposition.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley said, however, that as he was anxious to obtain more information against Merola and Bapst, he arranged a second meeting to be held at his own office on the following Monday, April 11, 1960.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">This second meeting with Merola and Bapst took place between approximately 11:15 AM and noon time. It was a repetition of the first meeting and Merola renewed his proposition. It was again turned down by De Moya; however, in the presence of Mr. Pawley, De Moya gave Merola a check in the amount of $1,000.00 explaining that this was compensation for their trouble.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley said that De Moya considered Merola’s proposition a closed incident.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">On April 15, 1960, the above information relating to Merola and Bapst was furnished Mr. John Marshall, US Secret Service, Miami, who stated that he had received rumors that Merola had made similar propositions on previous occasions. Mr. Marshall stated that the above facts are typical of the so called “green goods” swindle, a “bunco” type of operation by which the intended victim is induced into paying money to a swindler under circumstance which prohibit the victim from ever taking legal recourse to recover his loss.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It is to be noted that Joseph R. Merola is presently out on $50,000 appeal bond in connection with his conviction in US District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, February, 1959, in connection with the interstate transportation of firearms stolen from a National Guard Armory at Canton, Ohio, October 14, 1958. His companion Bill Bapst, is reportedly employed by the Eden Roc Hotel, Miami Beach.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><u>Mercenary Soldiers in the Dominican Republic</u></span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley stated that he is a personal friend of Generalissimo Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic, and is consequently well informed concerning activities, within the Dominican Republic. He said that there are presently about three thousand mercenary </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">soldiers in the Dominican Republic of whom approximately 130 are Cubans exiled from Castro Government of Cuba.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley said that Trujillo is now in the process of closing out this operation, and that within thirty days most of these mercenaries, who are from European countries, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">will be shipped back to Europe by boat.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 124-10277-10327 ~ 8/14/1961 FBI Airtel. To: Director, FBI. From Stafford, Leman L. Jr. Subjects: Deb, Telcal, B/F Int, Income Tax, Assoc, Tra, Affil.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>> Bapst, a longtime friend of DeMoya, exchanged $50,000 in currency six times. Bapst also associated with James Hoffa.</span></p></div></div><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"></span></p><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 124-10215-10330 ~ 1/10/1961 FBI Airtel “re Dominick Edward Bartone, aka. IS-Cuba; RA-Cuba; OO: </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Miami.” To: Director, FBI (105-80291. From: SAC, Cleveland (105-3877). Page 5.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>> Bapst Cuban sugar scheme.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">4/29/1960 FBI Airtel. [No Title] To: Director, FBI. From: SAC, MM. Subjects: Deb, Assoc, INTV, Pawley, William D., B/F INT, ACA, Meetings, Plane Sale, Dominican Government.</span></p><p><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(56, 56, 56); color: #383838; font-size: 13.6px;"><span style="font-family: times;">NARA 1993.08.04.18:16:39:120006</span></span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(56, 56, 56); color: #383838; font-size: 13.6px;"> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">“Miamian Pawley Had a Part in Trujillo’s ‘Free Vote’ Vow - Smathers at Conference.” By Leo Adde and David Kraslow. </span><i style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Miami Herald</i><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">, 1960.</span></span></p>
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<blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">William D. Pawley...played a major part in the apparent agreement between Dominican Republic Dictator
Rafael Trujillo and Florida Sen. George Smathers on a “transition to democracy” for the Caribbean nation.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Strongly disclaiming credit for the idea, Pawley admits, however, that he sold both Trujillo and Smathers
on the idea before the two met in Ciudad Trujillo on Tuesday....
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“...Each recognized that the Caribbean is entering a new period. A revision of regimes unacceptable to
democratic nations has to be made,” Pawley added.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Smathers urged Trujillo, now 68 and his 30</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">year as Dominican Boss to make certain he succeeded by
democratically chosen, freely elected government....
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley has had substantial investments in the Dominican Republic. He was president or major stockholder
in mining and an oil company there.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“I do not now have a nickel invested in the Dominican Republic, nor in Cuba, nor in Mexico,” Pawley
stated. “I have sold my Dominican interests recently, within weeks.”
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley’s appearance...did not surprise officials in Washington.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley has long been Dictator Trujillo’s friend and adviser.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">And Pawley is also close to Smathers.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley attended Smathers’ press-conference in Ciudad Trujillo and told reporters that recent press reports
of Trujillo’s difficulties were not true.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley’s brother, Edward lives in Ciudad Trujillo and managed the Pawley business interests. Their
drilling for oil brought in only one small well.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley was described in Washington as an economic adviser to Trujillo – “on an informal basis.”
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">....There is only one political party in the Dominican Republic and Trujillo has had – and exercised –
dictatorial control for 30 years....
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Trujillo recently broke up a plot to overthrow his regime by arresting many [123 to 137 individuals] of the
alleged participants, including members of some of the country’s leading families ...
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">But Washington sources put the figure between 1,000 and 2,000.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 21">
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Diary Entry, President Eisenhower, April 25, 1960. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, Volume VI: </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Cuba. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 901.</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">A little later [9:14 a.m.-9:34 a.m.] Mr. Pawley came in to see me about our relationships with Cuba. He is
very knowledgeable in this area and since he has divested himself of his commercial interests in the Latin
American area, I find it profitable to talk with him. He seems to think that a modicum of sense is now
characterizing some of Castro’s grandiose programs and plans. He believes as does Harry Guggenheim,
that our relationship with the whole of Latin America would be much improved if we should appoint an
Under Secretary with duties confined to this hemisphere. I brought up this idea to the State Department
many times over the past few years – the staffs there are always so bitterly opposed that I am becoming
quite sure that I am right. This morning I told Secretary Herter that if I was to be put off in this matter
again, I wanted some very convincing reason.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 891.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“American Loses Citizenship, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, April 28, 1960.
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Fabian Escalante, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Cuba Project: Covert Operations, 1959-1962</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 47.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1994.03.02.14:04:48:530028 ~ July 7/26/1960 Memorandum “Meeting with MRR, [REDACTED].” 19 July 1960.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Bender/Droller identity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Dr. Juan Antonio Rubio Padilla” Obituary. By David Hancock, Herald Staff Writer. </span></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Miami Herald</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">September </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">25, 1989, Page 6B.</span> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Following his exfiltration, Rubio remained in the U.S. for nearly thirty years and died in Miami.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Bay of Pigs History</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Page 101.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">5/6/1960 4-page “Statement by Garcia Montes.” Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Pages 242-245 of 267.
Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p>
<ol style="list-style-type: upper-latin;">
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Eliminate Fidelism from the Government; eliminate, as well, the Communism which conceals
itself in the Government as Fidelism.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Re-establish a Lawful regime which is based on the principles of Equality and Liberty and is
capable of returning peace and order to Cuba.
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Hold elections within the shortest possible time that is materially possible.
</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... Besides correcting these deficiencies, the United States should substantially assist with Cuba’s
economic reconstruction after the elimination of Castro’s regime...North America cannot take the risk of
having ... Cuba fall again into communist hands through desperation resulting from economic factors.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Garcia Montes Statement.” Amigospais-guaracabuya.org (Website may be defunct).
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In May of 1960 after long discussions with the Northamerican (<i>sic</i>) persons involved in these matters, I refused
to be part of F.R.D. My objections stemmed from a fundamental criteria maintained by me all along: The
necessary aid from the United States to Cuba in the struggle against Communism was not an act of
generosity or charity that has to be unilaterally imposed upon the Cubans by the United States. The need to
defeat Communism in Cuba is equally important to Cuba and the United States.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10265-10321 ~ May 17, 1960 Cable Message Originating G. Droller WH/4/PA Releasing Officers
J.C. King, C WHD (signed by Gomez) and J.D. Esterline, C/WH4 File 201-77378. Unsanitized CIA File of William
Pawley. Page 240 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Following list of names Rubio intends incorporate his org, if indeed it will be formed: Outside Cuba:
[previously REDACTED until 1998: AMHAWK] Emilio Ochoa, Gustavo Cuervo Rubio, Antonio Maceo
Mackle, Luis Casero Guillen, Jose Alvarez Diaz, Arturo Aballi; in Cuba: Enrique Fernandez Silva, Jose
Miguel Morales Gomez, Manuel Marti, Antonio Medina, Dr. Seigle, Carlos Atalay, Miguel Uria, Leopoldo
Aguilera St., Juan de la Camara, Enrique Carillo Mendoza, Octavio Valdes, Ernesto Freyre de Varona,
Jorge Echarte, Ruben de Leon, Jose Antonio Cubenas, DBA.PINA Tomey.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In its unredacted entirety:
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1. FYI only, Rubio Padilla did not join FRD [Frente Revolucionario Democratico] since he considers its
composition incompatible with his own political moves. He also bears great personal animosity to
[previously REDACTED: AMBIDDY/1], has no trust in [previously REDACTED: AMWAIL] and
despises Sanchez Arango. Unhappily [previously REDACTED: QDDALE] and Rubio are
collaborating on this and it appears now that Rubio may...form his own org in which he hopes to use
[previously REDACTED: AMHAWK] We attempting handle matter from here and in view number
other groups already in existence, for example Marquez Sterling, and our rapport with FRD, we
confident of being able take steam out of Rubio’s sails if necessary.</span> </p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">2. Following list of names Rubio intends incorporate his org, if indeed it will be formed: Outside Cuba:
[REDACTED] Emilio Ochoa, Gustavo Cuervo Rubio, Antonio Maceo Mackle, [and a over a dozen
others].</span> </p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">3. Pls inform HQ any info these personalities coming your attention</span> </p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">4. In view of above no HQs interest Cuervo Rubio.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">WH Comments:</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
*Concerned desire of Cuervo Rubio, cousin of Rubio Padilla to go U.S. and join exile groups &
suggested Hqs query [REDACTED]...re his possible use...
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“A successfully incognito visitor to Washington these last few days was Dr. Gustave Cuervo Rubio, Vice President-
elect of Cuba.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, September 27, 1940 (ProQuest Archiver).
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">5/11/1960 Cable “FYI conversation with William Pawley re Rubio’s final decision re Participation junta.”
To: [CIA]. Director. From: Station. Subject: Rubio.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">5/17/1960 Cable “FYI only re Rubio Padilla and his views.” From: [CIA] Director. Subjects: Pawley, W.; Padilla, R.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">5/18/1960 Cable Message from Director, Originating J.D. Esterline WH4 to [REDACTED]. Coordinating
Officers Richard M. Bissell, Jr., DDP and J.C. King, C/WHD File #201-77378 [PAWLEY]. Unsanitized CIA File of
William Pawley. Pages 237 & 238 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">5/27/1960 Memorandum “Subject: [REDACTED] Internal Security—Cuba (OO: Jacksonville). Re: New York
letter February 29, 1960.” To: FBI Director Hoover. From: SAC Miami.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Information in possession of the Miami Office reflects that Mr. William D. Pawley ... is a close personal
friend of Rafael Trujillo. At no time has Miami ever received any information reflecting that he is pro-Fidel
Castro or in any way sympathetic with Castro’s program.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">On the contrary, incidental to an interview of Mr. Pawley relative to another matter conducted ... April 15,
1960 [the day he revealed the Bartone and Merola schemes] Mr. Pawley expressed the opinion that Fidel
Castro and his regime are a very serious threat to the United States security. He condemned the Castro
regime for being pro-Communist and anti-United States.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Also during the interview, Mr. Pawley confided that he himself was responsible for the removal of Spruille
Braden as Assistant Secretary of State several years ago. Mr. Pawley indicated that he and Braden were at
odds with RUC.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... Miami agrees that the information offered by [REDACTED] regarding Pawley’s attitude toward the
present Castro regime is certainly inconsistent with all previous information and appears to be without any
foundation whatsoever.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Bay of Pigs History</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 98 & 100.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Although it was not included on the list of Agencies with which CIA maintained liaison and contacts at this
time, mention should be made of the CIA-FBI connections. Technically the FBI was prohibited from
engaging in intelligence operations overseas, but in mid-June 1960, Chief, WH/4 [Esterline] revealed that
the FBI reportedly had plans for installing a stay-behind network—using Mexicans and Cubans—to be
activated in case diplomatic relations between the US and Cuba were broken. Chief WH/4 suggested that
the CI Staff get in touch with the FBI Liaison Officer, Sam Papich and ask for an explanation of the
bureau’s plan.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Neither Col. King nor anyone else involved in the Anti-Castro operation ever registered a formal protest
against the FBI’s activities in the Havana area. By mid-summer 1960, the relationship became even closer,
particularly as the agency expanded activities at the Forward Operations Base, JMASH (later JMWAVE) in
Miami. [There were so many Cuban exiles under suspicion of] “working for Castro, or were trying
desperately to get support from one or another US Agency, an FBI agent” [predicted] “that it would be
virtually impossible, to bring about the overthrow of the Castro regime using Cuban exiles.”
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>
<div class="page" title="Page 24">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">6/7/1960 Message. To: Director. Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Page 234 of 267. Mary Ferrell
Foundation website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">6/06/1960 Cable “re Conversation with Pawley stating that his meetings with Rubio’s group have continued and
have now been joined by Rivero.” To: [CIA] Director. Subjects: Pawley, W.; Rivero, P.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">6/07/1960 Cable “Pawley’s meetings with Rubio now include Pepin Rivero.” Subjects: FRD. From [None]. To
[CIA] Director.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA History of the Bay of Pigs</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 249-254.
Primarily an Esterline memorandum of meeting notes.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">When Rubio Padilla and the FRD failed to get together, Pawley informed Chief, Western Hemisphere
Division that he was withdrawing from support of the Agency’s anti-Castro operation; and Pawley told
Col. King that he intended to make his views regarding the FRD known to Vice President Nixon. In
addition, Pawley also had a meeting with President Eisenhower on 12 or 13 May 1960 at which time he
stated his opinions with regard to the Dominican Republic and probably with reference to Cuba. In view of
Pawley’s recalcitrance to continue to work on the funding of the FRD, the DDP, ADDP/A, Chief WH/D,
Chief WH/4 and others discussed the pros and cons of cutting off the communications channel between
Pawley and the Rubio groups into Cuba—a channel which was provided by the Agency’s communications
facility.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Chief, WH Division got the group to agree that the communications channel should be continued because it
did provide a window to the activities of the Pawley group. Moreover the Pawley group had a duplicate
channel into Cuba and would not necessarily have been restricted by denial of the Agency channel. A
restriction was placed on the transmittal of communications which would be prejudicial to CIA operations
in Cuba; but it was agreed that Pawley should be advised of the cancellation of such messages by Chief,
Western Hemisphere Division. The monitoring of such cable traffic, however, was to be the responsibility
of Chief, WH/4, Jake Esterline.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Because of Pawley’s close ties to the Eisenhower administration, the Deputy Director of Plans agreed that
the discussion regarding Pawley should be brought to the attention of the Director of Central Intelligence
and that Mr. Dulles should be urged to bring this matter before President Eisenhower and Vice President
Nixon. By the first week of June 1960, however, Jake Esterline apparently had reached the end of his
tether, for in a Memorandum to the DDP, he wrote:
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It is our firm conviction, based on months of discussion, that Mr. Pawley’s views on the Cuban
situation are highly personal and rigid. These views in our opinion are inimical to the best interest
of the United States. Mr. Pawley has refused to budge from his position and has continued to seek
official endorsement of his views at the high levels of government. The flagrant disregard for
security reflected in Havana cable 4820 dated 4 June 1960 requires Chief, JMARC to recommend
that all contact with the Rubio Pawley group be immediately and finally severed. If such action is
not taken, no guarantee can be made for security of the JMARC operation. In point of fact, the
information in the foregoing message indicates that security has already been damaged severely.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Among other things, the Havana cable which had aroused Chief, WH/4 [Esterline] stated that the following
information was being circulated in anti-Castro circles in Cuba:
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">U.S. Government now backing Rubio group and no other group. Group has entre to Veep [Nixon]. For a
time Pawley was having trouble with an Agency or Agencies who wanted [to] back another junta, but after
Pawley offered [to] withdraw completely, he was talked out of doing so, and given assurance that his group
only would be backed, [and this] resulted resignation person backing other group.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>
<div class="page" title="Page 25">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA History of the Bay of Pigs</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 254 & 255.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA History of Bay of Pigs</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 257 & 258.<br />>> The history is incomplete because, according to page 269 “J.C. King’s files, which have disappeared from the sight
of God and man.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Robert Kennedy and His Times </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(1978). Pages 454-458.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Intelligence agencies, sealed off by walls of secrecy from the rest of the community, tend to form societies
of their own. Prolonged immersion in the self-contained, self-justifying, ultimately hallucinatory world of
clandestinity and deception erodes the reality principle. So intelligence operatives, in the CIA as well as the
FBI, had begun to see themselves as the appointed guardians of the Republic, infinitely more devoted and
knowledgeable than transient elected officials, morally authorized to do on their own whatever they
believed the nation's security demanded. Let others interfere at their peril. J. D. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Esterline, the CIA's supervisor of planning the Bay of Pigs, bitterly told the board of inquiry, "As long as
decisions by professionals can be set aside by people who know not of what they speak, you won't
succeed."</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10162-10233 ~ 06/07/60 CIA Cable. “Objections to FRD.” To: Director. From: JMMASH.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Memorandum of a Conversation with President Eisenhower, June 10, 1960.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations of the United
States, 1958-1960, Volume VI: Cuba. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 945.<br />>> Other participants Herter, Persons, Dillon; and Goodpaster who prepared the memo.</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Herter next mentioned that William Pawley has been working with a rightwing group of Cubans,
including former Batista police. [2 sentences (4 lines) not declassified] The President asked Mr. Herter to
call up Mr. Pawley and tell him to get out of this operation, [less than 1 line not declassified].
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA History of Bay of Pigs</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 258</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Hunt, E. Howard, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Give Us This Day (</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Arlington Press, 1973). Pages 23, 77, and 85.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Hunt, E. Howard, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Under-cover: Memoirs of an American Agent </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Berkley Publishing Corporation, 1974). Pages 97.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10119-10317 ~ 8/30/1971 “CIA Profile of Everette Howard Hunt Jr.” To: AC/CB. From: PES. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Hunt’s background check noted that prior to joining the ECA and CIA he had been a writer for publisher Henry
Luce’s Time, Incorporated and then member of the Office of Strategic Services in the Far East.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA History of Bay of Pigs</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 259</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">7/2/1960 Message. To: Director. From: [REDACTED] WH7. Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Pages 233</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">7/01/1960 Cable re Obvious reference to William Pawley of Miami. Subjects : Pawley, W. From [None]. To: [CIA]
Director.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">7/02/1960 Cable – Police investigating activities of Pawley. Subjects: Pawley, William. From [None]. To [CIA]
Director.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 26">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">7/13/1960 Cable Message. To: Director. From [REDACTED], Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Pages
231 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">7/13/1960 Cable “re Cuban contact.” To: [CIA] Director. Subjects: Pawley, W.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">7/14/1960 Cable “Disenchanted Castro helicopter pilot.” To: [CIA] Director. Subjects: Pawley.
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA History of the Bay of Pigs</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 263-265.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA History of the Bay of Pigs. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 263-265.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
NARA 104-10310-10036 ~ 10/14/1966 Memorandum “Subject: Mario Garcia Kohly.”<br />
Kohly died in August 1975.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 157-10007-10302 ~ 7/21/1960 Memorandum for the Record “Minutes of Special Group Meeting, 21 July
1960; Re: Cuba—Sabotage; Includes ‘Gordon Gray: Short Summary.’” Present: Merchant; Irwin; Lansdale; Gray;
Dulles.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Bay of Pigs History</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 102.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10160-10194 ~ “Contact Report of Meeting with QDDALE from Wallace D. Parrlett.” To: Chief </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">QHD (probably a typo of WHD). From Chief of Base, JMASH, Wilma B. Goudeaux.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">34 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">8/4/1960 Cable Message to Director. From [REDACTED]. Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Page 227 of
267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">8/03/1960 Memo “Contact with Pawley.” Subjects: Pawley.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">8/04/1960 Cable “Pawley’s effort to Contact Pepin Rivero. Subjects: Pepin Rivero.” To [CIA] Director.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">11/7/1960 Memorandum. For: Fabio. From Alligator. Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Page 116 of 267.
Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">Media was important to the propaganda function and another paper was mentioned.</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The newspaper </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Contrarevolucion </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">will come out on Friday or Saturday, 4 or 5 November 1960. We will
send you a copy.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The following groups have been united by Dr. Tito—BOAC, MIR, Accion Cubana, and MAR. All of these
groups are in favor of the Doctor Juan A. Rubio Padilla as Provisional President. In addition, the past has
been signed by all except two of the group leaders (MRR and BOAC) who were arrested.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[The above message is from Alligator.]
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10265-10310 ~ 9/15/2009 “QDDALE Notes Contained with Letter Dated 15 September 1960.”
Subjects: Fabio, Alligator</span></p></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Letter to Fabio dated 11 September signed Alligator</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
...[our branches] now extend from Habana...to other important cities in the interior...cattlemen, merchants,
ranchers...who in turn reach soldiers and members of the old army, foreman and employees etc.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10160-10195 ~ </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Memorandum For The Record “Subject: Contact Of Wallace D. Parlett with
QDDALE, at the offices of the latter in Miami, 3 August 1960.”</span></p></div></div>
</div>
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> The same QDDALE note also contains a statement: “...there is an officer of experience who is willing to go to Cuba
at any time to organize within the country a group of men under him...providing he can get the following materials
[a list of weapons].
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">35 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I.T.T. Sees No '60 Loss in Cuban Phone Seizure, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The New York Times</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, August 12, 1960, Business Financial,
Page 23
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">36 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10240-10199 ~ 9/8/1960 Priority Message. To Director. From JMASH
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10061-10115 “List of Names Re Kennedy Assassination Investigation.”<br />>> AMWAIL-1 was Justo Carillo Hernandez, a founding member of the Frente Civico Revolucionario (FRD),
forerunner of the Cuban Revolutionary Council (CRC) which bore the cryptonym AMBUD.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">37 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">104-10260-10104 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">~ 6/15/1961 Cable “Subject: Cable: AMBUD-1 Complaints Against AMOT-2 Come As
Surprise.” To: Bell. From: JMWAVE.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">38 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">David Cannon conversation with Marielena Barker 1983. She asserted at the time that only a female Cuban exile
would be brave enough to kill Castro.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-37071269277456935682009-12-12T14:20:00.009-08:002023-12-27T15:41:28.826-08:0023: Presidents Come and Go; CIA Remains
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<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjx2GZin7wpqzG2xm-mDrP-wDrdSutyjtdAAi09FnpnK5Y-xSLv9W1F-1InTfcpGiAltXj5HX6yjPRHgobU7-bRuzqvaeUvRVnZF-La_mdOUvkTz4u7IGHNEqABjxREQgSQ0VgvXPnuzeg2niBBRTn0mYnnwgqjiLA3BJcfq8Nt3xWblP1sA276YDHVy-M" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1093" data-original-width="822" height="123" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjx2GZin7wpqzG2xm-mDrP-wDrdSutyjtdAAi09FnpnK5Y-xSLv9W1F-1InTfcpGiAltXj5HX6yjPRHgobU7-bRuzqvaeUvRVnZF-La_mdOUvkTz4u7IGHNEqABjxREQgSQ0VgvXPnuzeg2niBBRTn0mYnnwgqjiLA3BJcfq8Nt3xWblP1sA276YDHVy-M=w93-h123" width="93" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">In Pawley’s autobiography, he blames two individuals in the State Department for the success of
Fidel Castro’s revolution. He put the primary blame on William A. Wieland (left photo) “for engineering the
betrayal of Cuba into the Communist orbit.” </span></div><div class="column"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="column"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Wieland’s “immediate superior, Assistant Secretary
of State Roy Rubottom” (right photo) also was to blame. Pawley saw their complicity as being deeply rooted
in ignoring the significance of witnessing “the Red-inspired holocaust in Bogotá featuring Fidel
Castro.” Perhaps, intentionally.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiKrA9OVUaxB1ZCSkGtl7BFH7LwSf5Y32PJmAqvEBLihd9xpj-FbyolI_IxPnduUM_k-AW8ZM_IHA7v99Eue3Ed7R2ikpLIiluq_iK70uwZWqupJmsz3U5WwbMQ-OzwyGf73hHIttgNEI-X0zOpEhSa0AgMmN2r3a15deEd95Akxp59PWDVunisgvIPIx0" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1598" data-original-width="1170" height="155" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiKrA9OVUaxB1ZCSkGtl7BFH7LwSf5Y32PJmAqvEBLihd9xpj-FbyolI_IxPnduUM_k-AW8ZM_IHA7v99Eue3Ed7R2ikpLIiluq_iK70uwZWqupJmsz3U5WwbMQ-OzwyGf73hHIttgNEI-X0zOpEhSa0AgMmN2r3a15deEd95Akxp59PWDVunisgvIPIx0=w114-h155" width="114" /></a></div></span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 16px;">During Castro’s rise in Cuba, Pawley noted “Wieland was in charge of Mexican, Central American and Caribbean affairs under Rubottom” and “did all that was humanly possible to brush aside, ignore, short-circuit or refute warnings by experienced American diplomats that Castro was a Communist and that his movement was infested with Soviet agents.”</span><br /></p><a name='more'></a>
<p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley claimed in his autobiography to have repeatedly told President Eisenhower to
“weed out Wieland before he could bring about further, and possibly irreparable, damage to our
national interests.” However, Ike trusted the judgment of his brother, Dr. Milton Eisenhower, a
university president who was the president’s consultant on Latin American affairs, and “was
protecting his protégés, Rubottom and Wieland.” This infuriated Pawley because Dr. Eisenhower
unapologetically acknowledged that he had never been to Pawley’s beloved Cuba and did not
even speak Spanish.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley also took his concerns directly to Rubottom and Wieland. “After citing the
experience of all three of us at Bogotá, I asked them point blank how they could possibly be so
naive as to question Castro’s credentials as a flat-out Communist, despite the mountains of
evidence that had already been accumulated.” Wieland was unrepentant in his acceptance of </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Castro. “Even after Castro had seized power, Wieland did everything he could to cover up the
Communist stamp on the Cuban regime.”</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgLKoi7GDHpEl2AcqkidwAh_Z0m7_qzD00Nt-9OEO1LraeilfhO5YAkrdaH0X55U4NyXmmCWhIuQYU69pmvFXUzTheRBh0KW3QrnGjQy4M3mPc7RGAyKs33NldZZk8fn3cY2V_1kGr5MEihhR76VqHrPNYkfSG0lBPsGcClOdVxCtFbARa_qieAdoTRiAU" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1598" data-original-width="1170" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgLKoi7GDHpEl2AcqkidwAh_Z0m7_qzD00Nt-9OEO1LraeilfhO5YAkrdaH0X55U4NyXmmCWhIuQYU69pmvFXUzTheRBh0KW3QrnGjQy4M3mPc7RGAyKs33NldZZk8fn3cY2V_1kGr5MEihhR76VqHrPNYkfSG0lBPsGcClOdVxCtFbARa_qieAdoTRiAU=w85-h116" width="85" /></a></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley also described in his autobiography how Ambassador to Mexico Robert C. Hill in
1959, “attempted to brief Dr. Milton Eisenhower, on the Cuban situation during an airplane trip
to Mazatlan.” Also aboard were Colonel B.E. Glawe, air attaché in Mexico and an experienced
intelligence officer, and Raymond Leddy, a former FBI agent in Havana who entered the CIA,
took part in the Arbenz overthrow which he thought could be expedited with Trujillo’s gunmen,
then set up LITEMPO, a network of agents and informants reporting to the CIA’s Mexico City
Station headed by Winston Scott. “Each time Mr. Leddy would say, ‘This is Communist’ or
‘This man is a Communist,’” Wieland would assert it was untrue. Hill told Pawley that he had
been “‘warned by members of the Foreign Service about Mr. Wieland; that he was an
opportunist and a dilettante, and that I should be very careful in my dealings with him.’”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As Chairman of Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, Senator James O. Eastland
repeatedly focused on the communist threat to the United States through the Caribbean. In 1959,
he had questioned Maj. Pedro L. Diaz Lanz (QDBIAS), the Chief of the Cuban Air Force who
defected when he realized that Castro was pro-communist. </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEidf2XhOnQak_oHP42ndJdMSLhflAom6d7TqgEf2l0kqkl43rN68MxlgkzphNiku-M5QT8vIs_h2awUhAajStj_8JOQPUTC4pygkB7CljOmlT3dl49LcAoU3gkRlnRYgWfVIM-yJJztGeelASWyhrXjFxI3kD_2X9Tt5BuuaADImmIUnNUEzmPelgBO9KQ" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1394" data-original-width="1003" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEidf2XhOnQak_oHP42ndJdMSLhflAom6d7TqgEf2l0kqkl43rN68MxlgkzphNiku-M5QT8vIs_h2awUhAajStj_8JOQPUTC4pygkB7CljOmlT3dl49LcAoU3gkRlnRYgWfVIM-yJJztGeelASWyhrXjFxI3kD_2X9Tt5BuuaADImmIUnNUEzmPelgBO9KQ" width="173" /></a></div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The following year, Eastland called
William Pawley (QDDALE) to testify regarding the fall of Cuba and China. Eastland’s chief
counsel, Julien Goode Sourwine, then received approval to release the executive session statements
Pawley made in September 1960 that “the loss of China, constitutes for me what I believe to be
one of the greatest losses and one that in my judgment might be the inevitable cause of World
War III.” Pawley likened the behavior of State Department officials Roy Rubottom and William
Wieland in Cuba to the State Department officials who lost China. Pawley testified that his
mission to get Batista to step aside had failed because Rubottom had refused to allow Pawley to </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">state the plan was backed by President Eisenhower. Pawley also testified that a decade before
Wieland let Cuba fall to Castro, as Ambassador to Brazil, Pawley dismissed Wieland as a press
attaché because Pawley felt Wieland was a leftist.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2</span><p></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In his testimony before Sen. Eastland and J.G. Sourwine, Pawley unburdened himself of two
decades of distrust of Castro and his pent-up frustration at getting others to see the light about the
Cuban Communist revolutionary. He testified that gathering of Latin American diplomats and
other interested parties at the 9</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">International Conference of American States in 1948 was “a
very successful conference in Bogotá” at which General George C. Marshall intended to stay 3
days.” However, they learned that trouble was brewing spawned by “a Cuban there, a very young
man who appeared to us not to be a real threat” yet the Cuban’s group “organized one of the
most astute pieces of skullduggery you can imagine. At one in the afternoon, the Communists
assassinated Colombian Labor Minister Jorge Eliécer Gaitan who “was the most liberal and was
deeply loved all over the country. They told the young man who did the killing that they would
be sitting in an automobile waiting to pick him up armed with machineguns in case somebody
attacked him. But the minute he did the killing they machine gunned him and left him there and
they got away.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley continued that he “believed it to be the Fidel Castro group. I cannot testify—I am
under oath—that I know that positively.” But as he and U.S. Ambassador to Venezuela Walter
Donnelly “started down to the headquarters in our car and on the radio I heard a voice say: ‘This
is Fidel Castro from Cuba. This is a Communist revolution. The President has been killed, all of
the military establishments in Colombia are now in our hands. The Navy has capitulated to us,
and this revolution has been a success.’ Nothing more clear than that.” Most of this was
revolutionary propaganda. “Eighty percent of the broadcast was false, we later found out; but it </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">was a very bad revolution, 2,500 people lost their lives. The city was gutted by fire, our
delegation of 80 were trapped in 2 buildings ... had it not been at that high altitude, where there
is a lack of oxygen, that building would have been destroyed and there would have been no
escape for our American delegation.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 4"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">When another member of the Senate Subcommittee exploring the Internal Security threat
of communism in the Caribbean, Senator Kenneth B. Keating, asked if Pawley actually saw
Castro, Pawley responded negatively. “No; but Guillermo [William] Belt, Cuba’s Ambassador to
Washington ... secured safe passage for his (Castro’s) return to Cuba. Ambassador Belt has told
me many times that he did it and he is now sorry. He told me this again late as a week ago in my
office in Miami.” According to Belt, Castro’s group “were trying to destroy the Organization of
American States.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley noted that while the OAS survived “there are large pockets of Communists in
Colombia today that the Government cannot deal with.” Pawley felt that this was a continuation
of the threat that had already hit in another beloved area of the world, China, where he had built
three aircraft factories between 1932 and 1944. Pawley stated “the loss of China, constitutes for
me what I believe to be one of our greatest losses and one that in my judgment might be the
inevitable cause of world war III.” (In 2023, his prescient words resonated with new gravity as
China and the U.S. postured over the future of Taiwan where the Nationalists had fled after
World War II. Ironically, WW-II enemies, Germany and Japan, were U.S. allies.)</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley testified that he “knew all of the leaders on the Nationalist side and I had met
many of the leaders on the Communist side. I met Mao Tse-tung and Chou En-lai and, as I was
president of an aviation company, I traveled all over the country and provided 90 percent of the
aircraft used by the Nationalist Government in its fight against the Communist regime prior to
</span></p>
</div>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">the Japanese war, and I continued in that capacity during the period in which the Japanese were
in China.” Pawley “had a tremendous feeling regarding the Communist threat to us and to the
world. I even felt at that time that it might even be a greater threat than Germany and Japan.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley gave validity to his own opinion by declaring “George Marshall stated at lunch
one day in the presence of several friends of my wife, he said, ‘Bill, the great problem with you,
you were right 5 to 8 years too soon.’” He also noted that he had shared his Far East expertise
with President Truman. “I had six definite discussions with Mr. Truman between 1945 and 6,
months before Korea. I said to the President that I thought that if we did not provide, as the
Communists were doing, a strong Nationalist force to defend their freedom that China would be
lost to communism, and if it were lost all of Asia would go.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley laid the blame on those he encountered while in business “in Chungking—and
prior to that even, in Hangchow when the headquarters were there—I found young men working
for the American Government in the Department of State whose views I did not agree with. They
thought, and were so telling our Ambassador and also Stilwell, that the Communist movement
was an agrarian reform movement of such great benefit to China—that Chiang [Kai-shek] was
too dictatorial and that we should aline [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">] ourselves with this agrarian reform group.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Senator Keating then engaged Pawley, who had moved his aircraft manufacturing to
Bangalore, India, in also implicating State Department representatives in that country at General
Stilwell’s headquarters. “Were you aware of the fact that the State Department representatives in
Stilwell’s headquarters in New Delhi were informing the military there of the same thing which
you said the young men were informing them in China?” Pawley responded that he was unaware
of that but pointed his finger at “John Davies, Jr., John Service” and stated that “John Carter </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Vincent was here in Washington as an Assistant Secretary of State and he formed part of the
clique that believed and worked on this theory.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Asserting that President Truman “and I were very close friends” Pawley claimed his
discussions over the communist threat “never got anywhere because as the years went by he
would tell me that Dean Acheson was better informed on these matters than I was, that he had
the advantage of ONI [Office of Naval Intelligence], and G-2 [military intelligence], and State
information and that I had been out of touch with it for some time and that I was wrong.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Six months before the Korean conflict, Pawley told Truman, “I will never approach you
again; I have been out to see George Marshall and he agrees with what I am going to say to you.
I think if we do not take a strong hand now and support with tremendous effort the Nationalist
movement in China in which the Chinese will fight for their own freedom and own
independence, China will be lost and you will have a war on your hands in Burma, Indochina, or
Korea within 1 year and you will either commit America or you will lose Asia, and to me that is
the greatest error of judgment in the world would be for an American to fire a shot at a Chinese.
That to me would be one of the most terrible catastrophes that could befall this country.’”
Pawley told Truman that within China “‘are millions of people who are willing to fight for their
own freedom—who don’t have enough to eat—and who can be recruited’” to stop the expansion
of communism throughout the hemisphere.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The FBI quickly learned of Pawley’s testimony, and its content became a focus within
the Bureau. S.B. Donahoe wrote a memorandum circulated to Director J. Edgar Hoover’s
longtime assistant Alan H. Belmont, Cartha D. “Deke” DeLoach, and William C. Sullivan “to
analyze the testimony of William D. Pawley” which stated he “furnished no significant pertinent
data regarding current threat not already known to Bureau.” The memo detailed Pawley’s </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">comments about three suspected communists: Latin American labor leader George
Michanowsky, United Nations employee Gustav Duran and Venezuelan President Romulo
Betancourt, “one of the most dangerous men in this hemisphere” who could transform his
country into a Cuba within three years unless the United States does something.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 7"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgIsUY2hBA69oT1unpq5TVqBUK1v7i_VRzhOhZB7lcs6VmF6-6egfGAMR3R2_kWuhMQAqzUYjnYlr3a6g9v6dxEM1ym-6vJeXp9JKVwqN8cWSr1hEQX72Jb9mbSJL9MktEbjqOqrKli7zee-5tYZdcpzpg356fUDOXZWkRIWVole58HAAZxTjxetzuzQAQ" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1303" data-original-width="1025" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgIsUY2hBA69oT1unpq5TVqBUK1v7i_VRzhOhZB7lcs6VmF6-6egfGAMR3R2_kWuhMQAqzUYjnYlr3a6g9v6dxEM1ym-6vJeXp9JKVwqN8cWSr1hEQX72Jb9mbSJL9MktEbjqOqrKli7zee-5tYZdcpzpg356fUDOXZWkRIWVole58HAAZxTjxetzuzQAQ" width="189" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The FBI memo noted that “Pawley stated [Spruille] Braden today is making a terrific
anticommunist fight in New York through various organizations with which he is connected and
Pawley commented that he never regarded Braden as a communist.” William A. Wieland on the
other hand was labeled by Pawley as “not particularly useful to the United States and he advised
the Eisenhower Administration that he has great misgivings regarding continuance of Wieland in
a critical post. However, he stated he has no reason to believe Wieland is a communist.”
</span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Regarding Fidel Castro, “Pawley commented that the minute Castro came to power the
U.S. Department of Justice sent 250 Special Agents to Miami, Florida, and they are there today
‘to prevent anyone from hurting our friend Castro.’ (He apparently was referring to INS
implementing its force in Florida to try to control and prevent unauthorized flights over Cuba.)”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">When Pawley’s executive session testimony was finally released in February of 1961, he
told a reporter that his plan to get Batista to step aside so Castro could be neutralized was
thwarted by Roy D. Rubottom, “then Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs,
[who] refused to let him tell Batista that the U.S. would back up the deal.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley would later harshly characterize the apologists for Castro and point to one in
particular. In his manuscript of </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, he swung with both fists. “The real facts had
been shrouded in the foggy thinking of ultra-liberals, cotton-headed Utopians and radicals, not to
mention covert Communists, all continuing to place Castro in the role of a visionary and
champion of the common man.”
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s disdain became clear. “One of the most influential voices in this chorus was
that of then Senator John F. Kennedy” who had written in </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The Strategy of Peace </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">that “Castro is
part of the legacy of Bolivar.” Pawley seethed, claiming that JFK believed Castro’s triumphant
rise was due to Ike’s ignoring “the brutal, bloody, and despotic dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista”
and failure to give “the fiery young rebel a warmer welcome in his hour of triumph.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley did
not like Batista but hated Castro even more.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Months before Pawley’s testimony was made public, Senators James O. Eastland of
Mississippi and Thomas J. Dodd of Connecticut held a press conference on September 11, 1960,
regarding the testimony of the two recent U.S. Ambassadors to Cuba, Earl E.T. Smith and Arthur
Gardner. The Senators asserted that foreign policy was being created by those in State who
simply place memos in the Ambassador’s desk’s in-basket. As a result, “Cuba was handed to
Castro and the Communists by a combination of Americans in the same way that China was
handed to the Communists.” When pressed by Eastland to name names, Ambassador Smith
identified Pawley’s thorns, William Wieland and Roy Rubottom, as two of the individuals who
slanted things in favor of Castro. Both Wieland and Rubottom had witnessed the Bogotázo in
Colombia, but never bothered to make the connection to Castro.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley also expressed in his testimony that he felt that William Wieland had shaped the
U.S. policy of cutting diplomatic relations with the Dominican Republic’s dictator Generalissimo
Rafael Trujillo without realizing a communist uprising might follow in the country where
Pawley had pursued business opportunities since 1916 including partnerships with Trujillo. In
his Senate Subcommittee testimony, Pawley questioned how the U.S. could “condemn Trujillo”
but support Yugoslavia’s communist dictator Marshall Tito. He also pointed out Truman’s “all
out” effort to discredit Spain’s fascist dictator Generalissimo Francisco Franco which was offset </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">by Pawley himself successfully negotiating the installation of U.S. Air Force bases in Spain at
the behest of General George C. Marshall.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Shortly after Pawley’s testimony, all U.S. banks in Cuba were seized including First
National City Bank of New York (later Citigroup), First National Bank of Boston, and Chase
Manhattan Bank (later JP Morgan Chase). The next day, September 18, 1960, Fidel Castro came
to New York City to address the United Nations General Assembly. The following month the
Eisenhower Administration imposed a partial embargo on Cuba.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On September 30, a CIA contact report was written by the Western Hemisphere Division
chief involved in covert activities, C/WH/4/PA Gerard Droller (CIA pseudonyms Frank Bender
and Wallace A. Parlett), regarding a telephone conversation about a meeting the previous day in
William Pawley’s office with Fabio Freyre and Rubio Padilla who “were ready to join the FRD”
(</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Frente Revolutionario Democratico). </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Their decision brought about “many hours of debate” in
the Executive Committee. It was finally decided that Ricardo Rafael Sardinas Sanchez (aka
Rafael Sardina Sanchez; CIA cryptonym AMLOON-1) of the Cuban Association of (Sugar)
Cane Growers “would become the official representative of the Rubio complex” which includes
“Movemiento Institucional Democratico (Sardina); Bloque y Organizacion Anti-Communista de
Cuba (Cuervo Rubio); Movemiento Recuperadora de Cuba (Maceo); and Comite de Liberacion
de Cuba (Rubio Padilla).”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The contact report from Droller/Bender continued. “Mr. Pawley opened the meeting by
making the statement informing the participants that he and “Jake” [Esterline], he and Bender,
“Jake” and Bender, had discussed how best to serve the Cuban cause and that he hoped we were
able to work out an agreement. With this, Mr. Pawley left to attend a meeting with the Union, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">which was about to strike, and for a meeting with the Republican Campaign Committee. (Mr.
Pawley was most harassed that day.)”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">After much discussion about the number of votes each group would have on the
Executive Committee, Droller wrote about “the utilization of the Rubio group’s alleged
paramilitary assets in Cuba. I stated that if these assets were viable, one should use them at the
earliest possible date without any reference to the Frente. Eventually, “I suggested that my
military advisor, Jim Smith, should get in touch with Freyre and begin the necessary planning.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A government study of this period later described that the purpose of “</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The so-called
‘Bender Group’, composed of project political action officers, was set up as a notional
organization of American businessmen to provide cover for dealing with the Cubans. After a
series of meetings in New York and Miami a nominally unified Frente Revolutionario
Democratico (FRD), composed of several Cuban factions, was agreed upon on 11 May 1960.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The CIA’s cryptonym for the FRD was AMCIGAR, an obvious reference to combatting
Castro. Similarly, Pawley’s QDDALE may be a truncation of Domestic Ambassador Latin
Expert. (Following a security breach, AMCIGAR was changed in November 1960 to
AMPORT.)
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">According to Jefferson Morley, who wrote an excellent biography of Winston Scott, the
Chief of the CIA’s Mexico City Station from 1956 to 1969, AMCIGAR reluctantly shifted its
base of anti-Castro operations from Miami to Mexico City in the summer of 1960 where it
coordinated with the E. Howard Hunt (aka Walter C. Twicker aka Eduardo) and David Atlee
Phillips (aka Michael M. Choaden). The AMCIGAR Cubans soon were at odds with local
Mexican authorities and having security breaches. An “outrageous faux pas occurred when
Cuban leader Tony de Varona visited Ray Leddy at the embassy and openly talked about his CIA </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">connections.” Hunt and the FRD’s anti-Castro Cubans soon returned to Miami</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">while Winston
Scott’s attention soon turned to an affair with the wife of his longtime friend, Leddy.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A little over two weeks later, Pawley and Senator George Smathers met with Jose
Benitez, who then recapped the meeting in a letter to Pawley and urged Pawley to get in touch
with 37-yeqr-old Captain Eladio Del Valle Gutierrez of Collins Avenue in Miami Beach. Benitez
went on to write that former Cuban Congressman “Captain Del Valle has 150 men—armed—
who are ready to go last week and will go as soon as Del Valle so directs” and that his “Officers
are going to establish contact immediately with 1,500 people prepared by Captain Del Valle in
one of the Provinces.” Del Valle “also has contact with the organization called El-Mar”
comprised of “ex-members of the military class of Cuba.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Seven years later Del Valle was
brutally tortured and murdered, his head split open with an axe and shot point blank in the
heart.)</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Another meeting being held October 17</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">brought E. Howard Hunt into Miami, Pawley’s
territory where the JMASH section of JMNET was located. Droller/Bender/Parlett and
Hunt/Twicker met at Hunt’s apartment with AMWAIL “in order to clear up a number of reports
which had come to our attention to the effect that AMWAIL was playing footsie with the
AMBANG (Manuel Ray Rivero’s MRP—Revolutionary Movement of People) group: the
channel to the AMBANG group would be AMCHIRP-1 (MRP’s Ramon Barquin Lopez) and
Miro Cardona.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Droller/Bender/Parlett further reported “Twicker and I made it quite clear to AMWAIL
that the formation of still another group here in the U.S. would be useless. If there was ever any
interaction of this group to obtain support from Parlett or any other American source, such
support would not be forthcoming. The vehicle for any support was AMRASP [FRD].” The </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">conclusion of the contact report shows the frustration Droller and Hunt had with the various anti-
Castro Cubans that were jockeying for leadership. After AMWAIL said “he would play the role
of a honest broker,” Droller/Bender/Parlett wrote “With such honesty, who needs crooks?”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18
</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">(AMWAIL was </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #383838; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Agrupacion Montecristi; </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">AMWAIL-1 its leader </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #383838; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Justo Carrillo Hernandez.)</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">At the same time, Zamka (David Sanchez Morales) and AMWAIL-3 (</span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Jose Joaquin
Sanjenis Perdomo) were having discussions about intelligence and information that may have
been part of the discussions that led to formation of AMOT.</span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">After Droller/Bender met with Manuel Artime at Hunt’s apartment on October 26, 1960,
he vented more frustrations. “Artime was giving Twicker a hard time. Artime wants to return to
Cuba; and has become disgruntled with the Americans.” Hunt and Bender “played all registers
and tried to convince Artime to be a good boy, Artime wanted none of it.” The CIA men “were
faced with the decision to let an otherwise very useful, pro-American and promising asset go
sour or to reconsider the situation.” They “concluded that we only had to gain by Artime’s
return” to his homeland.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As previously mentioned, Artime and Hunt were extremely close
friends.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Twicker’s apartment the day before was the scene of a meeting with AMHAWK, Manuel
Antonio (Tony) de Varona, a leader in the Cuban Revolutionary Council and other anti-Castro
exile groups. Droller wanted Varona to issue a statement “that he did not consider himself as the
future President of Cuba nor was the FRD to be considered the future Government of that
country.” Varona dictated a statement to that effect to Twicker. Varona also stated he “does not
like his current public relations consultant in New York, Lem Jones; Varona will discharge
Jones.” Apparently, the exiles were believing they could call the shots, because the document </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">also notes that “Sanchez Arango is making the rounds in Miami showing that he has enough
influence to remove Bender [the CIA’s Droller] from the scene.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Between October 20th and 25th, a number of memorandums were sent regarding the need
to repair the recording devices in Pawley’s office. A verbal agreement eventually confirmed
assigning two agents to repair the monitoring equipment.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">An October 27, 1960 a memo was added to Pawley’s 201 File from B.E. Reichardt. It
includes a reference to Sardina needing a “letter of employment with Mackle Air Lines” which
was run by Antonio Maceo Mackle, a prominent Cuban exile and the execution by firing squad
of four Americans.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23
</span></p>
</div>
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On November 2, 1960, a CIA dispatch was sent to Chief of Base, JMASH from Chief,
WH Division, regarding Eladio del Valle Gutierrez’s support by Benitez. CIA headquarters had
received from Pawley a copy of Benitez’s letter “along with several unrelated papers, without
comment from QDDALE or request for information.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">The Agency was “especially interested
in further information on this group because of the political implications involved in
possible support of Del Valle by QDDALE and the ‘distinguished mutual friend’ of
QDDALE.” A veiled reference to Pawley’s closeness to CIA Director Allen Dulles</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">.
Moreover, CIA Headquarters wanted an evaluation by ODENVY (the FBI) “of FAYCA [Fuersas
Armadas y Civiles Anti-Communistas, which del Valle led] and additional information on its
leaders, including the identity of Luis Fajardo.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Bold added by D.P. Cannon.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The slow progress of the Eisenhower Administration to overthrow Castro was a point that
John F. Kennedy used effectively in his “fourth television debate with Richard Nixon.” During
the debate “he had sharply blamed the Eisenhower Administration for permitting communism to
seize a base there, ‘only ninety miles off the coast of the U.S.’”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25
</span></p>
</div>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Five days before U.S. presidential election day, a meeting was held at which “Livingston
Merchant of the Department of State raised the question of whether plans were being made to
assassinate Fidel Castro, Raul Castro, and Che Guevara—at which point General Cabell, the
Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, pointed out that such activities as
assassination were extremely difficult to manage and that the CIA had no capability for such
operation.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Following John F. Kennedy’s slim—118,000 vote—victory over Richard M. Nixon,
Deputy Director Plans Richard Bissell expressed there was urgency to get “all done that could be
done.” To that end “the Director would make Mr. Barnes available to work closely with a State
Department officer to be designated. It was also felt desirable to use Mr. Pawley’s services,
initially in connection with [REDACTED] assistance.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The CIA historian wrote that “points of view attributed to the President [Eisenhower] at
this time by Mr. Bissell reflect very closely the position of William D. Pawley who had met with
the President immediately prior to the President’s session with State, DOD, and the Agency’s
representatives.” Livingston Merchant “had a long session with Mr. Pawley on the day prior to
Pawley’s meeting with President Eisenhower” and learned that Pawley would recommend that
Ike “should appoint a single experienced individual (he said he was personally qualified and
would be available for the job if asked) to conduct the entire covert operation. In this connection,
he cited the role which he had played in the Guatemala case.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley asserted that the U.S. “should recruit several thousand good young Cubans in
Florida and give them basic training. This could be done in five or six weeks, rather than months,
according to him.” Pawley opposed overt intervention by U.S. armed forces. “The essence of his
plan would be to land in Cuba, presumably in the next month or two, a force of 600 trained </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">Cubans, following up this landing with additional Cuban elements and then installing a
government in the bridgehead which would call on us for financial and logistical support.”
Pawley gave Merchant the names of people who should be in the new Cuban government “who
he said are politically unblemished in Cuba, neither pinks nor reactionary rightists.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 15"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A footnote stated “that discussions within the Agency and within the Special Group had
only recently arrived at the figure of 600 men” leading people to “speculate on the source of
Pawley’s information. Jake Esterline has tended to denigrate the role played by Pawley during
the course of the Bay of Pigs operation; but, nonetheless, throughout the course of the operation
Jake was charged with maintaining close liaison with Pawley.” In retrospect, the agency
historian found that “JMATE records indicate not only numerous face-to-face meetings between
Pawley and Esterline during the course of the operation, but also reflect an amazing number of
telephone conversations between the two during the life of the operation. In terms of operational
plan per se, Esterline appeared to be most cagy in handling this subject during the discussions
with Pawley. The recorded conversations focus on the potential leadership for the FRD—with
Pawley’s ‘best’ leadership choices usually being far to the right.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">President Eisenhower met with “</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Secretary Anderson, Secretary Gates, Secretary Dillon,
Secretary Merchant, Secretary Douglas, General Lemnitzer, Mr. Allen Dulles, Mr. Richard
Bissell, General Persons, General Goodpaster and Gordon Gray” who wrote a recap of the
meeting which focused on Cuba and what Pawley told Ike earlier that day</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'Cambria'; font-size: 12pt;">.” The President said
that as everyone knew Mr. Pawley had had substantial interests in Central and South America
over many years and was knowledgeable about the area. He said that Mr. Pawley had told him
that he had divested himself of all his investments in the area and therefore had no financial
interests which could benefit from his activities. He acknowledged that Mr. Pawley was a zealot </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt;">but at the same time said that in the many years he had known Mr. Pawley he had not found
him wrong in the various predictions and reports which Mr. Pawley had made to him.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'Cambria'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley voiced four concerns. Training needed to be faster than what occurred during
PBFORTUNE and four times as many troops—“at least 2,000”—needed to be trained. Second
“there had been success in getting rid of one of the Communists in the FRD there is still another
remaining. Mr. Pawley however thinks Varona is a good citizen” but “he has a poor opinion of
some of the other members of the FRD and repeated that he thought one was worse than Castro.” Third, Pawley was disturbed about talk that training may be moved “out of
Guatemala to Okinawa” and Eisenhower “agreed on the ground that nothing could be kept
secret in Okinawa.” Fourth, Pawley wanted a strong, dedicated Executive put in charge of
eliminating communism from Cuba “and the President suspected Mr. Pawley himself would like
this responsibility.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Eisenhower conceded that Pawley may be right and “there needed to be some one
individual who would have the situation always at his finger tips and also could take an active
part in talking with members of the FRD and perhaps with other governments.” </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'Cambria'; font-size: 12pt;">The President
“said that it was strange that he used to think of Betancourt as a leftist and now he was
beginning to look like a rightist in relation to the pro-Castro, pro-Communist attacks against
him. Also, it was clear that Castro influences had been involved in the El Salvador situation. The
President wondered whether the situation did not have the appearance of beginning to get out
of hand.” Ike “then quoted Mr. Pawley as saying that the young member of the FRD who went
around to talk to various governments found that some, [</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'Cambria'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">less than 1 line not declassified</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'Cambria'; font-size: 12pt;">] said
that they would put money, men and equipment into the effort on a clandestine basis, whereas
open activity of this sort through the OAS would not be possible.”
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">After questioning whether the U.S. was being “sufficiently imaginative and bold” and
effective, President Eisenhower focused on his concerns about transferring the reins of
government to the new JFK administration “in the midst of a developing emergency.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">CIA Director “Dulles responded that he did not always agree with Mr. Pawley”
especially on Pawley’s reliance on rightist groups. “Mr. Dulles pointed out that there had been at
one time or another 184 different groups [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">3 lines not declassified</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">]. The President asked how we
might bring them all together and Mr. Dulles responded that this was impossible. The President
then observed that he did not think we should be financing those we cannot get to work in
harness. Mr. Dulles said we would find it necessary to continue to finance some [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">less than 1 line
not declassified</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">] notwithstanding.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Director Dulles stated that there was a need to “stiffen the government of Guatemala”
because the training there of “some 500 guerilla trainees” and “a separate air force group” was
going well. He added “the operation was no longer secret but it was known all over Latin
America and has been discussed in U.N. circles.” Eisenhower expressed that “even if the
operation were known, the main thing was not to let the U.S. hand show.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Cambria'; font-size: 12pt;">Under Secretary of State C. Douglas “Dillon then said that the State Department had
begun to think along the same lines as Mr. Pawley, with respect to the number of men needed
and that State felt perhaps we should have two or three thousand.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">President Eisenhower, who was to meet with President-elect Kennedy on December 6</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">,
expressed that he was aware that Kennedy had already been briefed by Dulles in Palm Beach in
late November “on the covert planning.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">It was postulated that if Cuba was near bankruptcy, the Soviet Union might cut aid,
which would help get those in the country to help overthrow Castro. It was suggested that if
rumors of “an epidemic of hoof and mouth disease” were true, the U.S. would have to question </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">imports of beef from Cuba. “Mr. Dillon pointed out that we had done nothing about imports from
Cuba except sugar.” Eisenhower then refocused the group on the need for “an individual
executive to pull the whole Cuban situation together who would know precisely at all times what
State, CIA and military were doing” and “again wondered whether Mr. Pawley would be suitable
for this undertaking.” (</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">One paragraph of Gordon Gray’s minutes of the meeting still
classified.)</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Despite throwing his support behind Nixon, Pawley nonetheless felt that his efforts to
organize the exiles for the fight against communism would be appreciated by the new President.
Throughout the transition period to the new administration, upper levels of the intelligence
community, including CIA Director Allen Dulles, Counterintelligence Chief James Jesus
Angleton, Western Hemisphere Chief J.C. King and Jacob Esterline were in constant
communications with Pawley or commenting on his contacts in Cuba and their various plots to
overthrow Castro.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Bay of Pigs History </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">notes that if Nixon had been elected President in 1960,
Cuba may have been different in the decades that followed. “Indicative of the more forceful role
that Nixon would have had the U.S. play was the comment that he reportedly made to William
Pawley several weeks before the 1960 election, when Nixon indicated that he favored breaking
relations with Cuba—at that time—recognizing a Government-in-exile, and then assisting that
Government in its efforts to oust Castro.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">With Kennedy’s victory, Pawley seems to have realized his opportunity to take on a State
Department position overseeing the Western Hemisphere was lost and the needs of JMWAVE in
Miami were growing; he decided to sell Belvoir House, his Virginia estate, and permanently
move back to Sunset Island. His home sale was newsworthy enough to be reported on December
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">1, 1960, by </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">For the Pawleys, Belvoir had been more than a parttime
home; it was a tool to build stronger relationships with the Eisenhowers, Marshalls and other
Washington movers and shakers who enjoyed relaxing, hunting and fishing on the beautiful
historic Lord Fairfax property, surrounded by a picturesque boxwood garden, rare books, art and
gifts from Madam Chiang Kai-shek. Much of it was left behind by the Pawleys when they sold
Belvoir to </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">E. Delong Bowman, who had a monopoly on bourbon whiskey-making in Virginia.
Originally, A. Smith Bowman Distillery was located on property that became Reston, Virginia,
and was purchased by Sazerac in 2003.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Like Pawley, who had raised $100,000 for Nixon’s campaign, Henry Luce was
disappointed in the outcome of the 1960 presidential election. A decade later it was revealed that
Luce, “the publisher of </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Life </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">and </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Fortune </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">directed his magazines to back Richard Nixon in
his campaign for presidency” despite having written in 1940 that if “John Kennedy is
characteristic of the younger generation—and I believe he is—many of us would be happy to
have the destinies of this republic handed over to his generation at once.” Luce felt so good about
the future of the U.S. back then that he touted the twentieth century as the “American Century.”
Not only had Luce penned the introduction to the young Kennedy’s book, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Why England Slept,
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">but like Brutus as part of Caesar’s inner circle, he invited Joseph Kennedy to watch JFK’s
acceptance speech on TV at the Luce home, and then Henry and his wife, Clare Booth Luce,
attended the inaugural ball and “sat in Joseph Kennedy’s box.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">During the Kennedy administration, Clare would become a sharp vocal critic of the JFK’s
Cuban policy joining the growing anti-Castro, anti-JFK choir led by Pawley who must have
seethed when the “foggy thinking” liberal President asked Roy Rubottom to remain Ambassador
to Argentina.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: x-small;">FOOTNOTES:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Chapter 19.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Jefferson Morley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Our Man in Mexico: Winston Scott and the Hidden History of the CIA</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, (Lawrence, Kansas: </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">University Press of Kansas, 2008). Page 247.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> While Raymond Leddy feared communists, he trusted the conservative CIA Station Chief in Mexico City, Winston
Scott, a man who ran off with Leddy’s wife, Janet.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Nathaniel Weyl, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Red Star Over Cuba: The Russian Assault on the Western Hemisphere </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(New York: The Devin-
Adair Company, 1960). Page160.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Executive session testimony of William D. Pawley September 2 and 8, 1960—Senate Internal Security
Subcommittee on Communist Threat to the United States Through the Caribbean.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Hearings Before the
Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws.
Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-Sixth Congress. Report (December 20, 1960). </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Part 10.
Pages 726-738.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“</span><span color="rgb(25.098040%, 25.098040%, 25.098040%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">China confirms warnings to U.S. on Pelosi's possible Taiwan visit,” Reuters, Beijing, July 25, 2022.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span color="rgb(25.098040%, 25.098040%, 25.098040%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">When asked what kind of response China was "seriously prepared for" and if it would be a military or a
diplomatic response [Beijing spokesman] Zhao [Lijian] said: "If the U.S. side is bent on going its own way,
China will take strong measures to resolutely respond and counteract."
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Executive session testimony of William D. Pawley September 2 and 8, 1960—Senate Internal Security
Subcommittee on Communist Threat to the United States Through the Caribbean.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Hearings Before the
Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws.
Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-Sixth Congress. Report (December 20, 1960). </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Part 10.
Pages 722-726.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">September 8, 1960. FBI Memorandum “Subject: Testimony Senate Internal Security Subcommittee ‘Communist
Threat to the United States Through the Caribbean.’” From: C.D. DeLoach. To: Belmont.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Executive session testimony of William D. Pawley September 2 and 8, 1960—Senate Internal Security
Subcommittee on Communist Threat to the United States Through the Caribbean.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Hearings Before the
Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws.
Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-Sixth Congress. Report (December 20, 1960). </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Part 10.
Pages 722-726.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[Page 722] Mr. S</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">OURWINE</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. You mentioned something about your activity in China? Didn’t you also have a
part in organizing the Flying Tigers?
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. P</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">AWLEY</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Yes I did organize the Flying Tigers ... but Claire Chennault, whom I employed at the
Chinese request, got credit for it and as I did not do that for credit, I employed all the men that were
involved in that, and I owned the company that was used for the purpose, I was the only stockholder and
president of the company and Mr. Roosevelt thought that media was a good one to use because the
employment of pilots and mechanics had to be done under cover, and I provided the cover.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[Pages 724-726:] Mr. P</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">AWLEY </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... I had a press conference and I spoke of the Pan American Bank and the
great need for one. Jack [John J.] McCloy wanted to resign as World Bank President because he felt
strongly there was no need for such a bank. Bill Martin was quite provoked and said I was upsetting the
banking arrangements that already existed. Fortunately the Congress in the last year or so has created the
Pan American Bank that was discussed in 1948. So, out of that, much good came.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">McCloy agreed to go to Latin America ... prior to the Bogotá conference. He agreed to process one or
more loans to one of the Latin American countries and Bill Martin agreed to go to Congress for us ... funds
then in Bill Martin’s bank (Export-Import Bank) were earmarked for European lending ... that was the
beginning of the Marshall plan ...
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">We had a very successful conference in Bogotá but, as I also said, Marshall intended to stay 3 days. We had
information that there would be trouble ... a Cuban there, a very young man who appeared to us not to be a
real threat.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">But they organized one of the most astute pieces of skullduggery you can imagine. The Communists killed
Gaitan at 1 o’clock in the afternoon—he was the most liberal and was deeply loved all over the country.
They told the young man who did the killing that they would be sitting in an automobile waiting to pick
him up armed with machineguns in case somebody attacked him. But the minute he did the killing they
machine gunned him and left him there and they got away.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... Senator M</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">C</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">C</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">LELLAN</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Do you know who they were?
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. P</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">AWLEY</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. We believed it to be the Fidel Castro group. I cannot testify—I am under oath—that I know
that positively ... Walter [Donnelly] and I started down to the headquarters in our car and on the radio I
heard a voice say: “This is Fidel Castro from Cuba. This is a Communist revolution. The President has
been killed, all of the military establishments in Colombia are now in our hands. The Navy has capitulated
to us, and this revolution has been a success.” Nothing more clear than that.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Senator K</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">EATING</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. That’s right ... did you actually see Castro at that time?
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. P</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">AWLEY</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. No; but Guillermo [William] Belt, Cuba’s Ambassador to Washington ... secured safe
passage for his (Castro’s) return to Cuba. Ambassador Belt has told me many times that he did it and he is
now sorry. He told me this again late as a week ago in my office in Miami ... he has many friends here and
he comes here frequently ... they [Castro’s group] were trying to destroy the Organization of American
States.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Senator K</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">EATING</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Did they, in fact assassinate the President?
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. P</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">AWLEY</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. No; no ... Eighty percent of the broadcast was false, we later found out; but it was a very bad
revolution, 2,500 people lost their lives. The city was gutted by fire, our delegation of 80 were trapped in 2
buildings ... had it not been at that high altitude, where there is a lack of oxygen, that building would have
been destroyed and there would have been no escape for our American delegation.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Senator H</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">RUSKA</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Was this the beginning of the civil hostilities which then lasted several years in
Colombia?
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. P</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">AWLEY</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Yes ... and there are large pockets of Communists in Colombia today that the Government
cannot deal with ... all over Colombia actually in which the Communists are in control.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. S</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">OURWINE</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Sir, during your service in the diplomatic service of the United States, have you ever had
occasion, other than the one you have already described, to come up against Communist infiltration?
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. P</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">AWLEY</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. ... the loss of China, constitutes for me what I believe to be one of our greatest losses and one
that in my judgment might be the inevitable cause of world war III ... I had spent from 1932 until 1944 in
and out of China. I had been in business there for many years and I had built three aircraft factories ... I
knew all of the leaders on the Nationalist side and I had met many of the leaders on the Communist side. I
met Mao Tse-tung and Chou En-lai and, as I was president of an aviation company, I traveled all over the
country and provided 90 percent of the aircraft used by the Nationalist Government in its fight against the
Communist regime prior to the Japanese war, and I continued in that capacity during the period in which
the Japanese were in China.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Therefore, I had a tremendous feeling regarding the Communist threat to us and to the world. I even felt at
that time that it might even be a greater threat than Germany and Japan.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">George Marshall stated at lunch one day in the presence of several friends of my wife, he said, “Bill, the
great problem with you, you were right 5 to 8 years too soon.”
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... when I was invited by Mr. Truman to participate in his Government, which I was most happy to do, I
said to him, “You are sending me to South America, Mr. President, but I would like to give you the
advantage of many years’ experience in the Far East. I think I am somewhat of an expert on this and would
like to talk to you about it sometime,” and he said, “Yes.”
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I had six definite discussions with Mr. Truman between 1945 and 6 months before Korea. I said to the
President that I thought that if we did not provide, as the Communists were doing, a strong Nationalist
force to defend their freedom that China would be lost to communism, and if it were lost all of Asia would
go ...
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Now, while I was in Chungking—and prior to that even, in Hangchow when the headquarters were there—
I found young men working for the American Government in the Department of State whose views I did
not agree with. They thought, and were so telling our Ambassador and also Stilwell, that the Communist
movement was an agrarian reform movement of such great benefit to China—that Chiang [Kai-shek] was
too dictatorial and that we should aline [</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">sic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">] ourselves with this agrarian reform group.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Senator K</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">EATING</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Did you know the representative of the State Department in New Delhi at the time there
in Stilwell’s headquarters?
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. P</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">AWLEY</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. I was in New Delhi quite a lot, any number of generals came in and out of there because I had
an aircraft factory at Bangalore and I dealt with all of them.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Senator K</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">EATING</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Were you aware of the fact that the State Department representatives in Stilwell’s
headquarters in New Delhi were informing the military there of the same thing which you said the young
men were informing them in China?
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. P</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">AWLEY</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. No I did not know that.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. S</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">OURWINE</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Do you have particular individuals in mind, Mr. Pawley, who were saying these things,
initiating these reports.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. P</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">AWLEY</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. The men that I recall would be John Davies, Jr. John Service, one or two others.
Senator K</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">EATING</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Davies was in New Delhi at one time. John Carter Vincent?
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. P</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt;">AWLEY</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. John Carter Vincent was here in Washington as an Assistant Secretary of State and he formed
part of the clique that believed and worked on this theory.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">So my talks with President Truman—and he and I were very close friends—were most satisfactory except
that he felt that the things I was advocating were premature in the first instance ... I never got anywhere
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">because as the years went by he would tell me that Dean Acheson was better informed on these matters
than I was, that he had the advantage of ONI [Office of Naval Intelligence], and G-2 [military intelligence],
and State information and that I had been out of touch with it for some time and that I was wrong.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I had my final talk with Truman 6 months before Korea ... and I said, “Mr. Truman, I will never approach
you again; I have been out to see George Marshall and he agrees with what I am going to say to you. I think
if we do not take a strong hand now and support with tremendous effort the Nationalist movement in China
in which the Chinese will fight for their own freedom and own independence, China will be lost and you
will have a war on your hands in Burma, Indochina, or Korea within 1 year and you will either commit
America or you will lose Asia, and to me that is the greatest error of judgment in the world would be for an
American to fire a shot at a Chinese. That to me would be one of the most terrible catastrophes that could
befall this country. There are millions of people who are willing to fight for their own freedom—who don’t
have enough to eat—and who can be recruited ...
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>
<div class="page" title="Page 23">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley’s testimony was initially sent by FBI executive Cartha DeLoach to “Mr. Sizoo of Domestic Intelligence
Division for appropriate review and return to my office to be returned to the Committee: Volume 1, September 2,
1960 – Executive Session – Classified, Testimony of William D. Pawley.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">9/16/1960 FBI Memorandum “Subject: Testimony of William D. Pawley Before Senate Internal Security
Subcommittee September 2, 1960.” To: A. H. Belmont (seen by DeLoach and W.C. Sullivan). From: S. B. Donahoe.</span></p></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">During his testimony, he commented on following individuals:</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><u>George Michanowsky</u></span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Michanowsky, according to Pawley, reportedly was a communist who headed the Latin American Division
of CIO...and was connected with the Political Action Committee of the CIO prior to the CIO clearing out
communists from its ranks ... Pawley stated [Spruille] Braden today is making a terrific anticommunist
fight in New York through various organizations with which he is connected and Pawley commented that
he never regarded Braden as a communist.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
[REDACTED PARAGRAPH]
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><u>Gustav Duran</u></span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Pawley is convinced that Duran, who is employed at United Nations (UN) in New York City, is a
communist.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
[REDACTED PARAGRAPH]
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><u>William A. Wieland</u></span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Pawley expressed belief that Wieland was not particularly useful to the United States and he advised the
Eisenhower Administration that he has great misgivings regarding continuance of Wieland in a critical
post. However, he stated he has no reason to believe Wieland is a communist.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Wieland is Director of Caribbean and Mexican Affairs, State Department [REDACTED]
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><u>Romulo Betancourt</u></span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Pawley expressed belief that Betancourt, President of Venezuela, is one of the most dangerous men in this
hemisphere and predicted that what is happening in Cuba today is going to happen in Venezuela in three
years unless something very drastic is done in the United States (apparently referring to change in State
Department policy).
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><u>Fidel Castro</u></span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Pawley commented that the minute Castro came to power the U.S. Department of Justice sent 250 Special
Agents to Miami, Florida, and they are there today “to prevent anyone from hurting our friend Castro.” (He
apparently was referring to INS implementing its force in Florida to try to control and prevent unauthorized
flights over Cuba.)
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley expressed belief that during the 9</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">International Conference of American States at Bogotá,
Colombia, in 1948, at which Pawley was U.S. delegate, the Fidel Castro group organized assassination of
one Gaetan (sic). Pawley described Gaetan as a political leader in opposition against the Government in
Colombia, a man of great prestige and greatly loved. He stated the Fidel Castro group killed Gaetan in an
attempt to rally masses against the government and destroy the Organization of American States.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Action: For information.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>
<div class="page" title="Page 24">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">John T. O’Rourke, “Our Man in Havana, William D. Pawley,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Daily News, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">February 20, 1961.
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Chapter 21.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Weyl, Nathaniel. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Red Star Over Cuba: The Russian Assault on the Western Hemisphere</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 158-61.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Executive session testimony of William D. Pawley September 2 and 8, 1960—Senate Internal Security
Subcommittee on Communist Threat to the United States Through the Caribbean.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Hearings Before the
Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws.
Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-Sixth Congress. Report (December 20, 1960). </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 745
& 742.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 22, 1972.
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Facts on </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">File 1959. Page 443 E2-F3.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">9/30/1960. Contact Report “Meeting in Miami, 29 Sept 1960. Subjects: Freyre, F.; Padilla, R.; Pawley, William.”
From: Gerard Droller.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1. Background: Before my trip to Miami on 26 September, C/WH/4 informed me of a telephone
conversation he had with Mr. Pawley: Rubio Padilla and company were ready to join the FRD and I
was to take steps to facilitate this. According to these instructions, I brought this matter up with Varona
on 27 September (see Contact with Varona of that date), and also during my meeting with the
Executive Committee on 27 September: turning to Sardina during this meeting I suggested that he get
in touch soonest with Cuervo Rubio and Rubio Padilla and work out the details of their entry into the
FRD ... Then, after many hours of debate, they agreed that the Rubio group, which really consists of
four organizations, would form a Council and that the spokesman of this council, i.e. Sardina, would at
the same time be a member of the Executive Committee of the FRD. In other words, everything would
remain as it is except that Sardina would become the official representative of the Rubio complex. (For
record purposes, the Rubio complex consists of the following groups:
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1) Movemiento Institucional Democratico (Sardina);</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
2) Bloque y Organizacion Anti-Communista de Cuba (Cuervo Rubio) ;</span> </p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3) Movemiento Recuperadora de Cuba (Maceo); and</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
4) Comite de Liberacion de Cuba (Rubio Padilla).
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Sardina continued to say that there were, indeed, rumors floating about that other FRD Executive
Committee members would be removed and, in fact, the FRD Executive Committee had not been certain
whether or not they would see Bender today or somebody else who would have replaced Bender. Against
this background, the meeting with Rubio Padilla should be viewed.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2. Mr. Pawley opened the meeting by making the statement informing the participants that he and “Jake”,
he and Bender, “Jake” and Bender, had discussed how best to serve the Cuban cause and that he hoped
we were able to work out an agreement. With this, Mr. Pawley left to attend a meeting with the Union,
which was about to strike, and for a meeting with the Republican Campaign Committee. (Mr. Pawley
was most harassed that day.)
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>
<div class="page" title="Page 25">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 9/30/1960 Contact Report “Subject: Meeting with William Pawley, Fabio
Freyre and Rubio Padilla in Mr. Pawley’s office, Miami, 29 September 1960.” From: Gerard Droller C/WH/4/PA.
Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Page 224 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website: maryferrell.org
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">9/30/1960 Contact Report “Meeting in Miami, 29 Sept 1960. Subjects: Freyre, F.; Padilla, R.; Pawley, William.”
From: Gerard Droller.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Fabio Freyre, Exile Who Defied Castro After Invasion.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Palm Beach Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, August 21, 1997.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 9/21/1960. Priority. “Subject: MASH.” From: Gerard Droller. Unsanitized </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">CIA File of William Pawley. Page 224 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1. Understand via [REDACTED] that Cuervo Rubio and Jose Rivero once more desirous become
associated [REDACTED]/ Request this be discussed soonest with Sardina who might be put in charge ...
advise.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt;">13</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">I</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;">nspector General’s Survey of the Cuban Operation and Associated Documents, Part I of II. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">February 16, 1962, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Page 9 of 232.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Jefferson Morley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Our Man in Mexico: Winston Scott and the Hidden History of the CIA. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 101-106. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Jefferson Morley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Our Man in Mexico: Winston Scott and the Hidden History of the CIA. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 247.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 11/4/1960 Dispatch “Attachment. Subject: Eladio del Valle Gutierrez,
leader of Fuersas Armada y Civiles Anti-communistas (FAYCA). Headquarters File Number 201-77378.” To: Chief
of Base, JMASH. From: Chief, WH Division, J.D. Esterline. [Coordinating Officer; Originating WH/4/PA
REDACTED ext. 4935.] Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Page 219, 220, 221 & 222 of 267. Mary Ferrell
Foundation website.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[ATTACHMENT 1]</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
10/18/1960 Strictly Personal and Confidential Letter. To: William D. Pawley, 260 N.E. 17</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Terrace, Miami
32, Florida. From: Jose A. Benitez, Chairman, Democratic State Committee of Puerto Rico, San Juan.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Subject: Cuban Revolution.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">After discussing with you and our mutual friend, Senator Smathers, yesterday the Cuban situation and the
Cuban Peoples’ idiosyncrasies, and knowing your knowledge of the present Cuban leaders in exile, I take
the liberty of making you the following recommendation.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I am sure that my recommendation will be of great help to our democratic cause and the future
development of democratic movement in Latin America.</span> </li><li><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Captain Eladio Del Valle Gutierrez (201-21601E), 8245 Collins Avenue, Miami Beach, Florida,
Telephone: UNion 6- ... (37 years of age.)
</span></li></ol></span></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I had the pleasure of meeting Captain Del Valle and discussing his plan.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I have met personally all the human and material resources. He was ready to invade Cuba last week, but at
my suggestion postponed it.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">If we can offer help for him, his sacrifices will bring better results than allowing him to work by himself.
He has no relation with other active Cuban leaders in his plans, even though he is a personal friend of them.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>
<div class="page" title="Page 26">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10/18/1960 Letter “Subject: Cuban Revolution.” Subjects: Pawley, W.; Benitz, J. To: Pawley, William D. From:
Benitez, Jose A., Chrm Democratic.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10/18/1960 Letter “Subjects: Pawley, Wm D; Gutierrez, Elad; Capt Del Valle.” To: Mr. William D. Pawley. From:
Mr Jose A Benitez, Chairman, from Democratic State Committee of Puerto Rico.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10/18/1960 Memo “Cuban Revolution.” From: Benitez, Jose A., Chrm, Democratic. To: Pawley, William D.
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Jim Garrison Interview,” by Eric Norden, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Playboy</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, October 1967.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10179-10420 ~ 10/17/1960 Contact Report “Meeting with AMWAIL on 11 October in Twicker’s
Apartment, Miami Florida.” From: Wallace A. Parlett. Subjects: AMWAIL, AMBANG, Manuel Ray File.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mary Ferrell Foundation Cryptonym Project. http://www.maryferrell.org
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10179-10404 ~ 10/20/1960 Dispatch “Transmittal of Memorandum.” To: Chief, WHD. From: Chief
of Base JMASH. Subjects: Manual Ray File. AMWAIL.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10240-10161 ~ 11/2/1960. Memorandum for the Record: Meeting with Manuel Artime at Twicker’s
Apartment, Miami Florida, 26 Oct. 1960.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA Number 104-10168-10307 November 8, 1960 Memorandum for the Record. Subject: Meeting with Tony
Varona at Twicker’s Apartment, Miami, Florida 25 October 1960. From: Gerard Droller.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10/20/1960 Memorandum for the Record “Conversation in Miami between Mr. William D. Pawley and
unidentified Cuban.” Subjects: Pawley, William; Cuba; Anti-Castro.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10/20/1960 Memorandum “Repair of recording device in Pawley’s office.” Subjects: Pawley, William.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10/25/1960 “Confirmation of verbal agreement to assign two agents to proceed in repairing recording device in
Pawley’s office.” Subjects: Pawley, William; Recorder. To: SA in Charge District Field Office. From: Auden, Paul.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10/25/1960 Memo “William D. Pawley.” Subjects: Miami, Florida. To: Special Agent in Charge. From: Auden,
Paul, Special Agent.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10/25/1960 Memorandum “Pawley, William D. (Recording Device).” Subjects: Pawley, William. To: Special Agent
in Charge District. From: Auden, Paul T.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">October 25/1960 Memorandum “Pawley, William D.” Subjects: Pawley, William. To: Special Agent in Charge
District. From: Auden, Paul, Special Agent.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">10/25/1960. Memorandum “Subject: William D. Pawley #78435 I:S3/I.” Subjects: Memorandum; Pawley, William;
GOLIATH. To: Special Agent in Charge District. From: Auden, Paul T.<br />>> Goliath is CIA in general, according to the Cryptonym Project at the Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 10/27/1960. Memorandum for the Record “[ATTACHMENT 2] Subject:
Materials received from [REDACTED] 27 October 1960. From: B.E. Reichhardt. Unsanitized CIA File of William
Pawley. Page 223 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> In Pawley 201-77378 File. This document also has references to </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Diario de la Marina’s </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">financial statement,
“activities of BOAC (Bloque de Organizaciones Anticommistas)” and “possibility Paul Hughes was party to Castro
deception plot which resulted capture and execution 3 Americans. Passed to CI for possible action with FBI and
further routed to FI.”
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 27">
<div class="section">
<div class="section" style="background-color: white;">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span color="rgb(18.823530%, 18.823530%, 18.823530%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Our History: Ultimate sacrifice made in 1960 Cuba.” By John Andrew Prime Columnist. </span><span color="rgb(18.823530%, 18.823530%, 18.823530%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Shreveport Times</span><span color="rgb(18.823530%, 18.823530%, 18.823530%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, March
9, 2015.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="section"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(18.823530%, 18.823530%, 18.823530%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">On at least three occasions, and likely more often, area veterans have made the ultimate sacrifice in defense
of the nation even when the United States was not technically at war.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="section"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(18.823530%, 18.823530%, 18.823530%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">This was brought to mind recently through an email from reader John Ridge, a blogger and historian with
an interest in north Caddo Parish, who advised this column of someone who largely has fallen through the
cracks in terms of recognition.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="section"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(18.823530%, 18.823530%, 18.823530%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">On Oct. 15, 1960, just a few weeks ahead of the historic Nixon-Kennedy presidential election, and months
before the April 1961 Bay of Pigs debacle, a small group of men with military backgrounds staged a
military raid on Navas Bay in Oriente Province. Several Cubans in the group were tried and given lengthy
prison terms, but three Americans—Allan Dale Thompson, Anthony Zarba and Robert Fuller—were given
a summary trial by Cuban revolutionary tribunals and executed.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="section"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(18.823530%, 18.823530%, 18.823530%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Thompson, a 36-year-old Korean War veteran, was from Mooringsport. As best can be determined, he was
buried in an unmarked grave with Zarba and Fuller and their bodies remain in Cuba to this day.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="section"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(18.823530%, 18.823530%, 18.823530%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“With discussions going on about normalizing relations with Cuba after 50-plus years, perhaps this man’s
story is worth resurrecting,” Ridge wrote the column. He has put together a blog on Thompson. “I stumbled
on this while researching Mooringsport history but really don’t know if any of his relatives or others who
knew him are still around. I would imagine this was well covered by the Times and Journal at the time of
the incident.”
</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The papers ran articles the day after Thompson’s execution, with a locally taken photo of Thompson’s aunt
and uncle, Oscar C. and Rachel T. Corn, who reared him after his mother’s death in the late 1920s. The
Corns and the Thompsons were commercial fishermen, and Thompson lived in Mooringsport and worked
with the Corns until 1958, the story said.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Oscar Corn died in October 1964, while Rachel Corn died in February 1990. Thompson’s father, John
Ruskin Thompson, also a fisherman, died in January 1967 in Saint Maurice, in Winn Parish.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(18.823530%, 18.823530%, 18.823530%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Allen Dale Thompson, described as a “down-on-his-luck fisherman” and an “adventurer” in the wire stories
the papers ran, had apparently been working in the Gulf of Mexico and had been left jobless after a wreck,
according to U.S. Consul Harvey Summ, quoted in the stories.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(18.823530%, 18.823530%, 18.823530%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Thompson did not testify in his own defense during the 20-minute trial, but was defended by Fuller, a one-
time Marine and Korean War veteran. Fuller admitted intent to overthrow the Castro regime but said he
“believed Thompson did not know he was going to a foreign country and had been deceived by Cubans
who organized the expedition.”
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(18.823530%, 18.823530%, 18.823530%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In June 1996, Shreveporter Kevin Jerome Johnson, a 36-year-old U.S. Air Force staff sergeant and HC-130
flight engineer was one of 19 U.S. service members killed in the June 1996 terror bombing of the Khobar
Towers in Saudi Arabia. His death his the city hard, especially The Times, since his sister-in-law, Eleanor
Ransburg, was an editor at the paper. Johnson is buried in Lincoln Memorial Park.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="section" style="background-color: white;"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(18.823530%, 18.823530%, 18.823530%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Readers with more information on the fate of Thompson’s remains or surviving family in Caddo Parish, or
of other peacetime military casualties whose names and fates need to be remembered, should contact this
column.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote>
<div class="page" title="Page 28">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">A no-longer-existent website gave a different name for Anthony: “Executed by firing squad were Americans Robert
Fuller, Anthony Salvard, Allen Dale Thompson and Anthony Zarba after being captured following an attempt to
start a guerrilla movement in October 1960.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">November 2, 1960. CIA Dispatch. “Subject: Eladio del Valle Gutierrez, leader of Fuersas Armadas y Civiles Anti-
Communistas (FAYCA).” To: Chief of Base, JMASH Officers Name: J.D. Esterline. Office WH/4/PA Martha
Tharpe. From: Chief, WH Division.
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"></span></p><ol style="background-color: white;"><li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Enclosed for your information, under separate cover, is a thermofax copy of a letter addressed to QDDALE recommending support of Subject’s invasion plans. The original of this letter was received from QDDALE at Headquarters, along with several unrelated papers, without comment from QDDALE or request for information.</span></p></li><li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">We are especially interested in further information on this group because of the political implications involved in possible support of Del Valle by QDDALE and the “distinguished mutual friend” of QDDALE and the writer of the letter.</span></p></li></ol>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Reference A answered some of the questions raised in reference B. However, we would appreciate your
obtaining from ODENVY their evaluation of FAYCA [Fuersas Armadas y Civiles Anti-Communistas,
which del Valle led] and additional information on its leaders, including the identity of Luis Fajardo.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">11/2/1960 Dispatch “Subj: Eladio Dal [Del] Valle Gutierrez, leader of Fuerzas Armadas y Civiles Anti-
Communistas (FAYCA).” Subjects: Pawley, W. To: Chief of Base. From: [CIA] Chief, WH Division.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">11/2/1960 Dispatch “Eladio Dal Valle Gutierrez, leader of Fuerzas Armadas y Civiles Anti-Communistas
(FAYCA).” Subjects: Pawley, W. Invasion plans. To: Chief of Base. From: [CIA] Chief, WH Division.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: 4pt;">25 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Clandestine Services History</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 9. http://www.foia.cia.gov<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Bay of Pigs 40 Years After, Chronology. The Bay Of Pigs Invasion/Playa Girón. A Chronology Of Events. October </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">7, 1960.” The National Security Archive. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/bayofpigs/chron.html </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 147.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">11/3/1960 “Minutes of Special Group Meeting, 3 November 1960 prepared by NSC.” Subjects: Anti-Castro
Activities. Comments: Attached to 1781000210249. Present: Merchant, Douglas, Gray, Cabell, Lansdale.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 178-10004-10181 ~ 11/3/1960 NSC Memorandum NSC general. “Subject File, Rockefeller Commission
Report (5)”<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Summary from minutes of Special Group Meeting, 3 November 1960. Subjects: Anti-Castro activities; Merchant,
Livingston T.; Cabell, Charles.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 166-168.
</span></p>
</div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The points of view attributed to the President at this time by Mr. Bissell reflect very closely the position of
William D. Pawley who had met with the President immediately prior to the President’s session with State,
DOD, and the Agency’s representatives. According to Livingston Merchant, who had a long session with
Mr. Pawley on the day prior to Pawley’s meeting with President Eisenhower:
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley said that two things are necessary, and I inferred that these would constitute his
[Pawley’s] principal recommendations to the President.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(1) The President should appoint a single experienced individual (he said he was personally
qualified and would be available for the job if asked) to conduct the entire covert operation. In
this connection, he cited the role which he had played in the Guatemala case.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 29"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(2) We should recruit several thousand good young Cubans in Florida and give them basic
training. This could be done in five or six weeks, rather than months, according to him. He
was extremely impatient at the thought of moving any Cubans who may now be in Central
America, expressing himself forcefully as being sure their host would object.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 29"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I asked if he was proposing overt intervention by U.S. armed forces. He said absolutely not. The
essence of his plan would be to land in Cuba, presumably in the next month or two, a force of 600
trained Cubans, following up this landing with additional Cuban elements and then installing a
government in the bridgehead which would call on us for financial and logistical support. He
mentioned a number of names which were unfamiliar to me of Cubans who he said are politically
unblemished in Cuba, neither pinks nor reactionary rightists.*
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 29"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">*Considering that discussions within the Agency and within the Special Group had only recently
arrived at the figure of 600 men ... one might speculate on the source of Pawley’s information.
Jake Esterline has tended to denigrate the role played by Pawley during the course of the Bay of
Pigs operation; but, nonetheless, throughout the course of the operation Jake was charged with
maintaining close liaison with Pawley. JMATE records indicate not only numerous face-to-face
meetings between Pawley and Esterline during the course of the operation, but also reflect an
amazing number of telephone conversations between the two during the life of the operation. In
terms of operational plan per se, Esterline appeared to be most cagy in handling this subject during
the discussions with Pawley. The recorded conversations focus on the potential leadership for the
FRD – with Pawley’s “best” leadership choices usually being far to the right.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote></blockquote>
<div class="page" title="Page 29">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Memorandum of a Meeting With the President, White House, Written by Gordon Gray, Washington, November
</span></p>
<p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">29, 1960, 11 a.m.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">U.S. State Department Office of the Historian Foreign Relations Of The United States, 1958–
1960, Cuba, Volume VI, No. 613</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">.
</span></p>
<p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></p></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 29"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt;">PRESENT
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 29"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Secretary Anderson, Secretary Gates, Secretary Dillon, Secretary Merchant, Secretary Douglas,
General Lemnitzer, Mr. Allen Dulles, Mr. Richard Bissell, General Persons, </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">General Goodpaster and Gordon Gray</span></li></ul><p></p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 29"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The President opened the meeting by saying that he wished to talk about the situation in Cuba and
particularly a visit he had had </span><span color="rgb(12.549020%, 32.941180%, 57.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[Page 1127] </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">earlier in the day from Mr. William D. Pawley.</span><span color="rgb(12.549020%, 32.941180%, 57.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The President
said that as everyone knew Mr. Pawley had had substantial interests in Central and South America over
many years and was knowledgeable about the area. He said that Mr. Pawley had told him that he had
divested himself of all his investments in the area and therefore had no financial interests which could
benefit from his activities. He acknowledged that Mr. Pawley was a zealot but at the same time said that in
the many years he had known Mr. Pawley he had not found him wrong in the various predictions and
reports which Mr. Pawley had made to him.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 29"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The President said that Mr. Pawley was concerned about four things which the President wished to discuss
in the meeting. (1) Mr. Pawley felt that the effort in training of the people in Guatemala was too slow and
that at the present time we were really going backwards. He felt that the 500 now in training ought to be
increased to at least 2,000. (2) While there had been success in getting rid of one of the Communists in </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">the FRD there is still another remaining. Mr. Pawley however thinks Varona is a good citizen. He also
made reference to a young member of the FRD who is going around various South American countries who
he thinks is very good. However, he has a poor opinion of some of the other members of the FRD and
repeated that he thought one was worse than Castro. (3) Mr. Pawley had heard some idea of moving out of
Guatemala to Okinawa. Mr. Pawley took a dim view of this proposal and the President agreed on the
ground that nothing could be kept secret in Okinawa. [3 </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;">lines not declassified</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">] (4) Mr. Pawley knew that
the President had a committee on Cuba but was concerned that they were a group of very busy people who
could not devote the necessary time and continuity to the Cuba problem. Mr. Pawley thinks the committee </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">should have a strong Executive and the President suspected Mr. Pawley himself would like this
responsibility. In any event, the President wondered if Mr. Pawley was not right in feeling that there needed
to be some one individual who would have the situation always at his finger tips and also could take an
active part in talking with members of the FRD and perhaps with other governments.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The President expressed his unhappiness about the general situation. He said that it was strange that he
used to think of Betancourt as a leftist and now he was beginning to look like a rightist in relation to the
pro-Castro, pro-Communist attacks against him. Also, it was clear that Castro influences had been involved
in the El Salvador situation. The President wondered whether the situation did not have the appearance of
beginning to get out of hand.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(12.549020%, 32.941180%, 57.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[Page 1128] </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">He then quoted Mr. Pawley as saying that the young member of the FRD who went around to talk to
various governments found that some, [</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;">less than 1 line not declassified</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">] said that they would put money,
men and equipment into the effort on a clandestine basis, whereas open activity of this sort through the OAS would not be possible.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The President then said he wished to ask two questions: (1) Are we being sufficiently imaginative and bold,
subject to not letting our hand appear, and (2) are we doing the things we are doing, effectively.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The President adverted to the impending transfer of government responsibilities and said that we would not
want to be in the position of turning over the government in the midst of a developing emergency.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Dulles responded that he did not always agree with Mr. Pawley. He said that the CIA had not wanted to
use entirely a rightist group for our purposes and at times Mr. Pawley seemed to have a different view.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Dulles pointed out that there had been at one time or another 184 different groups [</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;">3 lines not
declassified</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">]. The President asked how might we proceed to bring them all together and
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Dulles responded that this was impossible. The President then observed that he did not think we should
be financing those we cannot get to work in harness. Mr. Dulles said we would find it necessary to continue
to finance some [</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;">less than 1 line not declassified</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">] notwithstanding.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Dulles pointed out that there were some 500 guerrilla trainees in Guatemala and a separate air force
group which was very effective. He said that this was now a going operation [</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;">2 1⁄2 lines not declassified</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">]. As
for the size of the effort it was felt that we could go up to 600 but above that there would be need for
another facility.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Dulles said that his view was that we should not eliminate the operation in Guatemala but should
stiffen the government of Guatemala. He suggested sending military trainees and also some planes. He said
that it was clear to him that Ydigoras does not want us to leave Guatemala but the State Department has
had a concern about staying there.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Dillon said the State concern was the operation was no longer secret but is known all over Latin
America and has been discussed in U.N. circles. </span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The President said that even if the operation were known,
the main thing was not to let the U.S.’ hand show. As long as we pursued that course he was not too
concerned.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">He said that if we [</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;">less than 1 line not declassified</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">] begin to replace them with recruits already available
we could build up again to a battalion size.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(12.549020%, 32.941180%, 57.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[Page 1129] </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Dillon then said that the State Department had begun to think along the same lines as Mr. Pawley, with
respect to the number of men needed and that State felt perhaps we should have two or three thousand.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Gates interposed to ask whether we could now recognize a government in exile. In that event the
problems of training would not be so great. The President did not feel this is now possible.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 30"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Bissell said that it had been concluded that we could not train in the U.S. with any hope of security and
the President agreed. (This appears to be a Presidential decision which settles a question discussed several
times in the 5412 group.)
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 31"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Douglas said he wished to clear up one question. In the event that it became necessary to evacuate from
Guatemala by reason of an OAS investigation or for some other purpose transportation would be a
problem. His question was whether Defense could assume that it would not be called upon on a crash basis.
Mr. Dulles replied that he had evacuation plans prepared.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 31"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Dillon then said he would like the opportunity to explain that we had not given up on the idea of some
action in the OAS under the Rio Treaty. He said that we had been canvassing the ambassadors here in small
groups and have talked with them all more than once. Our objective would be first to bring about an
investigation of Cuba through an organ of consultation; second, there would be a report showing what Cuba
is doing in seeking to export its revolution, the denial of liberties, etc., and third, a meeting of the foreign
ministers in February or March in which it would be hoped that all would agree to:(1) break diplomatic
relations and throw out the Cuban embassies, (2) shut off commercial relations thus permitting us to invoke
Trading with the Enemy Act, (3) undertake some military action to seal off Cuba and the export of arms,
(4) devise some method of controlling all Communist agents in addition to those of Castro. He said there
were both encouraging and discouraging aspects.</span> </p></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 31"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">On the plus side, the Central American countries
generally agree and the South American countries are less positively excited about it but demonstrate some
readiness. On the minus side are three important factors: (1) the impending transfer of government
responsibilities in this country. The leaders wish to make sure that the new government would not pull the
rug out from such an effort. This means that there must be some effort to get the new administration
effectively tuned in to the undertaking. (2) There is likewise a transition or a transfer of responsibilities yet
to take place in Brazil. Therefore the Brazilian voice is not yet heard and it is not known what Quadros,
who takes office January 1, will do. (3) In any event, there will be outright opposition from Mexico.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 31"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Dillon said he knew of no other country which would be so opposed.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 31"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(12.549020%, 32.941180%, 57.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[Page 1130] </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">The President then said the big gap which we face involves a better public opinion in the Central and Latin
American countries as to what is going on. Somehow we must encourage the governments to be more
active in teaching their people about the problem.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 31"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Dillon said that our recently adopted economic programs were really a part of such an effort. He said
that we now had a new approach in economic programs for Latin America and also through ICA programs
which had been immensely stepped up.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 31"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The President said that he had a date with the President-elect on December 6.</span><span color="rgb(12.549020%, 32.941180%, 57.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">He knew that Mr. Dulles had
briefed the President-elect on the covert planning.</span><span color="rgb(12.549020%, 32.941180%, 57.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">He intended to speak with Senator Kennedy and would
hope that the response would be that he would follow the general line.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 31"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Dillon then said as far as Cuba today is concerned the regime is actually going bankrupt.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 31"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
The USSR has pulled back some on offers of aid. This in the view of the State Department explains the
recent Castro suggestions about hoping for better relations with the new Kennedy Administration.</span><span color="rgb(12.549020%, 32.941180%, 57.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 31"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Anderson pointed out that the fact of bankruptcy in Cuba would make it easier to get useful people to
serve with expenditure of money. Also he said that he had heard a rumor, unconfirmed, that there is
developing an epidemic of hoof and mouth disease which would enable us and indeed require us to look at
the imports of food from Cuba. Mr. Dillon pointed out that we had done nothing about imports from Cuba
except sugar.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 31"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The President said he wished to come back to the question of whether it would be useful to have an
individual executive to pull the whole Cuban situation together who would know precisely at all times what
State, CIA and the military were doing and who could answer questions directly should the President
require them. He again wondered whether Mr. Pawley might be suitable for this undertaking.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 31"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;">1 paragraph (3 lines) not declassified</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">]
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 31"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The President said that he does not share the State Department concern about “shooting from the hip” as he
thinks that we should be prepared to take more chances and be more aggressive.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 32"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Dillon said that he thinks there is some point in Mr. Pawley’s view that the FRD may have been too far
to the left and perhaps it should be broadened to include more conservatives.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 32"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(12.549020%, 32.941180%, 57.647060%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[Page 1131] </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">The President then said that if the State Department has some sound person, he would like to have him find
out from the governments what they will do. He said that Mr. Pawley plans to go himself notwithstanding.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 32"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Dillon then said that in the last month or two the State Department has become much more aggressive
and is taking more chances. This was a reflection in the change of Assistant Secretaries for Latin America.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 32"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The President again came back to his feeling that we need someone who would go to see the FRD and the
Latin American governments and who would keep in sufficient touch so that he would know what all are
doing and keep all others informed.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 32"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;">1 paragraph (21⁄2 lines) not declassified</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">]
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 32"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The President then said that Argentina and Colombia and possibly Chile ought to be interested in the
training effort. If the men can be gotten to those countries and trained there and then assemble at some
point for a week in advance of their use, this would be a substantial contribution.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 32"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The President again came back to the question of an individual who could (1) deal with the FRD, (2) come
into the President’s committee and deal with it as an equal as well as report to the President. (The President
again said he liked Pawley for the job but knew that some felt that he was too impetuous.) (3) [</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;">2 lines not
declassified</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">] and, (4) pull things together. In other words, the President said he felt the need of a
coordinating chief.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 32"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;">11⁄2 lines not declassified</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">] Mr. Dillon said that he would prefer that the group discuss a name and report
back to the President and the President approved this course.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 32"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The President then said that it was certainly all right to give trainers and ammunition and planes as required
to Ydigoras and to beef him up in any way we could and this might even be done overtly.
</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 32"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;">11⁄2 lines not declassified</span><span color="rgb(20.000000%, 20.000000%, 20.000000%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">] Also, he wanted a careful check on what the various countries would do and
would want done.
</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 276.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Belvoir Estate Purchased By Bowmans.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, December 1, 1960. Page D2.
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Belvoir.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">.” https://www.scribd.com/document/263269479/Belvoir#</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Why Luce Wouldn’t Back JFK, Believed Nixon Was Experienced, Tape Reveal.” By Henry Raymont, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Long </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Beach Independent/Press Telegram</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, August 19, 1970. Page A-16.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">A Colonial Revival Landmark in the Piedmont The Plains, Virginia by Cheryl Miller, 2014 Garden Club </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">of Virginia Favretti Fellow</span></p></div></div>
</div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 32"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Interviewed in November 1965—15 months before his death—Luce noted that his early assessment of
Kennedy had been based on the then 23 year-old Harvard graduate’s senior thesis on Britain’s lack of
military preparedness on the eve of World War II.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="page" title="Page 32">
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">James L. Baughman, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Henry R. Luce and the Rise of the American News Media </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 2001). Page 183.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“William Pawley” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">New York Post, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">January 8, 1977.
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Embassy Row.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 24, 1961.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="page" title="Page 33"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">President Kennedy requested that some 40 career ambassadors remain, including “Roy Rubottom, Argentina; H.
Freeman Matthews, Austria; John Moors Cabot, Brazil; Edward Page Jr., Bulgaria; William C. Trimble, Cambodia;
Christian M. Ravndal, Czechoslovakia; Robert McClintock, Lebanon.</span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><br />David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-484531771569913016.post-9686736920584793842009-12-12T14:19:00.013-08:002023-09-02T08:47:15.383-07:0024: Pig in a Poke<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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<div class="column"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjkddOrP5PW_NIOV56UpaOyGKCVOjkxdHZ6jviuW_OOqZkmxGyi5hzKMgGRwS1Mawvt8H3y9Dxndl6VRVpolWBB1K1pzDxCrqTAUSnTMbRcjutbXnTW-M4z0LsofbaBHciXgqAfoUNTwjOqxP2--ZyHYIcSZlrTROM88nRwSsTur9fQtgv7CZzDnIC3eoU" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="573" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjkddOrP5PW_NIOV56UpaOyGKCVOjkxdHZ6jviuW_OOqZkmxGyi5hzKMgGRwS1Mawvt8H3y9Dxndl6VRVpolWBB1K1pzDxCrqTAUSnTMbRcjutbXnTW-M4z0LsofbaBHciXgqAfoUNTwjOqxP2--ZyHYIcSZlrTROM88nRwSsTur9fQtgv7CZzDnIC3eoU=w168-h232" width="168" /></a></div>
<p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">According to the </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Bay of Pigs History</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">, the new president was handed a pig in a poke by the
previous administration. As early as November 15th, a CIA briefing statement regarding the
Cuban situation was prepared for the newly elected president. It stated that the CIA’s “original
concept is now seen to be unachievable in the face of the controls Castro has instituted. There
will not be the internal unrest earlier believed possible, nor will the defenses permit the type of
strike first planned.” </span></p><p></p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">The CIA then told Kennedy that its “second concept (1,500-3,000 man
force to secure a beach with airstrip) is also now seen to be unachievable, except as a joint
Agency/DOD action. Our Guatemala experience demonstrates we cannot staff nor otherwise
timely create the base and lift needed.” Within the next half-a-year, this seemingly doomed
scenario, was transformed </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">nto “the Zapata Plan and the Bay of Pigs operation.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">During the development, Pawley's friend in State, Thomas Mann, would contemplate the use of a former Pawley <br />associate in China and Guatemala, Ambassador Whiting Willauer (photo), for a key role. </span><p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In the interim, the jockeying for leadership and unity continued while pressure mounted
for an invasion. A memorandum sent to Rubio Padilla and Fabio Freyre from Silvio Cardenas (CIA
pseudonym Alligator and cryptonym AMBLAB-1) claimed unity among MAR, MIR, AC,
BOAC and Rescate which “is waiting for Varona’s O.K. to support also Dr. J.A. Rubio Padilla
for the presidency. The corresponding document of unification has not been signed yet on
account of some troubles that the groups have had in the last days. They will sign shortly.” The
memo also recommended that Radio </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Diario de la Marina </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">should change its half-hour broadcast
time to begin at 9:30 p.m. because “this would enable more people specifically in the interior to
hear it.” Alligator’s memo also urged “that the date of the invasion should take place as soon as
possible...everyday that goes by helps the Communist government get better organized.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2
</span><p></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">There were also concerns about the loyalties of certain individuals who were trying to
join various groups. One example is a “Memo from Fabio Freyre concerning William Bishop
who claims to be a member of The Cross Movement and is attempting to join
counterrevolutionary forces through Father Posada in Miami. Passed FI, Reports, and PA.” There
also were concerns about a pilot who may be a G-2 agent, a labor leader who inexplicably freely
traveled between the U.S. and Cuba, and a man who wants to head the Cuban Navy after the
invasion.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Richard Nixon’s loss of his presidential bid to John Fitzgerald Kennedy meant Pawley
was no longer in the position of power that he had previously enjoyed under Presidents
Roosevelt, Truman and Eisenhower. However, Pawley moved quickly to befriend the new
president through his Florida ally, Senator George Smathers, according to a memo from
Esterline.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">JFK's Special Group was divided over overt and covert activities. Ironically for Pawley,
who had helped establish the FRD group of Cuban exiles, his associate of many decades,
Ambassador Whiting Willauer, was among those being considered for leadership of the Bay of
Pigs invasion. Both men had been involved in the formation of Civil Air Transport after World War
II and then in the Arbenz coup in Guatemala.<span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">“When Mr. Mann suggested that Ambassador Willauer might also assume responsibility
for contacts with the FRD, [CIA’s] Mr. Dulles rejected this out of hand, emphasizing that this
liaison must be done covertly, and that it must be done by the Agency. There apparently was
unanimous agreement that Mr. Pawley not be given any official status with the U.S.
Government.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The 5412 Group recommended that the “group composed of Mssrs. Dulles, Gray,
Douglas and Merchant should continue and intensify its general supervision of the covert
operation and provide the Agency with general guidance in the operation.” It also was “of the
opinion that it would be extremely useful to request Mr. Pawley as an immediate mission to call
on [Argentine] President Frondizi in a private capacity” to garner his opinion “with respect to the
present situation in Cuba.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The CIA felt comfortable with the choice of “Willauer because of his long term
association as Executive Vice-President, President, and Vice Chairman of the Board of
Civil Air Transport (CAT)” but there was internecine bickering over chain of command.
Willauer felt he should be “chairman” with Tracy Barnes serving as his “executive director” but Col. King envisioned Barnes as being further down the chain of command
behind Bissell, King and Esterline. Some grew to regret the choice of Barnes who seemed to
have a great deal more to say than was warranted by his knowledge and understanding of the planned action.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Ike expressed that he “does not share the State Department concern about ‘shooting from
the hip’ as he thinks that we should be prepared to take more chances and be more aggressive.”
Dillon replied that “Mr. Pawley’s view [is] that the FRD may have been too far to the left and
perhaps it should be broadened to include more conservatives.” The President remained
persistent, returning a third time to what was on his mind. He declared that he “liked Pawley for
the job but knew that some felt that he was too impetuous.” Dillon said the group would “discuss
a name and report back to the President.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A month later Livingston Merchant related to Andrew Goodpaster a conversation he had
with the President after the morning’s National Security Council meeting. The President “had </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">been much impressed by what Bill Pawley had reported to him two days ago concerning his visit
to Argentina and Peru.” Ike “agreed with Pawley that there should be no formal meeting of the
OAS on Cuba. I interjected that to circumvent the OAS entirely needed careful thought [because
many Latin American leaders feared “Castroist left-wing movements” in their countries].”
President Eisenhower expressed that he understood the concerns of the OAS members.</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 4"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s mission was critical because President Eisenhower “wanted to break relations
with the Castro Government before January 20 and hoped that Frondizi and Prado would
persuade other Latin American government leaders to act with the U.S.” so the decision would
not fall on the young incoming President.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In addition to his mission for the President, Pawley was keeping tabs on the admission to
the U.S. of Francisco Cajigas, a former government official under Batista. Pawley and Esterline
also shared multiple pages in Spanish concerning Daniel Humberto Tarafa Machado, an Accion
Cubana member</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">whom Pawley met with on December 20, 1960. Tarafa was “President of the
Sugar Cane Planters Association of Central Vertientes—Camaguey Cuba. And he is the owner of
a sugar cane farm.” He also “has additional land that is used to fatten cattle and milk cows.” His
background included “personal contact with Fidel in Habana, before Fidel went into exile to
prepare the landing in Oriente, he was also in contact personally with Emilio Ochoa and Roberto
Varona (Tony’s brother) during the Batista regime.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley stated that the way Tarafa “explains it, during this period of time, he always had
trouble with the Communists and their infiltration during the days of the revolution. I asked him
about Hubert Matos and his descriptive answer was that he had no use for him.” Tony Varona
“knows Matos well and considers him a very dangerous man. He spoke highly of Higinio Diaz
(Nino) but admits he that he does not know him personally.”
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley continued “Tarafa is being ushered by two young Cubans Robledo & Arman de
Montes, both boys impressed me very well and there is no doubt in my mind that young Montes
is a great friend of this Country and what it stands for.” Pawley recommended that “Tarafa
should be investigated rapidly. He is getting to see a lot of people, he talks a good program to
start the thing rolling, but what I consider dangerous it’s that he is starting to visit places; for
example today he has gone to the Key West base to be introduced to an officer. That [Tarafa]
comes on the plane from Habana.” Pawley was disturbed about his ability to move “around
freely. About one month and a half ago we asked Alligator all possible information on this
group, because young Puig (Dr. Enrique Arango’s son-in-law) had been here trying to get the
necessary help.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As a man who never wasted the Christmas to New Year’s holiday week on leisure,
William Pawley flew back from Latin America with Edna, and then met with Dulles and Gates a
day prior to his briefing of the President on December 28, 1960. “Eisenhower then phoned Dean
Rusk, Kennedy’s secretary of State-designate, who was occupying an office at State for
carryover briefings, and arranged an appointment for me properly to inform the incoming
administration. That afternoon, I met first with Rusk and then with Allen Dulles. The former
refrained from questions or comments, the responsibility not yet being his, but listened
attentively. I also briefed Secretary of Defense Gates, Under Secretary of State Livingston
Merchant (Herter being out of town), and Ambassador Willauer, our able former ambassador to
Honduras, who had played such a valuable role in our Guatemalan operation. I summarized
Frondizi’s and Prado’s analysis of the situation.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In December, Henry Holland held a fundraising meeting for the FRD. It was attended by
leaders from sugar, oil, mining, communications and other companies. During the gathering, an </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">attendee suggested “that the U.S. Navy should blow up a ship in Levisa Bay in order to force the
shutdown of the nickel plant at Nicaro which formerly had been owned and operated by the U.S.
Government.”</span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 6"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Esterline also had concerns about how the CIA’s information was being interpreted by
the Special Group at the White House and the quality of the information C. Tracy Barnes was
delivering. Esterline “was quite forceful in his opinion that the Agency’s representatives at such
high level meetings [as the Special Group] should have been someone like either himself or Col.
Jack Hawkins.” Esterline’s main criticism of Barnes was that he would burden people with
volumes of information that some found repetitious </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">ad nauseam </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">and which contained
inappropriate informal language, such as, “It has been a little while since we have had an internal
DDP hoe down on your project.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As the covert operation became more focused, new individuals were brought into it,
including Colonel L.K. White, Deputy Director for Support; Richard Helms, Chief of Operations
for DDP; Emmett Echols, Director of Personnel; John Warner, Legislative Counsel; and William
A. Tidwell, Jr. appointed January 1, 1961, to Chief of Office of Operations in Miami who had
been in the office of Robert Amory, Jr., Deputy Director of Intelligence office.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">In addition, “David A. Phillips became Chief of the WH/4 Propaganda Activity. Phillips
had done propaganda work for the Agency at the time of the Guatemala activity, but
subsequently retired and had been in private business in Havana.” In his new role, Phillips would
frequently travel from Washington, DC “to Miami and New York, and Phillips himself
coordinated CIA covert broadcasting with Henry Loomis, Director of USIA’s Voice of
America.”
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Factionalism spilled over into the radio propaganda effort after just one announcer was
selected to rouse support. To placate the various exile groups, the concept of rotating airtime on
WRUL for each faction was proposed.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The concerns of leadership spread beyond the government. In early January 1961,
Michael Haider, a Vice President at Standard Oil of New Jersey’s Latin America operations who
had attended Henry Holland’s corporate fundraiser for the Cuban exiles’ anti-Castro efforts, sent
a letter to J.C. King expressing concern that leftists would take over after Fidel. His concerns
were specifically with a group formed in Miami that included “Manola Ray, Aureliano Sanchez
Arango, Rufo Lopez Fresquet, Dr. Raul Chibas among others.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">According to phone records maintained by Henry Holland’s secretary, he phoned Pawley
a total of 21 times during 1961, a number surpassed only by his calls to Colonel J.C. King (28
times), Rodman Rockefeller (25 times) and by calls to two close business associates. Pawley and
Holland had not seen eye-to-eye on tactics seven years earlier when Arbenz was overthrown in
Guatemala.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Haider had good reason to worry about his oil company’s future in Cuba where it was
viewed “as an economic-political target as well as a sabotage target. When the U.S. refineries
operating in Cuba refused Castro’s order to process Soviet crude oil, WH/4 began to think in
terms of disrupting the flow of this crude to Cuba by pressuring Onassis and other independent
shipping operators to refuse to carry Soviet oil.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Another major target of sabotage was, of course, communications and the microwave
network on the island of Cuba. But there were restrictions as late as February 1961—“attacks
should be limited to the Cuban operated net with ‘hands off RCA and Dumont systems, which
are to remain intact for later consideration.’”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Surely, Castro would be overthrown soon.
</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley was so entrenched in planning the overthrow of Fidel Castro that on January 6,
1961, a CIA Routing and Record Sheet contained a handwritten note stating: “These are
messages via the Rubio Padilla/Pawley group. One is copy of program newly formed coalition of
20 groups of which PA has copies. Another is interesting bit on Carlos Prío.” The attachment
was a mid-December letter from Alligator to Fabio Freyre in Palm Beach, Florida.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On January 16, 1961, a JMWAVE memo using Pawley’s cryptonym and case number,
QDDALE 201-77378, contained news of a luncheon at which Guillermo Alonso Pujol and Diaz
Tamayo discussed steps toward unification of all separate anti-Castro elements. Although there
were favorable comments about AMIRON there was criticism of Varona and a “strong position
against MRP and Ray. Diaz took same position, described Ray as a Fidelismo sin Fidel.” The
memo also noted “Rubio Padilla group raised fund of $200,000 as payoff to press to attack
[REDACTED] through Bender Group.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Complicating matters was a problem Diaz Tamayo had
brought to Pawley’s attention a month earlier—a Castro G-2 agent had joined the FRD. “WAVE
alerted to above info with request AMOTS [CIA security team] be alerted to possible
provocation.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Shortly thereafter, Pawley was given detailed instructions on obtaining information from
a confidential informant with the code name R-1—“Pawley’s Recording Device”—newly
repaired so he could continue to tape conversations with visitors to his office and pass on
verbatim comments to the CIA and others with a need to know.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Five days later a conference was held at a “JMWAVE area office” which was attended by
“Dr. Antonio Maceo, Dr. Cuervo Rubio, Dr. Jose Antonio Rubio Padilla, and Fabio Freyre. Dr.
Maceo is a leading member of the FRD. The other individuals cited by true name are Cuban </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">associates of [REDACTED].” The “other individuals” had previously been identified as
associates of Pawley. It appears that the Argentine Ambassador to Cuba may have been at the
meeting and stated his country’s concerns “that Cuba and Castro are a great danger to the
hemisphere and it is solidly with the Cuban exile movement as represented by the other
participants.” Argentina’s “government has not publicly supported the exile movement, since
local circumstance make a public position difficult.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 9"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On January 30, 1961, William Pawley “submitted to [United States Secretary of State
Dean] Rusk a list of names of outstanding Cubans who might be considered in trying to fill the
principal positions in a provisional government.’ He also asserted that “‘a group of reactionaries
would be totally unacceptable,’ and also warned that ‘a leftist provisional government’ would
alienate our Latin American friends who opposed socialistic measures.” He specifically added a
postscript questioning a widely rumored belief that the Kennedy Administration would name
Jose Miro Cardona to “the presidency of a provisional government. In my judgment, this would
be a great error.” Pawley was upset that the JFK administration “for reasons best known to itself,
went right ahead and selected him to be its liaison between Washington and the Cuban
Community in the United States.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A week later, Pawley and Esterline and other agency officials reviewed “the list of names
presently being considered for the reorganization of the FRD. Please pass this on to WH/4/PA
when you finished it. Also attached is a thermofax copy of letter to Justo Carrillo [sometimes
spelled with one “r”] and Manuel Antonio de Varona from Dr. Ricardo Rafael Sardina. With
thermofaxed copies of newspaper article regarding Carrillo and Varona.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Four days later, the nation’s newspapers were filled with Pawley’s September testimony
before the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee detailing Pawley’s three-hour attempt 13-</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">months back on December 9, 1958, to get Batista to step aside and how it had been thwarted by
Roy Rubottom who “would not allow him to tell Batista that the U.S. government approved the
proposal.” According to a UPI report “Pawley was unaware that six days later the U.S.
Ambassador to Cuba advised Batista that the U.S. had lost confidence in him, according to Jay
Sourwine the counsel to the Senate committee.” The UPI clipping would be circulated within the
CIA.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 10"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">As Pawley had done in the previous decade when he sent handwritten notes to his friend
and fellow Virginia estate holder General George C. Marshall, Pawley on occasion dropped a
note to CIA Western Hemisphere Chief Colonel J.C. King in Oakton, Virginia. One topic was
the semantics of “revolution.” The Frente was using a recruitment document that “a number of
young men [were] refusing to sign because they do not like the word ‘revolution’ in the
document. Most of the Cubans we find are sick of the word ‘revolution’. They are trying to get
back to some form of stable government and are not interested in revolutionary movements.”
Pawley’s niece, Anita Pawley, signed the note “Bill” on his behalf. The two pages Pawley
attached were a sign up form in Spanish titled “Movilizacion Especial.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Over at the FBI, there were internal discussions of Pawley’s now public comments about
the “Communist Threat to the United States.” Cartha DeLoach sent a memo to John P. Mohr,
the Assistant to the FBI Director for Administrative Affairs calling attention to Pawley’s
assertion “that ‘if we labor under the illusion or hope that our Latin American neighbors are
going to like us, I think we are lost.’” DeLoach wanted “this memorandum and its enclosures be
forwarded to the Domestic Intelligence Division for action.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Two days later </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The Palm Beach Post </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">continued its series of articles on what was
happening in Cuba under Fidel Castro and the “Cuban anti-Reds now living in exile” who see </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12pt;">“Cuba as a base for communist infiltration of Latin America.” The article contained an interview
by Jack Ledden of William Pawley who spelled out what he considered a blunder of U.S. foreign
policy. “A decision was made, and a very unwise one, and announced to the world that we would
supply no further arms to Batista’s government, nor would we supply them to Castro. This policy
condemned the Batista government to defeat, because the entire hemisphere, but more important,
the Cuban army, knew Batista was finished in the eyes of the American government.”</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley reiterated that early on he had notified Roy Rubottom and William Wieland that
if Castro was permitted by them “to come to power you are going to have more trouble than you
have ever seen in your life.” But Rubottom would not allow Pawley “to guarantee the U.S.
government had given tacit approval to the plan” for Batista to step down so that a buffer
government could be established to block Castro. Instead, nearly a week later, Rubottom got
ownership of the concept by ordering U.S. Ambassador to Cuba Earl E.T. Smith to tell Batista
that the “U.S. government had lost confidence in his ability to keep peace and that to avoid
bloodshed the best thing that could happen would be for him to leave the country.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">According to </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The Palm Beach Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, “Gen. Tabernilla confirmed Pawley’s opinion,
declaring the day the U.S. shut off aid to Batista, Cuban people shifted to support Castro.” The
paper said the next article in its series would focus on “How exiled Cubans plan to organize for a
counter attack on Castro”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">something that was far from a secret to Floridians and Cubans in the
state and on their native island.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">On February 20, 1961, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">covered Pawley’s charges against members
of the State Department under Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy and pointed out that “some of
Pawley’s targets still are in Government.” In addition to Wieland who seemed to serve “the
‘cause of our enemies’” either intentionally or out of stupidity, Pawley mentioned James E. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Webb, the newly named space administrator who as Under Secretary of State “frustrated
Pawley’s attempts to help Chinese Nationalists in 1949 and 1951.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33</span></p></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Spruille Braden, whose name also came up in Pawley’s testimony, commented from his
home in New York regarding Pawley’s allegations that he was cozy with communist
sympathizers. “Pawley makes one true statement: That I blocked his appointment as Ambassador
to Argentina.” Another object of Pawley’s accusations, Michanowsky, said he had “never been a
Communist” and questioned the reliability of such charges when one of the facts used to build a
case against him is his involvement as an editor on a Manchuria publication in 1934 despite
being 14 years of age at the time. “In their defamatory zeal, the persons responsible for such
material even forgot to check my age.” He disputed Pawley’s assertion that “I ‘arranged’ to have
Mr. Gustavo Duran employed by Mr. Spruille Braden is equally untrue. I met Mr. Duran only
quite some time after he had become Mr. Braden’s assistant.’” Braden further stated that
although he had served in the Spanish republican army in 1950 he was never “‘a Communist’” as
the late Senator Joseph McCarthy had once charged. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The Evening Star </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">noted that Duran “has
been in the Congo for the last six months with the U.N. mission there and was unavailable for
immediate comment.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">34
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Another newspaper arriving on the FBI’s Washington desk that February 20</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">was </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The
Washington Daily News</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">, which reported that “The Senate Sub-committee to Investigate Internal
Security, headed by Sen. James O. Eastland (D., Miss.) released Mr. Pawley’s testimony without
comment.” It also questioned why Pawley took Rubottom’s comment as the final word on
dealing with Batista when Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, although sick, was available by
phone. It also had some response to the junta leaders that Pawley had mentioned in his
testimony. Pawley’s list had included Col. Barquin, Col. Borbonet who was still in Cuba, “Pepin
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 13">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Bosch of the Bacardi family who helped finance Fidel, and one other that he had forgotten at the
time of his testimony.” The article noted that another disillusioned Castro follower, Manuel Ray,
doubted “‘if Col. Barquin would like to have joined any movement in which Gen. Diaz
Tamayo’” was part of because “‘Gen. Tamayo had sentenced Col. Barquin to prison for Batista.
Later Gen. Tamayo went to jail too, for plotting against the boss.’”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s assertion that he knew Castro was a communist as far back as the Bogotázo in
1948 was questioned by “Jules du Bois, Latin American expert for the </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Chicago Tribune </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">and
chairman of the Inter-American Press Association’s press freedom committee.” He asserted
“‘Mr. Pawley has evidently changed his mind. When I saw him at Miami Airport in January
1958 on his way to the Dominican Republic, he said he didn’t think Castro was going to be good
for Cuba, but said then he didn’t think he was a communist.’”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Daily News </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">on February 20, 1961 reported that Wieland had raised
Pawley’s ire because the Organization of American States had broken relations with Trujillo. In
addition to Wieland, Pawley also criticized President Kennedy’s new Assistant Secretary of
State, Tom Mann, a career diplomat for being a “personal friend of Venezuela’s President
Betancourt” who Pawley in his testimony had said was “dangerous.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The newspaper stated that Betancourt had been the target of an assassination attempt by
Trujillo and quoted Pawley, who may still have “considerable bauxite holdings in the Dominican
Republic,” as saying the situation under Trujillo “‘is not all black.’” Financial enrichment
influenced a different view, “‘today it is a beautiful little country that has accomplished more for
its people in short time than any other country,’ says Mr. Pawley.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">35
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span color="rgb(0.000000%, 0.000000%, 50.196080%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;">If newly elected President Kennedy read any of the Washington newspapers that
day, it did not move him to recall Ambassador Rubottom from Argentina.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">36 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The FBI, on the
other hand, focused anew on Pawley’s disparaging testimony that now was public knowledge.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">37
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">By the end of the month, Senator Keating, a Republican from New York, would call for
hearings to dig deeper into Pawley’s allegations. Keating found Pawley’s testimony “‘a shocking
commentary on the conduct of U.S. Foreign Policy in Latin America and elsewhere during the
last two decades’” that calls into question “‘many high ranking government officials, some of
whom are still serving in government posts.’” Keating wanted testimony from Wieland, Braden,
Rubottom, and Webb. Believing that Fidel’s “days are numbered” Keating declared that the U.S.
could “avoid another Castro by presenting a full case history on his rise to power.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">The teletype of Keating’s announcement was distributed on February 28</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">within the FBI
to Parsons, Belmont, DeLoach, and Donahoe and placed in the FBI’s Pawley File (62-79985).</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">38
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s testimony triggered Lt. Gen. (R.A.) Carlos van der Becke of Buenos Aires to
send a letter and copies of his 1956 book “Destruction of Slander” and Silvano Santander’s
“Technique of Treason.” Van der Becke requested a copy of Spruille Braden’s response to
Pawley’s testimony’ stating that “the new elements of judgment now at my disposal, there is no
doubt that Heinrich Jurges is author of Spruille Braden’s deception in his press conference on
September 18, 1945, in Buenos Aires.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">39
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Carlos van der Becke also sent a letter to the President of the Senate Judiciary
Committee, noting that he was motivated by Pawley’s testimony to notify the Committee that a
letter to Eisenhower purportedly signed by van der Becke “is the work of a forger, well known to
the authorities in Argentina, Germany, his native country, and Uruguay. At this moment he is
before the Landgericht of Bonn for falsifying documents, fraud etc. We are referring to the
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Communist Heinrich Jurges who came from Chile to the Argentine at the end of 1935 ... lived in
Montevideo from September 1943 to July 27, 1946. During the majority of this time the
communist Silvano Santander was in that city.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">40
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Pawley’s testimony did not stand well with everyone. The head of the Associated Press
Bureau in Washington received a letter from an American who lived in South America. He
referred to Pawley as the “HAMbassador” and called his charges against Braden “what rot!”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">41
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">That same month, Esterline, Pawley and others were focused on “the second stage of the
Conspiracy within the FRD to destroy the Executive Committee.” A handwritten note was
attached to the February 20</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">memorandum. “Most probably because of the length of time in
making decision over the crisis in FRD, the group of Posada, Rivero, Artime, Rasco etc have
started again.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Allegedly “Jose I. Rivero is out to destroy Sardina” and “has also started to call young
civilians that were to enroll in FRD for training, urging them not to do it. He promises that he has
a secret pact with Col. Sanchez Mosquero” whom Father Posada mentioned as “the next chief of
the Army of the F.R.D.” and “Pure Catholic like Artime, he believes that people did not
understand what the “Teoria Generacional” [Generational Theory] meant. Father Posada defends
the point that there is a generation of Catholics that have to carry the burden of this effort.”
Meantime, “Artime is holding conferences with well known Batistianos in Guatemala” and “it is
also well known that he has received considerable sums of money from people like ‘Lin Arroyo’
(former Ambassador to Washington under Batista” who “is supposed to have given him $50,000
(Fifty Thousands) and there was more money for him if FRD officially voted a general amnesty
for Batista’s ministers.” A breach of security also may have occurred.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">42
</span></p>
</div>
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<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Recruiting began to overwhelm the JMWAVE team, and an urgent note stated: “It is
advisable to increase the number of office workers in the new recruiting office.” Moreover,
physical exams necessitated two more doctors as well as electrical lighting—“past night they had
to use matches to finish days work.” Moral was waning, too. “Apparently training started with
great enthusiasm, but in the past four or five days it has slumped considerably.” The men “are
willing to be sent to the camps (infantry) if necessary—but what they don’t want is to stand”
around watching” other people do the fighting. My cousin Leopoldo Aguilera Jr. is in this
group.” There was one other urgent need.” Extra crews for the Air Force are going to be
necessary.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">43
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Having founded the Flying Tigers, Pawley was keenly aware of the importance of air
support during the Bay of Pigs invasion. His concerns were slowly addressed by those
overseeing the project at the CIA Task Force Headquarters which initially “did not include an
integral air staff section, although air activity was a continuing and essential requirement
throughout the operation.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Eventually, the CIA established the project’s “forward operating base in Miami, Florida,
with a satellite communications center for relay of communications between Headquarters and
the field and facilities in the Florida Keys for launching boat operations to Cuba.” Moreover,
“the former Opa Locka Naval Air Station” was utilized for storage of arms and munitions and for
originating ‘black’ [covert] passenger flights to Guatemala with Cuban recruits.” There in the
southwestern part of the country, the CIA established “infantry training” and “an air base.”
Similar operations were set up in Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua and training temporarily was
conducted at Belle Chase Naval Ammunition Depot, New Orleans just prior to the invasion.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">Eglin Air Force Base in the Florida panhandle was utilized for logistical flights to Guatemala and
Nicaragua.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">44
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">There were several concerns about the air coverage, including the ability to disguise the
U.S. air campaign and the efficacy of the flights if they were launched too far away—a round-
trip “would take better than six hours from Central America” leaving the B-26’s with “only
forty-five minutes of action for bombing and air cover over” the Cuban beachhead.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">A tentative launch date of March 1</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">st </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">was settled upon, “but this proved impossible to
meet. For one thing, it took some time to organize the quarrelsome exiles in New York and
Miami”—"the target date kept slipping until it finally came firm as April 17.”</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">45
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; vertical-align: 4pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">FOOTNOTES:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Official Bay of Pigs History. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 149.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 11/15/1960 Memorandum. To: Dr. Rubio Padilla and Fabio. From:
Alligator. Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Pages 120 & 121 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"></span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">>> </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Alligator may have served as Pawley’s communications channel into Cuba, separate from the CIA’s channel.
(Note: In addition to Silvio Cardenas, the name Domingo G. Silverio also has been linked to Alligator in the Mary
Ferrell Foundation Cryptonym Database.)
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 11/16/1960 Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Pages 213 & 214 of
267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
>> This Pawley memo from the next day provides further evidence of the inner group “troubles.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span>STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL
</span></p>
<ol>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Dr. Jose Raimundo Andreu, who is in town now and is very close friend of Dr. Cuervo, has been in close </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">contact with him lately and Dr. Andreu has taken as a duty to advise Varona properly ...</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;">There is a group ...
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;">We have in town General Quirino Uria ...
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Tonight, there is going to be a meeting of 300 young Army officers who were in Santo Domingo with </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Pedraza and they are going to be available, if considered advisable to join the general FRD ... they should
not be Subjected to the moral browbeat that most of them get from Goudie and Oscar Diaz, who, we
understand, are Aureliano Sanchez Arango’s appointees. It is reported that a lot of people who have wanted
to join the FRD in the camps have run into a lot of arguments with these two men and the consensus of
opinion is that they do more harm than good. It might be advisable to consider the removal of Goudie and
Diaz from the positions that they hold now in the military.</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;">We have in town, and I have talked to him, Major Ceferino Rodriguez ...
</span></p>
</li>
<li style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">
<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Dr. Maceo has insisted again on his request of about a month ago for visas for: Dr. Manuel de Jesus </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Rodriguez y Rodriguez, his wife ... son ... and daughter-in-law ... he is sure that the Government will jail
him any day now.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10pt;">
[Handwritten Note]
</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">23 Feb 1961: </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">No action was taken on paragraph 6 prior to 3 Jan 1961. It is slightly late now & Mr. R. says nothing 2-EL,
can be done about it at this late date – File with [REDACTED] material.</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 18">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">3 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">RIF 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 11/18/1960 Memorandum for the Record “Subject: Materials Received from
[REDACTED] on 3 November 1960. Distribution 1—201-77378.” From [REDACTED] WH/4/Reports.
Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Page 218 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The following items were obtained from [REDACTED] on 3 November 1960. Disposition of each item is indicated
in the list:
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">c. Memo from Fabio Freyre concerning William Bishop who claims to be a member of The Cross
Movement and is attempting to join counterrevolutionary forces through Father Posada in Miami. Passed
FI, Reports, and PA.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Other items Pawley forwarded had to do with power attorney Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and “letters from Jose Ignacio RIVERO, Frank Roddson, Jr. (his real name is
Father Luis POSADA), and Raul (last name unknown) to Reverend Father Rubino in Colegio de Belen,
Habana, Cuba.”
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">RIF 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 11/18/1960 Handwritten note. To: William Pawley. Unsanitized CIA File of
William Pawley. Pages 216 & 217 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">It has been brought to our attention that a Compania Cubana de Aviacion pilot named Rene Nunez Berro
[added by someone else Verlo], who is serving as Courier for one of the underground groups is a G-2
agent. It is understood that said group knows nothing about this.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';">The Cuban Navy Mayor that is organizing the Cuban navymen group is named Pons Goizueta. He
represented the Cuban navy under Fidel in the Junta Interamericana de Defensa in Washington, D.C. He is
quoted as saying that he is backed by the U.S. Navy and that his duty is to organize the crew that will man
the ships that will eventually invade Cuba. </span>He is supposed to have enough money to pay the following wages: Bachelor $175 monthly – married with
one <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">child an additional $50...two children $125 ... mother or mother-in-law $75. He is also offering
warehouse </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">merchandise to be delivered in Cuba and has offered to solve visa problems for certain families.
He is not supposed to have personal ambitions, but to the ones to whom he has offered these services he has
confessed his wish to become the head of the Cuban Navy ...</span> </span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ruben Orta Pino—Labour leader, was in this country for a long while, went back to Cuba not long ago and
now is coming back to work again.</span></li></ol><p></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> <span> </span></span>This should be closely investigated, its very strange to see a labour leader that is able to move so freely.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">RIF 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 11/23/1960 Memorandum “Subject Rene Nunez Verlo & Ruben Orta Pina.”.
To: Chief, WH/4—Mr. Esterline. From: Chief, WH/4/CI [REDACTED]. Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley.
Pages 212 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The Jose Andreu, friend of Dr. Cuervo, may be identical with Jose Raimundo Andreu, (201-286,702) born 1898,
former Senator from Las Villas ... The Martinez-Fraga mentioned may be identical with Pedro Julio Martinez-Fraga
y Fernandez (201-276,850) former Ambassador to the United States, well known to Jerry Droller. This file and that
of Andreu was not fully reviewed.</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">4 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">RIF 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 </span><span color="rgb(21.960780%, 21.960780%, 21.960780%)" style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">~ </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">11/18/1960 Memorandum. To: C/WH/4/FI. From: Jacob D. Esterline, Chief
WH/4. Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Pages 115 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 18"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">For PA: You should be aware of and somewhat interested in the fact that [REDACTED] has established a
new (and according to him productive) channel to president Elect Kennedy through George Smathers.
According to [REDACTED] Smathers conversations with the President Elect have lead [REDACTED]
now to take the position that he should not go along with the Department of State and have the dictator step </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">down. It appears that Mr. Kennedy may take a considerably more conservative approach than many in the
Department and “the fun house.”</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Attachment:</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
QDDALE Correspondence
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">5 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 169.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">6 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Memorandum “Meeting with President Eisenhower, White House, Washington, November 29, 1960 11 a.m. by </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Gordon Gray.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, Volume VI: Cuba</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 1141. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">7 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 173, 177 & 174.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Following the Bay of Pigs, the CIA set up Pacific Corporation, a front for other CIA fronts: Air America, Southern </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Air Transport, Civil Air Transport, Pacific Engineering, and Thai Pacific Services, Company. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">>> Pacific Corporation </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">was presided over by W. Hugh L. Grundy. One of its directors was General Charles Cabell, CIA Deputy Director </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">who was dismissed, along with CIA Director Allen Dulles, by John Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs fiasco. General </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Cabell had pleaded with JFK to provide air cover </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">for the exiles but JFK denied the request. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 13.3333px;">His brother Earle was Mayor of Dallas the day JFK was shot,</span></p></div></div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Pacific Corporation's vice president, James Bastian, was a law partner of one of the directors of the Ed Ball-William </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley directed Florida National Bank, and the bank's headquarters building housed Bastian's law firm.</span></p></div></div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Pacific Corporation's Civil Air Transport was an offshoot of Pawley's and General Chennault's Flying Tigers.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">8 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, Volume VI: Cuba</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 1131.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">9 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Memorandum [Drafted by Merchant] “Conversation, White House, Washington, December 29, 1960 10:30-10:38
a.m. Participants, The President, Brig. Gen. Andrew J. Goodpaster, White House Staff Secretary and Livingston T.
Merchant, Under Secretary for Political Affairs.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations, 1958-1960, Volume VI</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, page 1141.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Following the National Security Council meeting this morning, the President asked me to come in his
office. He said he wanted to talk to me about Cuba and stated in this connection that he had been much
impressed by what Bill Pawley had reported to him two days ago concerning his visit to Argentina and
Peru. He asked if I had seen him, and I told him I had done so yesterday and that we were giving hard
thought to his report.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The President said that he agreed with Pawley that there should be no formal meeting of the OAS on Cuba.
I interjected that to circumvent the OAS entirely needed careful thought [because many Latin American
leaders feared “Castroist left-wing movements” in their countries].
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 19"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">10 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Memorandum [Drafted by Merchant] “Conversation, White House, Washington, December 29, 1960 10:30-10:38
a.m.” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Foreign Relations, 1958-1960, Volume VI</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 1189.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 157-10007-10251 ~ 12/28/1960 Memorandum for the Record “Subjects: Minutes of Special Meeting, 28
December 1960; Present: Merchant; Douglas; Gray and Dulles.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">11 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">RIF 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 12/6/1960 CIA Memorandum “Subject: Report from [REDACTED].” From:
C/WH/4/F1 Jacob D. Esterline. Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Pages 175 of 267. Mary Ferrell
Foundation website.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Attached is a thermofax copy of a report concerning Humberto Tarafa from [REDACTED]. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">[Multiple pages in Spanish].</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">12/ 6/1960 Memorandum “subj: Report from Wm. D. Pawley.” Subjects: Pawley, W.; Tarafa, H.
To: CIA Component. From CIA Employee.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 20">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">12/6/1960 Memorandum “Report from Pawley.” Subjects: Tarafa, H.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">12/6/1960. Memorandum “Material for possible use in discussion with Mr. Pawley.” Subjects: Pawley, W.; Cajigas,
F. From: [None]. To: Chief, WHD.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">12 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">RIF 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 12/21/1960 Handwritten note from Pawley. “Subject: Humberto Tarafa.”
Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Page 210 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The man is the President of the Sugar Cane Planters Association of Central Vertientes – Camaguey
Cuba. And he is the owner of a sugar cane farm... where he has additional land that is used to fatten cattle
and milk cows ... he has quite a revolutionary background. He was in personal contact with Fidel in
Habana, before Fidel went into exile to prepare the landing in Oriente, he was also in contact personally
with Emilio Ochoa and Roberto Varona (Tony’s brother) during the Batista regime.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">According to him, he was very active in sabotage in Camaguey before the overthrow of Batista.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The way he explains it, during this period of time, he always had trouble with the Communists and their
infiltration during the days of the revolution. I asked him about Hubert Matos and his descriptive answer
was that he had no use for him. Tony knowledge he knows Matos well and considers him a very dangerous
man. He spoke highly of Higinio Diaz (Nino) but admits he that he does not know him personally.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">He claims that he has been working in the underground since early 1959...his visit to this Country is to get
the right contact that will furnish him the necessary things to put the plan of Accion Cubana to work... he
refused him because he did not like Artime’s proposal or ideology. He has been interviewed by the F.B.I.
and by one of our Associates through an interpreter ... Tarafa is being ushered by two young Cubans
Robledo & Arman de Montes, both boys impressed me very well and there is no doubt in my mind that
young Montes is a great friend of this Country and what it stands for.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I believe this man Tarafa should be investigated rapidly. He is getting to see a lot of people, he talks a good
program to start the thing rolling, but what I consider dangerous it’s that he is starting to visit places; for
example today he has gone to the Key West base to be introduced to an officer. That comes on the plane
from Habana.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">If this man is on the level, someone should talk to him and listen to his story ... If the man is not clear
something should be done about his moving around freely. About one month and a half ago we asked
Alligator all possible information on this group, because young Puig (Dr. Enrique Arango’s son-in-law)
had been here trying to get the necessary help.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">13 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Chapter 22.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">14 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 182 and 184.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Attending were VP Michael Haider for “Latin America of Standard Oil of New Jersey, the Chairman of the Cuban-
American Sugar Company, President of American Sugar Domino Refining Company, President American &
Foreign Power, Chairman Freeport Sulphur Company, reps from Texaco, IT&T and other companies.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">15 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 188.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">16 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Page 195.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">17 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pages 211 & 212.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Among those who worked on Phillips’s Political and Psychological Section in WH/4, were William Kent,
John Isaminger, Philip A. Toomey, Earnest I Harrison, Paul Oberst, and Michael J. Maney.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 20"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">18 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 184.
</span></p>
</div>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">19 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Bill Holland, son of Henry Holland, Email to David Price Cannon (Pawleyinfo@aol.com) October 1, 2016 at
11:40:43 AM EDT
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Hi again, David—
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">My dad's comment about Pawley's functioning smoothly as part of the team on "the Guatemalan
assignment" is interesting in light of the fact that, during a confrontation with Allen Dulles over the issue of
whether or not to replace the planes that Arbenz had shot down, Pawley must have vigorously opposed my
father's emphatic insistence that replacing the planes would expose our role in the coup and reinforce the
perception of the US as the "bully from the North." My father, who opposed the entire scheme from the
moment he was clued in about it, probably felt it was his last chance to shut down the entire subversion.
But Dulles prevailed, and Ike opted for replacing the planes, planes that Pawley—in order to by-pass red
tape—"generously" agreed to pay for out of his own pocket.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">According to phone records maintained by my father's secretary, Pops phoned Pawley a total of 21 times
during 1961, a number surpassed only by his calls to Col. J.C. King (28 times), Rodman Rockefeller (25
times) and by calls to two close business associates. [Rodman was Nelson Rockefeller’s son involved in
Latin American business activities.]
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">According to {Anthony] Carrozza, "Pawley shared his Dominican mine and oil interests with prominent
people, including Assistant Secretary of State Henry Holland, who helped negotiate a contract between
Alcoa and the Dominican Republic." This involvement drew the ire of columnist Drew Pearson, who
revealed that my father was "on Pawley's payroll as a 'mining consultant'; thus, Holland avoided having to
register as a foreign agent.'"
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Attending the meeting of corporate execs with Allen Dulles in December, 1960 were Thomas Kempner;
Don Kendall, soon to be CEO of Pepsi, and [economist and Latin Trade expert] Henry Balgooyen,
chairman of the Cuban-American Sugar Company. There was also someone representing the King Ranch,
which had lost major holdings in Cuba as a result of the revolution. I'm attaching an article from the Miami
Herald that references the meeting. (see last few paras).
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In any event, my father and Pawley were sufficiently close that when my father's assets were frozen upon
his death while his Will went into probate, Pawley stepped forward to cover my brother's tuition at Yale.
It's possible he also paid for my tuition at a private day school.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... [speculative sentence about Sturgis]
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Cheers for now,
Bill Holland
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">-----Original Message-----</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
From: Bill Holland.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"> To: pawleyinfo.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;"> Sent: Wed, Apr 20, 2016 10:05 AM
Subject: Pawley
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">FYI- You might be interested to know that Pawley paid for my and my brother's educations after our father,
Henry F. Holland, died in June '62.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 21"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pops was Asst. Secretary of State for Latin American Affairs under Eisenhower and lobbied against
replacing planes lost during PBSUCCESS. Pawley was there at the meeting along with Allen Dulles, and
they prevailed over my dad's objections with Pawley actually paying for the new planes.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Later as corp. attorney, Pops stayed in close touch with Col. J.C. King and met with corp. execs plotting the
Bay of Pigs and did legal work for Pawley when he was negotiating mining rights in the Dominican
Republic.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Best,</span> </p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Bill Holland</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
<Pawley Rec.jpg> </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;"><Ike's response.jpg> <Miami Herald article.docx></span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<div class="page" title="Page 22">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">20 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 236.
</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">21 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Page 237.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">22 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/6/1961 CIA Routing and Record Sheet “Attached Letter dated December 18, 1960 addressed to Fabio Freyre,
415 Sea Spray Ave. Palm Beach, Florida from Alligator.” Pawley File. Pages 209 & 210 of 227. Mary Ferrell
Foundation website: www.maryferrell.org
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Fiallo:</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Last night the Nino Conde came to me with a wealth of detail about the various conversations he had with
you ...
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Already there are 20 groups which have signed the Unity Pact ... I cannot send the names of these 20
groups until the end of this week inasmuch as Dr. Tito, who is in charge of handling the names, has not
been able to do it to date ... the Ray group has not—he who thinks that he has opened the eyes of people
and groups here.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">About the five million dollars we should like to invest them since we could be short of them the next time.
For this we would like to have them delivered to my oldest sister ... I could tell to whom they should be
turned over, depending on the best rate of exchange ...
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... and we hope, God willing, to embrace you here very soon.</span> </p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Alligator
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">23 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">RIF 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 1/16/1961 Cable Message “QDDALE 201-77378.” To: [REDACTED and
Bell]. From: WAVE. Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Page 130 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website:
MaryFerrell.org
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">[Also Pawley File. Page 206 of 227.]
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">.Guillermo Alonso Pujol invited Diaz Tamayo to luncheon 15 Jan. Pujol said luncheon one of a series of
steps toward unification all separate elements ... Spoke favorably of AMIRON, but was critical of Varona.
Took strong position against MRP and Ray. Diaz took same position, described Ray as a Fidelismo sin
Fidel.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">CS Comment: Rubio Padilla group raised fund of $200,000 as payoff to press to attack [REDACTED]
through Bender Group
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 22"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/16/1961 Cable “William Pawley’s comments on Rubio Padilla group.” Subjects: Pawley, W.; Padilla, R.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/16/1961 Cable “Comments based on discreet inquiry by Wm. D. Pawley.” Subjects: Pawley, W.; Padilla, R. From:
[CIA] WAVE.
</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 23">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/16/1961 Cable “Pawley’s comments on various anti-Castro Cubans.” Subjects: Rivero; Pujol. To: Director. From
[CIA] Chief of Station, WAVE.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">24 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 104-10177-10257 ~ Morales Navariete, Ricardo Anibel.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">25 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/21/1961 Memorandum “Detailed instructions given to Pawley for obtaining required info from Confidential
Informant R-1.” Subjects: Pawley, William; Informant R-1.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">1/31/1961 Synopsis “Adjustment and repair effected to Confidential Informant R-1 (Pawley’s recording device).”
Subjects: Pawley.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">26 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">RRIF 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 2/17/1961 Dispatch. “Subject: Discussions between [REDACTED] and
Identity of Reference A. To: [REDACTED]. From: Chief WH Division. Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley.
Page 127 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/16/1961 Dispatch “Discussions held on 26 January 1961.” To: Chief of Station. From: [CIA] Chief, WH Division.
Subjects: Pawley, W.; Station assets; Argentinian.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">His government realizes that Cuba and Castro are a great danger to the hemisphere and it is solidly with
the Cuban exile movement as represented by the other participants ... His government has not publicly
supported the exile movement, since local circumstance make a public position difficult.</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/17/1961 Dispatch “Conversations with Pawley and Cubans.” To: Chief of Station. From: [CIA] C/WH Division.
Subjects: Pawley, William.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">27 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Russia Is Winning</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, Chapter 22.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">28 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 2/7/1961 No. 23 Memorandum “Subject: Receipt of Material from
[REDACTED].” To: C/WH/4/FI. From: Jacob D. Esterline C/WH/4. Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Page
127 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">29 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">John A. Goldsmith, “U.S. Mission to Block Castro,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Oakland Tribune</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 12, 1961.<br />
</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">February 17, 1961. Article – “Batista rejected caretaker regime”. Subjects: Pawley; Press clipping. From: [None]. </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">To: [None].</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">30 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 2/14/1961 Letter. To: Colonel J. C. King, “Frannewood House”, Miller
Road, Oakton, Virginia. From: William Douglas Pawley, Miami. Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Page
114, 111 & 112 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.</span></p></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Dear J. C.:</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
I am sending you a copy of the documents that the “Frente” is using to sign up their people.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
There are a number of young men refusing to sign because they do not like the word “revolution” in the
document. Most of the Cubans we find are sick of the word “revolution”. They are trying to get back to
some form of stable government and are not interested in revolutionary movements.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">I think this is something you should look at carefully with a view to seeing if it could not be modified
having this in mind.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">With personal regards, I am
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Sincerely yours,</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
Bill (signed by Anita Pawley)</span> </p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 23"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">William D. Pawley</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
2/14/1961 Letter To: Col. J. C. King. From: William D. Pawley. Subjects: “Frente;” Pawley, WM D.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/14/1961 Letter with Enclosure “Copy of the documents that the ‘Frente’ is using to sign up their people.” To: CIA
employee. From: William D. Pawley. Subjects: Pawley, W.; Frente.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">31 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/15/1961 Memorandum “Subject: Senate Internal Security Subcommittee ‘Communist Threat to the United
States Through the Caribbean’–Part 10. To: Mr. Mohr. From: C.D. DeLoach.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">32 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ “Friday Batista Rejected Caretaker Regime.” By Jack Ledden. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Palm
Beach Post, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">February 17, 1961. Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Page 80 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation
website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">33 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Pawley Charges Cuba Bungling.” By John A. Goldsmith. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Post</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 20, 1961.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley testified that Wieland had worked for him in Brazil and displayed tendencies which seemed to be
“somewhat contrary” to the Nation’s best interests. When he found last year that Wieland was area officer
for Latin America, Pawley said he took the case to Vice President Richard M. Nixon and to President
Eisenhower. He said the State Department viewed his comments as “pressure” and declined to displace
Wieland.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley said he has no reason to believe that Wieland is a communist but feels that men of Wieland’s type
are “serving the cause of our enemies ... He is either one of the most stupid men living or he is doing it
intentionally.”
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">34 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Ex-Envoy Says Braden Was Fired After Charge of Aiding Latin Americans,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Evening Star</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 20,
1961.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">35 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Our Man in Havana, William D. Pawley.” By John T. O’Rourke. </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">The Washington Daily News</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 20,
1961.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley also praised Mann.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... Manuel Ray, another disillusioned Havana leader of Fidel’s 26</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">of July Movement also now in exile
and plotting against Fidel remarks, “I doubt if Col. Barquin would like to have joined any movement in
which Gen. Diaz Tamayo...had a part.” It seems Gen. Tamayo had sentenced Col. Barquin to prison for
Batista. Later Gen. Tamayo went to jail too, for plotting against the boss.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... Col. Borbonnet [aka Borbonet] is still in Cuba.</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
All of these men were considered loyal to Fidel, except jailed Gen. Tamayo ...
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Jules du Bois, Latin American expert for the Chicago Tribune and chairman of the Inter-American Press
Association’s press freedom committee says: “Mr. Pawley has evidently changed his mind. When I saw
him at Miami Airport in January 1958 on his way to the Dominican Republic, he said he didn’t think
Castro was going to be good for Cuba, but said then he didn’t think he was a communist.”
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 24"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">In his Senate testimony, Mr. Pawley says he thought Fidel was a communist back in 1948 at the uprising in
Bogotá, Colombia.</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><p> >> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Regarding the Dominican Republic:</span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Understand, I’m not trying to evaluate Trujillo ... the situation there is not all black...today it is a beautiful
little country that has accomplished more for its people in short time than any other country,” says Mr.
Pawley.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Pawley is reported to have had considerable bauxite holdings in the Dominican Republic, and may still
have them. Mr. Pawley’s brother, Ed, is a big sugar man there, who praises Trujillo.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<div class="page" title="Page 25">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">36 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Embassy Row,” </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Time</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, February 24, 1961.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">37 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/20/1961 Memorandum “Subject: Testimony of William D. Pawley Before the Senate Internal Security </span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 10pt;">Subcommittee September 2 & 8, 1960.” To: A.H. Belmont. From: S. B. Donahoe.</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The purpose of the memorandum is to analyze testimony of William D. Pawley before the Senate Internal
Security Subcommittee in Executive Sessions on 9-2 & 8-60 regarding the “Communist Threat to the
United States Through the Caribbean.” The record of these hearings is scheduled for release to the public
Monday 2-20-61, and has already been commented on in the press in an article in the “Washington Daily
News” dated 2-11-61 ...
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley’s comments regarding William A. Wieland add little to the Bureau’s knowledge ... Pawley felt that
Wieland was not particularly useful to the U.S. in his position, but had no reason to believe Wieland a
communist.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley’s comments regarding Betancourt and Fidel Castro were based on his observations of their
dangerousness obtained during Pawley’s service in Latin America as a State Department official ...
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Pawley stated that he had attempted to arrange for defection of former Cuban dictator Batista prior to
Batista’s overthrow by Castro forces. He noted that his failure was due to his inability to furnish U.S.
government guarantees because of decisions reached by Roy Rubottom, then serving as Assistant Secretary
of State and currently assigned as the U.S. Ambassador to Argentina.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... The only additional data furnished by him in this later appearance was details of his own personal plan
for the establishment of a Latin American bank designed to assist South American countries in economic
recovery.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/2/1961 Press clipping “Ex-envoy Says Braden was Fired after Charge of Aiding Latin Reds.” Subjects: Press
clipping; Pawley, William.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">38 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/28/1961 “FBI distribution of Washington Capitol News Service UPI – 122 Teletype February 20, 1960.” To:
Parsons, Belmont, DeLoach, Donahoe and for Pawley File (62-79985).
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">39 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 3/29/1961 Letter. To: William Pawley. From: Carlos von der Becke,
Buenos Aires. Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Page 25 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Dear Mr. Pawley:</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
...I was pleased to send you a copy of my book ... (Destruction of Slander), published on November 1956
in reply to the book ... (Technique of Treason) by Silvano Santander, which I also sent you ...
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">With the new elements of judgment now at my disposal, there is no doubt that Heinrich Jurges is author of
Spruille Braden’s deception in his press conference on September18, 1945 in Buenos Aires...and my
fictitious letter to General Eisenhower...
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 25"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Could you send me a copy of Braden’s publication in reply to your testimony?
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">My quarrel with Santander will be over soon. I suppose that there will be no delay on the judge’s decision.
I will keep you informed.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">With the usual good wishes and a special Happy Easter to you and your wife...
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<div class="page" title="Page 26">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">“Von der Becke mentions mutual acquaintances William Sidney and Herbert Sorter, Norman Armour and General
William H. Draper Jr., and John Griffiths.” Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Pages 29-36 of 267. Mary
Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Spanish original version of letter. Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Pages 37-72 of 267. Mary Ferrell
Foundation website.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/13/1961 Letter “re the Von der Becke-Santander affair (original Spanish and translated copy).” To: Pawley. From:
Von der Becke, Carlos. Subjects: Santander; Von der Becke.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/13/1961 Letter. To: Ambassador Pawley. Subjects: Letter; Pawley, William.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/16/1961 Memorandum “Receipt of material from William Pawley.” Subjects: Pawley, W. From: CIA employee.
To: CIA Component.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/29/1961 Letter to Mr. Pawley. Subjects: Pawley, WM D. From: Carlos Von der Becke. To: William D. Pawley.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/29/1961 Letter in Spanish “To Senor Presidente, on Communist Threat to the United States through the
Caribbean”. Subjects: Pawley, Wm D; Santander, S; Der Becke, C. From: Carlos Von der Becke.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/29/1961 Handwritten letter in Spanish, William D. Pawley. Subjects: Pawley, Wm D; White book.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/29/1961 Letter from Buenos Aires, To Mr. President of the Senate Judiciary Committee. Subjects: William D.
Pawley, Wm D. To: Senate Judiciary Committee. From: Carlos Von der Becke.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/29/1961 Letter (original Spanish and translation) re Von der Becke accusation of forgery. Subjects: Pawley; Von
der Becke. To: Pres, Senate Judiciary Cttee. From: Carlos Von der Becke
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/29/1961 Letter (original Spanish and translation) “re Von der Becke’s publications and legal actions.” To: Pawley
Subjects: Pawley; Von der Becke. From: Von der Becke.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Additional correspondence between Von der Becke and Pawley in Spanish and with translations are dated:
May 1, 13 & 20, 1961.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">40 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 3/29/1961 Letter. To: President of the Senate Judiciary Committee,
Washington, D.C. From: Lt. Gen. (R.A.) Carlos van der Becke, Buenos Aires. Unsanitized CIA File of William
Pawley. Page 26 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Dear Senator:</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
I have the honor of writing to you motivated by recent publication “Communist threat to the United States
through the Caribbean ... Testimony of William Pawley ...
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 26"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... the letter in reference is the work of a forger, well known to the authorities in Argentina, Germany, his
native country, and Uruguay. At this moment he is before the Landgericht of Bonn for falsifying
documents, fraud etc. We are referring to the Communist Heinrich Jurges who came from Chile to the
Argentine at the end of 1935...lived in Montevideo from September 1943 to July 27, 1946. During the
majority of this time the communist Silvano Santander was in that city ...
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<div class="page" title="Page 27">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">41 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">3/1961 Letter. To: Head of A.P. Bureau, Washington, DC from “An American who lived in So. America, and
knows what IS what.” In Pawley FBI File.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Dear Sir:</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
In today’s “Miami Herald”, a Staff Writer, Dom Bonafede, writes what W. Pawley, HAMbassador says
about Spruille Braden AMbassador. Pawley says that Braden is somewhat tainted with Communistic
Doctrine. WHAT ROT!!! ...
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">This Pawley knows no bounds, he is rotten thru and thru! He was a failure in real estate in Florida. He left
for Cuba got close to Machado, the killer, the cruel dictator of Cuba. Pawley and his FAMILY are a
conning, whoring, thieving and scheming gang! They delivered ricks instead of potatoes to the U.S. Navy
in Guantanamo. They were in the scrap-ship-iron scandal in Haiti ...
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">... Then the Curtis Airplane Corp. sent Pawley to China. There he got next to Murderous Warlords and with
them he made a fortune at the expense of many lives. After that, he found his way to the Parasitic
Maharajas ...
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Right now he is hugging Gen. Trujillo, in the Dominican ventures where he is partner of this cruel Dictator-
Torturer ... Pawley’s machinations are known to all, so who helps Communists take over the world? BUMS
and mercenary, greedy and unethical and crooked lowlifes like Pawleys are responsible ... SICK AT
HEART AMERICAN.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">42 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 2/20/1961 Memorandum “Subject: [REDACTED] Note re FRD
Conspiracy and Handwritten note attached.” To: C/WH/4 PA. From: J. D. Esterline /C/WH/4. Unsanitized CIA File
of William Pawley. Pages 123-125 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">February 8</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">th</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, 1961<br /></span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">
The second stage of the Conspiracy within the FRD to destroy the Executive Committee and most probably
the FRD altogether apparently has started already. Most probably because of the length of time in making
decision over the crisis in FRD, the group of Posada, Rivero, Artime, Rasco etc have started again.
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Part of the attachment to the memorandum also raised security concerns:
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">It is of great importance to be very careful with the files of the military general headquarters at the FRD.
From very reliable sources we have it that Oscar Diaz following instructions from his superiors (Justo
Carrillo) has gotten photostatic copies from certain documents and has even threaten publicly to hide the
said files if necessary. Persons that have visited those headquarters lately have been instructed by Oscar
Diaz to visit Carillo, Jose Miro Cardona and Manolo Ray, for instruction on how to act. It is very well
known that Miro Cardona made quite a show yesterday when he visited the general headquarters to offer
publicly his whole hearted support to Martin Elena and the rest of the general staff.</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/20/1961 Memorandum “William D. Pawley—Note re FRD conspiracy.” Subjects: Pawley, W.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/20/1961 Memorandum. “Subjects: Memorandum; Pawley, William.”
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">43 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">NARA 1993.08.09.17:07:29:370007 ~ 2/23/1961 Handwritten Urgent Note. To: [Presumably Pawley].
Unsanitized CIA File of William Pawley. Pages 105, 106 & 113 of 267. Mary Ferrell Foundation website.
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Two extra doctors are also necessary for the physical exams. The office has no electrical light and past
night they had to use matches to finish days work. We are sending a great amount of men to register....
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 27"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">There is a great deal of talk that the special group that is being trained in the keys it’s going to be a waste of
time and that this squad is not going to be used fully. Apparently training started with great enthusiasm, but
in the past four or five days it has slumped considerably...they are willing to be sent to the camps (infantry)
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">if necessary – but what they don’t want is to stand...by and watch the other people do the fighting. My
cousin Leopoldo Aguilera Jr. is in this group....
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">Extra crews for the Air Force are going to be necessary....</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">>> Coincidental to the mention of the needs for pilots a note in Pawley’s file from March 1</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">st </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">states that deserters have
contacted Gustavo Alfonso an Ex-first Lt in Air Force during Machado regime.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<div class="page" title="Page 28">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">2/27/1961 Memorandum “Receipt of material from Wm D. Pawley.” Subjects: Pawley, W. To: CIA component.
From: CIA employee.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">44 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Clandestine Services History</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">, page 2.
http://www.foia.cia.gov
</span></p>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">The undersigned served as Chief of the Paramilitary Staff Section. The line of command within C.I.A.
Headquarters for control of the Cuban operation was from the Director of Central Intelligence, Mr. Allen
Dulles, to Deputy Director (Plans), Mr. Richard M. Bissell, to the Chief, Western Hemisphere Division,
Mr. J. C. King, to the Chief of the Task Force, Mr. Jacob D. Esterline.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 12pt;">a. ...
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">b. The Task Force Headquarters did not include an integral air staff section, although air activity was a
continuing and essential requirement throughout the operation ... in October 1960, the Chief of the Air
Section ... was placed under the direction of the Task Force Chief for matters concerning the project.
</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="page" title="Page 28"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">c. Major field activities as finally established included:
</span></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(1) A forward operating base in Miami, Florida, with a satellite communications center for relay of
communications between Headquarters and the field and facilities in the Florida Keys for launching
boat operations to Cuba. Recruiting was handled by the Miami base.</span></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(2) A base at the former Opa Locka Naval Air Station, which was used for storage of arms and
munitions and for originating “black” [covert] passenger flights to Guatemala with Cuban recruits.</span></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(3) An infantry training base and an air base in Southwestern Guatemala.</span></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(4) An air and staging base at Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua.</span></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(5) Air facilities at Elgin Air Force Base for logistical flights to Guatemala and Nicaragua.</span></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">(6) A training base at Belle Chase Naval Ammunition Depot, New Orleans (used briefly in March and
April, 1961).
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<p><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: 4pt;">45 </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Clandestine Services History</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT'; font-size: 10pt;">. Pages 10 & 11.
http://www.foia.cia.gov </span></p>
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</div>David Price Cannonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00285299215536130560noreply@blogger.com