12: The Doolittle Report on CIA Covert Activities
Pawley’s participation in the Guatemala coup left him feeling satisfied in 1954 that “the Monroe Doctrine and the position adopted by the Organization of American States had been forthrightly reasserted.”1
But he had also experienced first-hand “an absolutely intolerable breach of security during the Guatemalan episode” which he detailed decades later in his autobiography. After playing tennis with The Washington Post publisher Phil Graham, Pawley was stunned to hear Graham “lob over my head” the news that the U.S. was going to help Castillo Armas overthrow the Arbenz regime in Guatemala. Graham gave him more details as if Pawley was “listening to a top secret briefing at State. All that was missing was my role in the affair.” Graham revealed the source of his knowledge as a CIA “high official in the covert operations arena.”
While indicating that he did not question Graham’s patriotism, Pawley noted that “Graham’s lapse underlines the axiom in delicate operations that a participant should be told only what he needs to know. No more. No less.”
Pawley immediately told President Eisenhower of the security breach, and Ike responded by telling Pawley “‘to conduct a thorough investigation of the covert side of CIA operations for me.’” Pawley was concerned that it would jeopardize his invaluable relationships with the Dulles brothers at State and CIA. As a result, Eisenhower then suggested that Lt. General Jimmy Doolittle, “a national symbol of competent fair mindedness,” head up the study group with Pawley assisting him.2
Pawley’s files were moved from covert to an overt file, and he was given cryptographic clearance in preparation for becoming a key member of Eisenhower’s Special Study Group. The Doolittle Committee was formed in the summer of 1954 to study the CIA’s successes and failures in Guatemala, Iran and Europe and make recommendations on how to improve the agency’s capabilities.
During the clearance process Pawley’s background information passed through many hands including CIA Director Allen Dulles and the Director of Security Sheffield Edwards3, who seven years later would play a role in a plot with members of the Mafia to assassinate Fidel Castro,4 something Pawley would advocate.5
The July 13, 1954, two recommendations were written concerning “Bill Pawley’s usefulness.” One was from Henry Holland. “In my opinion Pawley would perform outstandingly on almost any assignment. His abilities as a lone operator are generally recognized. On the Guatemalan assignment he functioned smoothly as a member of a team.”6
The second recommendation was in the form of a CIA memorandum for Director Allen Dulles from Director of Security Sheffield Edwards who had set up Project BLUEBIRD’s teams of psychiatrists, polygraphers, hypnotists and technicians to identify risky CIA personnel and defectors in 1950. (BLUEBIRD evolved into ARTICHOKE and then MKULTRA.)
Edwards stated to Dulles that Pawley had previously had access to classified information “up to and including Secret” but “no unfavorable information had been found regarding his “loyalty, although some allegations were disclosed regarding his honesty.” Pawley’s “State Department Security file was made available [at the end of 1952] and contained derogatory information alleging black market activities, income tax difficulties, possible misuse of lend lease material, and questionable money transactions. It was also shown that the Subject’s [first] wife had written the President of the United States questioning legality of Subject’s Cuban divorce from her, after which he married his secretary.”
Most of those matters were discounted. A review of his Treasury Department file revealed that Pawley had been “investigated for income tax evasion for years, 1934-1944, and found to have been a non-resident citizen during that period and not guilty of tax evasion.” This despite having bought two homes in Miami Beach during that timeframe, as detailed in Chapter One. A Secret Service investigation of Annie, his first wife who had complained to the President about his Cuban divorce, “found her sane, although suffering from severe mental strain.”7
Pawley was once again cleared for another sensitive appointment. The Doolittle Committee had a much broader purpose than simply examining the pros and cons of the Guatemala operation. The CIA was very worried about the spread of communism in Europe, where it was buying the elections in Italy,8 and in the Middle East, especially Iran, where British and American oil interests had voiced concern about the leanings of the country’s eccentric premier, Mossadegh, and his nationalization of the oil industry there.
To address the Iranian situation, Kermit Roosevelt, a grandson of President Theodore Roosevelt, was placed in charge of the $1 million “Project Ajax.” By mid-August 1953, Mossadegh was toppled and replaced by the Shah of Iran who had attended Le Rosey, a Swiss prep school, with Richard Helms who became the CIA’s deputy director and future director. The CIA’s plotting against a Middle Eastern country because of oil interests would instill in the Arab world a deep suspicion of America for the next half century. Tyrants and megalomaniac demagogues like Osama bin Laden would use America’s actions in the region to foment hatred and gain fanatical support that would explode in New York’s World Trade Center, Arlington, Virginia’s Pentagon and on the Pennsylvania countryside in 2001.9
Following the Arbenz overthrow, the Congress of the United States also established a commission to look into the operations of the Executive branch of government. Former President Herbert Hoover headed the study group which included a small task force under General Mark Clark to look at the workings of the CIA and other intelligence groups.10
President Eisenhower and CIA Director Dulles succeeded in blocking the Mark Clark Task Force from examining the CIA's Clandestine Services’ covert operations by setting up the President’s Special Study Group headed by Doolittle. Pawley’s recent covert operations experience would prove invaluable for the preparation of a meaningful classified report. Moreover, Pawley was Ike’s close friend, trusted advisor who had made substantial campaign contributions and had raised large sums of money for Ike's political campaign in 1952. He obviously had Ike’s Presidential success as well as America’s as a top priority while serving on the Study Group.11
A quarter of a century after the Doolittle Committee made its recommendation, a Senate study found that the “orientation” of the four men did not lend itself to criticizing the types of activities the CIA’s leadership undertook. Indeed, the Agency had drafted the early “instructions to General Doolittle” who was a friend of Frank Wisner, the CIA’s Deputy Director of Plans under Richard Helms when Mossadegh and Arbenz were overthrown. Likewise, New York attorney Morris Hadley was a longtime friend of CIA Director Allen Dulles as was Pawley. Assistant Secretary of the Navy William Franke, the fourth member of the Doolittle Committee brought accounting insights from a military perspective.
The Heroic General: Lieutenant General James Doolittle previously had flown Mexican border patrol with Chennault and became one of the first test pilots for William Douglas Pawley who sold 50 Curtiss-Wright Hawks to China after Doolittle demonstrated the fighter plane.12 Doolittle then became a World War II hero by conducting the successful bombing raid on Tokyo. As few as 50 Japanese died as a result of the bombing, but a strong psychological message was delivered that Japan was vulnerable to air attack, just as Pearl Harbor had been.
During that historic 1942 raid Doolittle earned a reputation for having ice water in his veins as he led 80 volunteer airmen in sixteen B-52 bombers on what some thought was a high probability suicide run on April 18, 1942. Not unlike Japanese kamikaze pilots.The U.S. planes took off from an “aircraft carrier 600 miles away from Japan” which was 200 miles further away than planned. When fuel ran low after the bombing raid, the air crews “were forced to ditch their planes or bail out over the Chinese coast at night; one plane diverted to [Vladivostok] Russia.”13
Some airmen were captured by the Japanese and executed. Doolittle’s plane went down in a rice paddy. With the help of friendly Chinese citizens and American missionary John Birch, Doolittle made it to safety. The Japanese in retaliation for aiding the bomber crews killed thousands of Chinese. Birch himself later became the first casualty of the Cold War, when a young Red Chinese soldier killed him. In 1958, the anticommunist John Birch Society was founded by three business leaders:
• Candy manufacturer Robert Welch
-
Robert Stoddard who headed the Worcester Telegram and Gazette and Wyman-Gordon, a large Massachusetts producer of forgings for aerospace and automotive industries
-
Fred Koch who built oil refineries in the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany and elsewhere and started the U.S. company that became Koch Industries.14
Morris Hadley’s father, Arthur Twining Hadley, was president of Yale from 1899 through 1921 and married to the daughter of Connecticut Governor Luzon Morris who served in the 1890s.17 As the youngest major in the U.S. Army, Major Morris Hadley, 302d Field Artillery, ORC, wed Katherine Cumnock Blodgett of Grand Rapids18 “at Avalon, the summer home of the her parents, Mr. and Mrs. John Wood Blodgett, at Prides Crossing,” Massachusetts.19 Her father was a financier and lumberman involved in Michigan Republican politics.20
In 1951, the Hadleys gave a $400,000 gift to Vassar through their Rubicon Foundation.22 A decade and a half later, Rubicon was identified by Ramparts as funneling funds to a CIA- backed group. Their daughter was on board a TWA airplane in 1974 that crashed off Greece in what some thought was sabotage.23
When he joined the Doolittle Committee, in 1954, Morris Hadley was also Chairman of the board of Carnegie Corporation.24 Late in January 1955, as a partner in Milbank, Tweed, Hope & Hadley, he was elected as a new board member of Chase National Bank which would merge with the Bank of Manhattan despite concerns of it being a monopolistic move. Chase’s chairman, John J. McCloy, told stockholders that the merger would intensify, not lessen competition.25
Hadley’s partner, John J. McCloy, had been a business partner of both Pawley and Nelson Rockefeller in World Commerce Corporation to support Chiang Kai-shek.26 McCloy had served as Under Secretary of War in 1941; High Commissioner to Germany after the war; panel member on a task force to reorganize military intelligence; President of the World Bank; Chairman of Chase Manhattan Bank; and director of the Rockefeller Foundation. His ever- growing credentials would eventually include membership on the Council on Foreign Relations; a disarmament advisor to President John F. Kennedy; panelist on the Warren Commission charged with investigating the assassination of the president; and a decade later, in 1975, head of a special group created to investigate Gulf Oil's illegal political contributions to domestic and foreign political officials.27
Following the Doolittle Committee's review of the United Fruit inspired coup against Arbenz, McCloy became a director of United Fruit, as did former CIA Director General Walter Bedell Smith, “whose anti-Communism was so zealous that he once called Nelson Rockefeller a ‘Red’ for a lukewarm statement in favor of trade unions.”28
Despite Hadley’s friendship with Allen Dulles and General Doolittle’s friendship with the CIA’s man in charge of covert operations, Deputy Director of Plans Frank Wisner, the panelists were extremely objective, according to Hadley in a phone interview with this author— coincidentally made from the New York Public Library, where Morris Hadley’s name is etched in a wall.29
A Choice Anchored in Accounting: William Franke was a senior partner in a New York accounting firm and served as chairman of the board for a number of small East Coast firms that were involved in such things as cinder blocks, shale products, telephone answering services and the Carolina, Clinchfield and Ohio Railway.
In 1959, Ike named Franke as Secretary of the Navy, succeeding Thomas S. Gates.
Franke would hold the position at the time of the initial plannin
g of the Bay of Pigs naval invasion. President Kennedy replaced him with a Lyndon Johnson supporter, John B. Connally,
Jr. who was wounded when Kennedy was assassinated.30
After his government service, Franke became chairman of FRAM, which was eventually sold to Bendix Corporation. Franke served on the Bendix board before retiring to Vermont where he died in 1979 following gall bladder surgery.31
A Man for All Reasons: Six years after President Eisenhower asked William Douglas Pawley to look into the CIA’s covert operations, he testified before a Congressional committee chaired by Senator James O. Eastland, Mississippi. Pawley gave a recap of his activities during the Truman and early Eisenhower years. His curricula vitae didn’t include his Flying Tiger leadership and stopped in 1954, failing tomention his participation on the Doolittle Committee, which had been reported in The New York Times in a brief article on the work’s secrecy. Pawley's curricula vitae read:
1945: Ambassador to Peru.
1946-47: Ambassador to Brazil
September 20, 1947 to March 15, 1948: On leave in Miami and Washington.
March 15, 1948: Returned to Brazil for 2 weeks, to take leave there having resigned as
Ambassador.
April 1948: Bogota Conference.
May through July 1948: Washington.
August, September 1948: Sailed to Europe for vacation trip, during which visited Spain and negotiated bases [with Franco]. Returned to Paris where U.N. General Assembly in progress. Marshall asked me to assist him, but first I returned to Washington, then Miami to settle union dispute, then flew back to Paris.
Early 1949, as I remember, was spent between Washington, Virginia and Miami.
September 1949: Havana to negotiate with union, intervenor and Government re taking over the trolley company.
October through December 1949: Washington, Miami and elsewhere.
January 1950 through February 1, 1951: Havana Autobuses Modernos. Removed streetcars, streetcar tracks, posts and wires from the streets of Havana, permitting beautification of the city. Korea started in June 1950, and was in Washington in December, when I had talks with Jessup, Marshall and President Truman re China.
February 4, 1951: Miami for [daughter] Annie Hahr’s wedding.
February 19, 1951: Entered State Department as special assistant to Acheson.
June, July 1951: India re wheat and monazite (accompanied by my assistant Lansing Collins) – returned to United States by way of the Far East. Walter McConaughy was in Taiwan.
August 1951: Washington.
September 1951: Clifton died, I went to Mexico and then Miami and remained there for several weeks.
November 20, 1951: Resigned from State to take effect November 30, 1951.
December 3, 1951: Entered Defense Department as special assistant to Lovett
January 17, 1952: Sailed on the America to Europe (with Edna, Anita and my assistant Ed Harris).
January through May 4: Paris. Made two trips back to Washington. One was immediately prior to the Lisbon NATO conference. Flew to Washington, then to Miami to settle strike, then back to Washington to board Lovett’s plane for Lisbon. The other trip to Washington was a 2-week trip for consultation in the Department (Anita and Edna went to Italy).
May 1952: Resign as assistant to Lovett.
June through September 1952: Farm in Virginia. [Belvoir House]
September 1952: Edna and I to Europe and the Middle East. For several months?
1953: Spent mostly in Miami.
1954 Three separate tours of duty in State Department (April, July and September, I believe). This was the Guatemala problem.
Nothing official since then (that is no assignments in the Department). Owner, president, and general manager of the Miami Beach Railway Co., since 1941 and of Miami Transit Co. since 1948. Also owner of South Miami Coach Line and Tropical Coach Line, Inc., and Grayline Sightseeing Co. of Miami.32
From May through July of 1954 security checks were once again conducted on Pawley as he was “under consideration for clearance for Special Intelligence.”33 The checks continued into August, in part due to the request for cryptographic clearance for the Doolittle Committee members.34
In the meantime, the White House sent a letter to Lt. Gen. James H. Doolittle, USAFR, regarding the “Panel of Consultants on Covert Activities of the Central Intelligence Agency.” Signed by President Eisenhower, the letter outlined the panel’s membership and purpose. In it, the President indicates that the panelists may look at other agencies of the Government that may be involved in covert operations. “Mr. S. Paul Johnston has kindly agreed to serve as Executive Director of the panel.”
Ike wanted the panel’s Top-Secret sensitive report to be made personally to him prior to October 1, 1954 and indicated he would determine if it needed to be disseminated to others. “The purpose of these studies, both that of the [Congressional] Hoover Task Force and that of your Group, is to insure that the United States Government develops an appropriate mechanism for carrying out its over-all intelligence responsibilities and the related covert operations. I consider these operations are essential to our national security in these days when international Communism is aggressively pressing its world-wide subversive program.”35
The Doolittle panel actually met at the CIA headquarters on July 14 prior to the President’s letter, according to a document declassified in August of 2001. Not attending were S. Paul Johnston, Director of the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences and Morris Hadley who also had not yet been appointed to the panel. At the first meeting, “the Director the Central Intelligence and key members of his staff presented the over-all problem from the viewpoint of the Agency.”
While the intent at the time was not to keep a written record of the hearings, the declassified document, written as part of the report to President Eisenhower, provides a general sketch of the Group’s activities which included briefings by the Armed Services, the FBI, the State Department, the Bureau of the Budget and the Atomic Energy Commission, visiting CIA stations in Western Europe, and interviewing a list of witnesses.
A daily log declassified in the 21st century provided details of the dates and subjects of briefings to be given by various members of the intelligence community. Kicking off the presentations was CIA Director Allen Dulles and his assistants Frank Wisner and future CIA Director Richard Helms. Numerous names were redacted as were some subjects despite the passage of nearly half-a-century since the Group conducted its study. Among the first topics discussed were: “CIA Covert Activities” ... “Planning ‘Cold War’” ... “Planning ‘Hot War’”... “Foreign Intelligence” ... “Communications Intelligence” and “Psychological & Paramilitary.”36
Some of the individuals interviewed were familiar to Pawley from the Guatemalan coup—Dulles, Wisner, and Holland—while Helms was also associated with the coup in Iran that installed the new Shah. Others like the FBI’s Papich and Belmont would be among those who reviewed documents when the agency was conducting background checks on Pawley or his name surfaced in other matters. James Jesus Angleton was interviewed twice in the summer and emphasized the need for a focused counterintelligence (CI) unit to counter communism. Angleton became head of the CIA’s new CI team in December.
One of the Doolittle Committee’s activities was a “Field Trip” to an undisclosed location, where Doolittle met with Pawley’s longtime friend, Ambassador to Italy, Clare Boothe Luce, in September of 1954. Curiously, she is not listed among the “Other than CIA” individuals, and the CIA was actively funding political candidates in Italy, starting in 1948, to disrupt the Communist party there.
In the same week that Luce was scheduled, Doolittle and Coyne met with Bronson Tweedy, who despite being dyslexic, graduated Princeton University, worked for the highly respected Benton & Bowles advertising agency before and after serving in the Navy in World War II, became the CIA chief of station in Vienna in 1953 and then had assignments in London, Africa and Eastern Europe before retiring in 1973 as deputy to Richard Helms who had risen to CIA Director.37
In 1960, Bronson Tweedy was “Chief of the Africa Division of the CIA’s clandestine services” when Deputy Director of Plans “Richard Bissell asked him to explore the feasibility of assassinating Patrice Lumumba,” the Republic of Congo’s dynamic leader. Poisons were sent to the Congo but were not used because Lumumba was “killed by his Congolese rivals.”38
Following months of other interviews, the Doolittle panel found that the CIA was doing a “creditable job” but one that could be improved upon. Two days later, Eisenhower gave “CIA Director Dulles the report on October 22 with instructions to share it with no one and report back to him regarding the conclusions and recommendations.” Dulles met again with Eisenhower four days later.39
While the Committee called “for better coordination between the CIA and the military and better cooperation between the DDP and the DDA, the report was principally an affirmation of the need for a clandestine capability.”
Moreover, the Doolittle Committee's Report on the Covert Activities of the Central Intelligence Agency constructed an uncompromising foundation in its war against communism:
"It is now clear that we are facing an implacable enemy whose avowed objective is world domination by whatever means and at whatever cost. There are no rules in such a game. Hitherto acceptable norms of human conduct do not apply. If the United States is to survive, longstanding American concepts of “fair play” must be reconsidered. We must develop effective espionage and counter-espionage services and must learn to subvert, sabotage and destroy our enemies by more clever, more sophisticated and more effective methods than those used against us. It may become necessary that the American people be made acquainted with, understand and support this fundamentally repugnant philosophy."40 Bold emphasis added by D.P. Cannon.
When I received the Doolittle Report in 1976 under the Freedom of Information Act, many pages were blacked out hiding its darkest intents in redactions as well as the name of the implacable enemy which was repeatedly concealed throughout the report. Decades later those easy-to-guess redactions were declassified: “Soviet Russia.” Despite Pawley’s presence on the panel, Red China was not mentioned.
"The acquisition and proper evaluation of adequate and reliable intelligence on the capabilities and intentions of Soviet Russia is today’s most important military and political requirement. Several agencies of Government and many thousands of capable and dedicated people are engaged in the accomplishment of this task. Because the United States is relatively new at the game, and because we are opposed by a police state enemy whose social discipline and whose security measures have been built up and maintained at a high level for many years, the usable information we are obtaining is still far short of our needs.
As long as it remains national policy, another important requirement is an aggressive covert psychological, political and paramilitary organization more effective, more unique and, if necessary, more ruthless than that employed by the enemy. No one should be permitted to stand in the way of the prompt, efficient and secure accomplishment of this mission." Bold emphasis added by D.P. Cannon.
Instead of having the singular goal of providing presidents with the finest information available, the Doolittle Committee recommendation was advocating for an “American Gestapo” that President’s Roosevelt and Truman and FBI Director Hoover had feared the Office of Strategic Services was evolving into. President Truman eventually dismantled the OSS and established a centralized intelligence-gathering organization. But Allen Dulles, who had shared a love of espionage and dark activities with OSS chief Donovan, soon became the CIA’s director.41
Prior to the Doolittle recommendation, the CIA had already begun conducting behavior modification experiments using exotic drugs, electro-shocks, radioactive materials, and paramilitary methods.42 The Agency had a psychological warfare unit to generate support for the Cold War and had employed it successfully to overthrow governments in Iran and Guatemala.43 And prior to 1954, Program Branch 7 had been established to carry out the planning of assassinations, should the need arise.44
Perhaps only those who experienced the horrors of the darkest activities launched by the Doolittle Committee will ever know how far America strayed from the path of civilized conduct and its public propaganda images of Care packages, the ship of Hope, and the Peace Corps. It is unlikely that the truth will ever come from elected and appointed officials. Even after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of communism under its own incompetence, the CIA could not be reined in or even unveiled.
An editorial in The New York Times on April 7, 1992, noted that despite announcing a new openness, CIA Director Robert Gates “has regrettably said nothing about the overall size of intelligence budgets, past and present. Nor has he revealed the names and functions of aIl the U.S. intelligence agencies, including a few whose very existence is not known to most members of Congress or the public.”45 Bold emphasis added by D.P. Cannon.
The four Doolittle panelists found that “while Allen Dulles had been brilliant as an operative” when he was stationed in Switzerland in World War II, “as an administrator he was next to inept,” Morris Hadley told me. He said that Dulles became panicky during the Arbenz overthrow and sent in a second team without telling them the first team was there, and the first team was unaware of the second. As a result, both groups were bribing the same people to conduct opposite efforts and the coup was almost a catastrophe. As late in the operation as June 7, 1954, it was unclear what the U.S. “stop and search” policy was—and the State Department had to clarify it with the Chief of Naval Operations.46
In the half century following the report, General Doolittle repeatedly refused to discuss the committee’s work.
Panel member William Franke had no comment regarding which member recommended that the U.S. become “more ruthless” than the enemy. “I’ve done an admirable job of putting it out of my mind,” Franke told this author. “I have no regrets about serving.” Franke believed he had been selected to serve by either President Eisenhower, himself, or Sherman Adams.47 Franke died a-year-and-a-half later from gall bladder surgery complications.48
Franke said that he was Secretary of the Navy at the end of Ike’s term and then “I was chairman of FRAM until it was sold to Bendix. I love living in Rutland, Vermont now.”49
Pawley wrote in his autobiography about his service on the Doolittle Committee. “After the Communist regime [in Guatemala] had been ousted, we went ahead with an exhaustive inquiry into the operations of the CIA. We interviewed literally hundreds of witnesses and examined the most secret aspects of CIA operations. The probe corroborated what I had long suspected, that, while Allen Dulles was a brilliant intelligence analyst and practitioner, he had limitations as an executive in charge of one of the largest organizations in the world.”
Despite the Doolittle Committee’s critical assessment of the CIA Director, Pawley eagerly worked with Dulles five years later in plotting to overthrow Castro to protect America and Pawley’s business interests in Florida and around the Caribbean.
In his July 1, 1975 draft of Russia Is Winning, Pawley concluded, “What we proposed was not revealed to the public at the time and I have no authority to disclose it even now.”
A decade before the “ruthless” recommendation appeared in the Doolittle Report, Pawley competed against “China aircraft salesman, A.L. ‘Pat’ Patterson ... a Chennault ally” who “represented the Seversky company.” In an article by Charles Barton about the potentially enriching competition, Pawley was described as “socially charming, handsome, and ruthless.”50
Pawley wrote that his reward for his service was two gratifying letters. One from General Doolittle stated, “It was a pleasure to work with you Bill and, as I told you before, without your hard work and sound counsel, our report would have been nowhere as valuable as I feel it is. This note brings every good wish for the Holiday Season and the New Year. As ever, Jim.”
The other letter was from President Eisenhower. “Dear Bill: To the oral expression of thanks I made previously, I would like to add this note in appreciation of your services as a member of the Committee which surveyed highly important activities of the Central Intelligence Agency.” Eisenhower further noted, “The preparation of the report involved considerable
demands upon your time and effort, and required exceptional qualities of judgment and discretion. I thank you earnestly for your contribution to the security of our country. With warm regards.”51
President Eisenhower continued to seek Pawley’s worldly perspective and advice although not always agreeing with him. Following a dinner with Ike, Pawley wrote a note on April 6, 1955 to which Ike responded with a cautionary warning and a clarification. “I think it would be very unwise to repeat anything publicly that was said at a private dinner. While in this case I see the logic of your suggestion, still this could lead to the most dangerous of practices and would eventually eliminate informal personal affairs for any President.” Ike then addressed Pawley’s misinterpretation of what he had said about Russia and the Pacific War during WWII. “Actually I think I said I recommended strongly that we not ask the Russians to come into the Far Eastern War. One of the reasons I gave was that in my opinion it was impossible to keep them out of that war—another was that they were not needed” because “my staff and I became convinced that the Japanese were on their last legs.”
President Eisenhower also noted that he wanted to “avoid using the atomic bomb” but Secretary of War Stimson insisted “it would save hundreds of thousands of American lives.”
Ike concluded his letter with fondness similar to that shown by General Marshall towards Pawley’s wife. “Give my love to Edna.”52
In March of 1956, William Douglas Pawley was among the “prominent persons” listed by The New York Times who were on the dinner committee for a fundraising event honoring polar explorer, Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd. The proceeds were earmarked for the International Rescue Committee (IRC), “a voluntary American private organization founded in 1933 ... to aid escapees from dictatorship terror and oppression.’” At the time, IRC was presided
over by Angier Biddle Duke, an heir to a tobacco fortune who had served as Ambassador to El Salvador under Truman.53
Pawley had much in common with another individual on the dinner committee, General Thomas Dresser White. Both men had backgrounds in China and Brazil as well as flying and covert operations. White was well on his way to becoming chief of staff of operations for the U.S. Air Force in 1957, a position he held until shortly after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion when he was succeeded by General Curtis LeMay.54
In August 1956, Time magazine reported on the lobbying efforts of The Committee of One Million Against the Admission of Communist China to the United Nations. The group wanted to ensure that opposition to elevating the status of Communist China was included as part of both the Republican and Democrat platforms in the upcoming presidential election. “Signers of the appeal” included Rep. Walter Judd (R-Minnesota) who would become a major force in Congress working with the pro-Chiang Nationalist China lobby. A resolution “against the admittance of Red China to the U.N.” had passed both the House and Senate with a single vote against it, “reflecting overwhelming U.S. opinion.”55
Pawley, as a forbearer of opposition to China, would throw his financial backing of presidential candidates behind the China hardliners: Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956, Richard Nixon in 1960 and Senator Barry Goldwater in 1964. Pawley would later lament that the U.S. began reversing its opposition to the Chinese communists in the 1970s “under, of all people that arch-foe of communism Richard M. Nixon.”56
The Doolittle Committee Report was forwarded to President Eisenhower with a cover letter signed September 30, 1954 by Chairman Doolittle, and Special Study Group members Franke, Hadley and Pawley. The group made a formal presentation to President Eisenhower on October 19th. Its recommendations were approved by President Eisenhower’s Special Assistant, Nelson Rockefeller, who two decades later, Vice President under President Ford would head the commission to “investigate” the domestic and foreign CIA abuses as a result of the ruthless covert policies that Rockefeller had approved and recommended to President Eisenhower.57
On February 8, 1955, J. Patrick Coyne, wrote a memo detailing the progress of the CIA on implementing the Doolittle Committee recommendations.
Memorandum From the National Security Council Representative on Internal Security (Coyne) to the President’s Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Cutler) and the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council (Lay)
Washington, February 8, 1955.
RE CIA–The Doolittle Report on CIA’s Covert Activities
Last Friday night [February 4] at the invitation of Allen Dulles, General Doolittle, Bill Franke and I dined with Mr. Dulles and several of his key officials (Messrs. Cabell, Kirkpatrick, Wisner, White, Bissell, Helms, Balmer, Scott, Angleton and Roosevelt). Following the dinner Mr. Dulles and his associates gave us a detailed fill-in on the progress made thus far by CIA in its efforts to implement the recommendations of the Doolittle Report. Highlights of their oral progress report follow.
1. NSCID #5: Agreement has been reached between CIA and the military services with respect to the conduct of certain espionage and counterespionage operations overseas. (I think this will mark a very substantial step forward, if it serves to clarify those areas of “agreed activities” which have been the subject of considerable controversy for several years.)
2. Operational Security Clearances: An agreement has been drawn with respect to the security clearance of agent, service and proprietary personnel which is satisfactory to the DD/P and SO areas of the Agency.
3. Counterespionage: A highly experienced official has been newly installed as the Chief of this area of the DD/P complex and improved procedures are being put into effect.
4. Polygraph Program: The backlog of unpolygraphed personnel has been virtually eliminated.
5. Cover Problems: Renewed efforts are underway to cope with the very difficult, practical problem of developing varied covers suitable for CIA’s needs on both long-term and short-term bases. Allen Dulles thinks more might be done on this score, including increased use of aliens.
6. Buildings: Varied and repeated efforts are being made with little success to improve the present office- housing situation which finds CIA, through no fault of its own, located in 34 buildings in the Washington area.
7. DD/Support: All normal functions of the Agency, exclusive of DD/I, DD/P, and IG have been combined under the newly created office of the Deputy Director for Support. By this action, personnel, administration, fiscal, communications and related matters are pulled together under one head. Allen Dulles believes—and I agree—that this should have the effect of rendering more coordinated and better support to the various operational segments of the Agency.
8. Organization of the DD/P Offices: Steps have been initiated to streamline the DD/P set-up. Allen Dulles and Wisner are pressing to get this done.
9. Training: Continuing efforts are being made to improve the training of personnel. Specific programs have been initiated for this purpose.
10. Projects Review: A new Review Committee is about to be set up which will continue the complicated task of examining projects with a view to eliminating those which are less essential so that available resources may be allocated to those of greater importance to the Agency’s mission.
11. Long-Range Planning: Continued emphasis is being afforded this matter and expert scientific and other outside personnel (such as Land and Killian) are being tapped to assure maximum results.
As Mr. Dulles and his assistants briefed us our views were solicited and were quite freely given. I was impressed, but not at all surprised, at the very constructive approach which Allen Dulles and all of his associates have taken to the Doolittle Report. I am convinced that assiduous efforts are being made by the Agency to profit by such of the recommendations contained therein as may be meritorious. The fact that Allen Dulles would take the time to consult members of an extinct committee is as unusual as it is desirable, and it speaks well of Allen Dulles’ continuing efforts to improve the performance of the many important national security responsibilities which devolve upon CIA. (The use of the participants in the Doolittle survey in a continuing, consultative capacity strikes me as being highly desirable in view of the background which they have accumulated concerning the covert operations of CIA. Allen Dulles has in mind consulting with these same people on future occasions.)
I suggest that you give the President a brief oral fill-in on the foregoing when the opportunity presents itself. I suggest also that a word of appreciation from the President to Allen Dulles would be well deserved.
J. Patrick Coyne [Signature]
(Coyne's) Footnotes:
(1) “192. Report by the Special Study Group.” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955, The Intelligence Community, 1950-1955. U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d192
Source: Central Intelligence Agency, Community Management Staff, Job 82–M0311R, Box 1, Folder 23. Top Secret. Regarding the origins of this report, also known as the Doolittle Report, see Documents 184 and 185. It was forwarded to the President under cover of a September 30 letter signed by J. H. Doolittle, Chairman, and members of the Special Study Group William B. Franke, Morris Hadley, and William D. Pawley. The covering letter, the table of contents, and the appendices (B–D) are not printed. Appendix A is a copy of Document 185.
(2) “171. “Note From the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council (Lay) to the National Security Council.” NSC 5412 Washington, March 15, 1954. Covert Operations. Foreign Relations Of The United States, 1950–1955, The Intelligence Community, 1950–1955
(3) “255. National Security Council Intelligence Directive No. 5 Revised” Washington, August 28, 1951. Espionage And Counterespionage Operations. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950-1955,
(4) “Referenced in Foreign Relations, 1945-1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment, Document 433”. National Security Council Intelligence Directive No. 13” Washington, January 18,1950
Source: National Archives and Records Administration, RG 59, Records of the Department of State, Records of the Executive Secretariat, NSC Files: Lot 66 D 95, Box 1799—NSCIDs. Top Secret. 3 pages of source text not declassified.
CHAPTER FOOTNOTES:
1 Pawley, Russia Is Winning. Page 348
2 Pawley, Russia Is Winning. Pages 343, 344, 345, 346—November 4, 1974; updated July 1, 1975.
3 JFK Assassination Archive search of Pawley yielded 602 entries as of March 17, 2004. As of March 7, 2010, the entries stood at 978. In December 2021 an additional 5 CIA documents were released.
NARA 104-10138-10345 ~ 7/13/1954 Memorandum. “Subjects: William Douglas Pawley.” To: Director Central Intelligence. From: Sheffield Edwards, Director of Security.
NARA 1993.08.06.08:02:25:650060 ~ 7/21/1954 “Results of inquiries (on William Pawley) at Federal Agencies.” Subjects: Pawley, William; Inquiries. To: [None]. From: Farrell, Francis, C/SA in Charge.
NARA 1993.07.31.10:36:05:750034 ~ 7/23/1954 “William Pawley's Clearance for Special Intelligence.” Subjects: Pawley, William; SI Clearance. To: Chief, Security Division. OS. From: Christensen, David, C/SIS/OGI.
NARA 104-10133-10191 ~ 7/29/1954 Office Memorandum. “Pawley, William D. (connection with the Doolittle Committee).” Subjects: Pawley, William; Doolittle Committee. To: Chief, Security Division. From: Cunningham, Robert, C/SSD Spec Sec Div.
NARA 104-10122-10046 ~ 7/29/1954 “Pawley, William, D. – Connection with Doolittle Committee.” To: Chief,
Security Division. From: Cunningham, Robert H., Chief, Special Security Division.
>> D/OS request that investigative info on William Pawley be put in overt file.
NARA 104-10049-10145 ~ 8/9/1954 “Pawley, William D. - #78435 – Meets current requirements of Cryptographic Clearance.” To: C/Commo Security Division. From: Geiss, E.P., C/Security Division.
NARA 1993.08.06.08:24:19:460060 ~ 8/17/1954 “List of Individuals scheduled to visit the office of communications.” To: P M. Bosco, CIA. Subjects: Pawley, Wm D; Doolittle, Lt. From: R.L. Bannerman, CIA.
4 “Trying to Kill Castro,” The Washington Post, June 27, 2007.
“Washington Merry-Go-Round.” By Jack Anderson. Florence Times and Tri-Cities Daily (Alabama),
January 19, 1971. Page 4.
>> On March 13, 1961, Sheffield Edwards’ assistant, Jim O'Connell, met with Robert Maheu and Mafia figures Johnny Roselli, Santo Trafficante and Sam Giancana at the Fontainebleau Hotel. At the meeting O'Connell gave poison pills and $10,000 to Rosselli to be used against Fidel Castro. Operation Mongoose failed to kill Castro.
5 “A Swashbuckler in Gray Flannel Suit: Arch-Conservative Left His Mark Around the World.” By Jim Buchanan and Earl DeHart. Miami Herald. January 8, 1977. Page 12-A
6 7/13/1954 Confidential Memorandum. “Subject: Mr. William D. Pawley.” To: S= The Secretary [of State]. From: ARA [Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State—Mr. [Henry F.] Holland.
7 NARA 104-10134-10060 ~ 7/13/1954 “Memo on William Douglas Pawley.” To: Director of Central Intelligence. From: Sheffield Edwards, Director of Security.
1. Forwarded herewith are the Security Office files concerning the captioned individual.
2. In January 1952, the Subject was approved by this office as a potential source of foreign intelligence information ... The Subject’s investigative file at State Department was not available for review at that time.
3. In July 1952, a covert security clearance was requested for Subject’s use under DTROBALO, which request was then cancelled on 30 December 1952.
7/14/1955 FBI Memorandum “Subject: re: Pawley.” To: Boardman (distribution to Nichols, Boardman, Belmont). From: Belmont.
... Investigation did not develop any subversive derogatory information concerning Pawley, and he was described as being loyal and anti-Communist. Certain individuals did allege that his business practices in some instances were unethical. It was also alleged that he secured a divorce from his first wife illegally as he received a divorce in Cuba and was alleged not to be a bona fide resident of Cuba. Subsequent legal action in the United States between Pawley and his first wife resulted in the divorce being upheld. Pawley has been Ambassador to Peru and Brazil; Special Assistant to the Secretary of State and Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense. He has been cordial to the Bureau and personally opposed withdrawal of FBI from SIS work ...
8 “F. Mark Wyatt, 86, CIA Officer, Is Dead.” By Tim Weiner. The New York Times, July 6, 2006.
9 “Overthrow of premier Mossadeqh of Iran.” The New York Times, June 18, 2000.
>> “The Director, on April 4, 1953, approved a budget of $1,000,000 which could be used by the Tehran Station in any way that would bring about the fall of Mossadegh.” — CIA Document, Part I, Page 3.
Abbas Milani, The Shah (St. Martin’s Griffin). Page 44.
10 Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Foreign and Military Intelligence, Book IV, Final Report of the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, April 23, 1976. Page 52-3.
“220. Report By The Task Force On Intelligence Activities of The Commission On Organization Of The Executive Branch Of The Government, Washington, May 1955.” Foreign Relations Of The United States, 1950–1955, The Intelligence Community, 1950–1955. Office Of The Historian, United States Department Of State Website.
>> General Mark Clark’s Task Force (headed by Clark and Admiral Richard L. Connolly) under the Hoover Study Group examined the other branches of the CIA and found that an excessive emphasis on covert action over intelligence gathering and analysis was adversely affecting the espionage role.
>> One of the non-redacted recommendations was the consolidation of the CIA from 22 buildings to one which resulted in its Langley, Virginia Headquarters building.
11 David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, The Invisible Government (Vintage Books, February 1974).
“William Pawley” obituary. New York Post, January 8, 1977.
World Who’s Who in Commerce and Industry, 1966-67 (Marquis—Who’s Who, Chicago). Page 1015.
12 “Millions for Defense.” Aviation Week, January 1, 1934.
13 “Chase J. Nielsen, 90; aviator captured after Doolittle raid.” By Dennis McLellan. Los Angeles Times, March 30, 2007
Two men were killed after ditching their planes off the coast of China, but Chase Nielsen became separated from them, was found on shore by a Chinese guerilla, then captured by Japanese forces, was held as a POW with five other raiders, and yet survived to live to be 90.
14 “Robert Stoddard dies at 78, A Founder of John Birch Society.” The New York Times, December 16, 1984.
>> Stoddard was also a director of Raytheon, International Paper Company, First National Bank of Boston, and other companies. Both Stoddard and Welch were directors of the then powerful industrial lobbying group, the National Association of Manufacturers which, in the 1980s, ironically embraced the concept of American manufacturing in China to increase greater profits for companies. Their NAM directorships sent a chilling message to other N.A.M. members and employees including my own father, an NAM environmental lobbyist, who feared being tainted by association to anything remotely liberal.
“David Koch, Billionaire Who Fueled Right-Wing Movement, Dies at 79.” The New York Times, August 23, 2019.
Fred Koch made millions in the 1920s and ’30s by inventing a process to extract more gasoline from crude oil and by building refineries in the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany and elsewhere in Europe and the Middle East. Fiercely anti-Communist, he co-founded the right-wing John Birch Society and created the Wichita company that became Koch Industries.
After Fred Koch’s death in 1967, his sons inherited significant stakes in the company. Charles became chairman, chief executive and the strategist behind its expansion into chemicals, pipelines and consumer goods, eventually making Koch Industries the nation’s second-largest private conglomerate, with interests in 60 countries, more than 100,000 employees and annual revenue of more than $100 billion.
World Who’s Who in Commerce and Industry, 1966-67. Page 1015.
15 “Morris Hadley biography.” Milbank law firm website biography of Name Partners as of 2010. A new website no longer contains the detailed biography of the early founders. http://www.milbank.com/en/AboutUsHistory/AboutUs_Partners.htm
“The Steady Hand.” Time, June 11, 1951.
>> Regarding “Yale’s Grand Old Man,” economist Arthur Twining Hadley, class of '76, a colleague stated, “He thinks in Hebrew; reasons in Latin, spins you a joke in Greek.”
“Leila Hadley, Who Traveled the World and Then Wrote About It, Dies at 83.” The New York Times, February 15,
2009.
>> She had been briefly married to Arthur T. Hadley II. “After quitting her job as the publicity director for ‘The Howdy Doody Show’ in 1951, she took her 6-year-old son, Arthur T. Hadley III, on a two-year round-the-world trip, traveling from Singapore to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and from Beirut to Malta onboard a schooner being sailed by four young American men, one of whom became her second husband.” Her child-rearing reputation “came under a cloud when her daughter Caroline Nicholson” and granddaughter, “Faith, filed a lawsuit against her in 2003. The suit claimed damages for what the two said was sexual abuse during the 1970s, when Mrs. Hadley was having an affair with Henry Luce III, the oldest son of the founder of Time magazine, whom she married in 1990. (He died in 2005.)”
“David Koch, Billionaire Who Fueled Right-Wing Movement, Dies at 79.” The New York Times, August 23, 2019.
16 John J. McCloy, Nathan W. Pearson, Beverley, The Great Gulf Oil Spill (New York: Chelsea House Publishers,
1976).
>> The biography of McCloy in this Gulf Oil book fails to list his service to America as a member of the Warren Commission.
17 “Mrs. Hadley, Widow of Yale President; Also Daughter of Luzon Morris; Ex-Governor of Connecticut.” The New York Times, April 1939. Page 19.
18 “Youngest Major in U.S. Army to Wed; Morris Hadley, 23. Son of Yale’s President, Engaged to Katherine C. Blodgett.” The New York Times, February 2, 1918
19 “Miss Blodgett Wed to Morris Hadley, Son of Yale’s President at Her Summer Home at Pride’s Crossing, Mass.” The New York Times, July 13, 1919.
20 “Blodgett, John W. and Minnie Cumnock, Estate; 250 Plymouth Road, SE, East Grand Rapids—Kent County.” The Official State of Michigan website. http://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/hso/sites/7858.htm
21 “Lawyer New Head of Library Board; Morris Hadley Is Elected as President to Succeed the Late Frank L. Polk. Became Trustee in 1938, Major in First World War and Graduate of Harvard Law Sets 'Best Service' as Goal.” The New York Times, May 13, 1943. Page 18.
“Root, Eli.” Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
>> When Hadley became a trustee, he was appointed along with Dr. Henry James and Elihu Root, Jr., a lawyer and accomplished painter whose father had been Secretary of War under President McKinley (1899-1904) and became president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1910-1925). The Roots were distant cousins of Henry Luce, whose Time magazine covered them 215 times. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000430
22 “$400,000 Gift Made to Vassar.” The New York Times,” May 24, 1951. Page 37
Mrs. Hadley is president and Mr. Hadley is treasurer of the Rubicon Foundation ... formed in 1947.
23 “U.S. Inquiry Begun Into TWA Crash; Witness Saw Jet Pitch Up and Rock Wings Before Plunging Off Greece Inquiry into Sabotage Speculation on Engine 12,000 Feet Down Americans on Plane.” By Richard Witkin. The New York Times, September 10, 1974. Page 14.
24 “Dwight D. Eisenhower. Secret To James Harold Doolittle, 26 July 1954.” The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, ed. L. Galambos and D. van Ee, doc. 993. (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.) The Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission. http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/presidential-papers/first-term/documents/993.cfm
25 “McCloy Denies Monopoly Trend in Merger of Chase, Manhattan.” The New York Times, January 26, 1955. Page
33.
>> Frederic W. Ecker of New York Life was also elected to the board. He and Hadley “succeeded Leroy A. Lincoln, chairman of Met Life, and Jeremiah Milbank.”
26 Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War Volume II. Pages 509-11
27 “Morris Hadley biography.” No longer at the law firm’s website.
The Warren Commission Report.
John J. McCloy, Nathan W. Pearson, Beverley, The Great Gulf Oil Spill.
McCloy died March 11, 1989, just shy of his 94th birthday. General Walter Bedell Smith died August 9, 1961 at age 65.
28 United Fruit Company Annual Report, 1955, 1956, 1957 and 1958.
Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer, Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala. (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1983). Page 141.
29 Phone interview with Morris Hadley by David Cannon on March 5, 1976.
>> His secretary at Milbank Tweed Hadley & McCloy provided the home phone number after saying he was not in the office.
30 “Ex-Gov. John Connally, Wounded in JFK Slaying.” Chicago Tribune, June 16, 1993.
31 “Ex-Navy Secretary William B. Franke, Advocate of Modern Defense System,” The Washington Post, July 2, 1979.
“W.B. Franke; Ex-Navy Secretary; Officer of Several Companies.” By George Goodman. Jr., July 2, 1979. Page B11.
“W. Michael Blumenthal.” Bookrags website.
http://www.bookrags.com/W.Michael_Blumenthal.
>> Bendix Corporation was the company from which President Carter’s Secretary of the Treasury, Michael Blumenthal, came.
32 “Executive session testimony of William D. Pawley September 2 and 8, 1960.” Committee of the Judiciary’s Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws, Report (December 20, 1960). Pages 712 and 755.
“'A Creditable Job’ is Verdict on CIA; Doolittle Survey, However, Tells President of Areas That Need Improvement.” The New York Times, October 20, 1954. Page 16
33 NARA 1993.08.06.08:02:25:650060 ~ 7/21/1954 Form. “Subject: W.D.P. EE-7144-A.” To: Personnel Security Branch, S.O. From: Francis M. Farrell, FBI, Special Agent in Charge.
34 NARA 104-10049-10140 ~ 7/29/1954 Office Memorandum “William Pawley’s Connection with the Doolittle Committee. To: Chief, Special Security Division. From: Chief of Special Security Division, Robert H. Cunningham.
-
Inasmuch as the Office of the Director of Central Intelligence indicated the Subject’s connection with the Doolittle Committee, the Director of Security has requested the bulk of the investigative material regarding the subject be placed in an overt file. Such material is forwarded herewith.
-
The office of the Director of Central Intelligence has also advised that the Federal Bureau of Investigation recently completed an investigation of the Subject...This Division also previously checked HCUA [House Committee on Un-American Activities] records in November 1952 regarding the Subject with negative results.
-
It is noted that a security clearance was requested in July 1952 for Subject’s use in a covert capacity, which request was latter cancelled. It is requested that the fact of previous consideration of the Subject for a covert use be not disseminated outside the Security Office without the prior concurrence of this Division.
-
It is also noted that the attached report, dated 4 March 1953 and consisting of a review of Treasury Department files, was obtained through use of cover credentials. Consequently for the protection of our cover facilities, it is requested that the above mentioned report not be released to other government agencies.
NARA 104-10049-10121 ~ 8/9/1954 “William Pawley’s Cryptographic Clearance.” To: Chief, Communications Security Division. From: E. P. Geiss, Chief, Security Division. Subject Pawley, William D. #78435.
In reply to your memorandum, this is to advise that Subject meets the current requirements for Cryptographic clearance and that there is no objection to such clearance.
NARA 1993.08.06.08:20:50:560060 ~ 8/17/1954 “Clearances—Special Study Group.” To: Chief, Security Division/SO, CIA. From: Peter M. Bosco, Chief Security Division.
-
The Special Study Group is tentatively scheduled to visit the Office of Communications on or about 19 August 1954. The following members of the group are expected to be present:
-
Lt. Gen. James H. Doolittle
-
Mr. William D. Pawley
-
Mr. William Birrell Franke
-
Mr. S. Paul Johnston
-
Mr. J. Patrick Coyne
-
Mr. Morris Hadley
-
-
During the visit it is planned to have the group inspect certain cryptographic areas while normal cryptographic operations are being conducted, although no detailed discussion of cryptographic systems or procedures is anticipated. Since CIA cryptographic clearances may be issued only to Agency employees it is not desired to issue clearances to members of the group; however, their exposure to cryptographic operations is authorized by the Assistant Director for Communications provided that the Security Office concurs and that it is established that the individuals meet the security standards for cryptographic clearance.
-
It is requested that you advise by memorandum of your concurrence that you include confirmation that all members of the group named above meet necessary security standards for cryptographic clearance.
NARA 104-10122-10036 ~ 8/17/1954 “Pawley, William D.—Meets Security Clearance.” To: Assistant Director of Communications, Attn: Peter M. Bosco, Acting Director of Security. Subjects: OS Visit, Crypt Clearance, Pawley William. From: R.L. Bannerman.
Doolittle, Lt. Gen. James H.
Pawley, William D.
Franke, William Birrell
Johnston, S. Paul
Coyne, J. Patrick
Hadley, Morris
Reference is made to your memorandum of 17 August 1954, advising us that the above listed individuals are scheduled to visit the Office of Communications on or about 19 August1954 and requesting that you be advised of security concurrence with respect to allowing the above group to inspect certain cryptographic areas.
This is to advise that all members of the group identified above meet the security standards for cryptographic clearance and that there is no security objection to their exposure to cryptographic operations. All members of the group have been granted Agency TOP SECRET Clearances.
NARA 1993.07.31.09:19:39:900034 ~ 8/30/1954 “List of Names (Including Pawley) to be Filed in Subject Files.” From: Chief, Personnel Security Branch, W.A. Osborne.
Doolittle, James H. Lt. Con’l.
Coyne, J. Patrick
Hadley, Morris
Johnston, S. Paul
Franke, William Birrell
Pawley, William Douglas
The attached mimeographed releases were received by the Security Office and were referred to the Director of Security who indicated they were to be filed in the files of the subject persons.
NARA 1993.08.05.14:01:12:340052 ~ 8/30/1954 “Withheld. Mimeographed attachment. Filed in Subject Files.” From: Chief, Personnel Security Branch, W.A. Osborne.
Confidential
Mr. Pawley was born in Florence, South Carolina, in 1896. From 1927 to 1933 he was President of Compania Nacional Cubana de Aviacion, Havana, Cuba. He became President of the China National Aviation Corporation in 1933, and in 1934 organized and became the President of Central Aircraft Manufacturing Co., which pioneered in the field of aircraft construction in China.
Later he became President of Hindustan Aircraft, Ltd., with headquarters in Bangalore, India. He organized, recruited and maintained the American Volunteer Group (Flying Tigers) for the Chinese Air Force.
In 1945 he was appointed Ambassador to Peru, and in 1946 became Ambassador to Brazil. His home is at 2555 Lake Avenue, Sunset Island #2, Miami Beach, and he maintains offices at 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City.
Interim Top Secret clearance was granted Subject [Pawley] by the White House on 16 July 1954 on the basis of material already in the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, pending the results of full FBI investigation. Cryptographic and Special Intelligence clearances have been granted.
NARA 104-10133-10185 ~ 8/31/1954 CIA File “Subject: Pawley, William Douglas - #78435.”
NARA 104-10122-10035 ~ Undated [longer Version] CIA “File. Subject: Pawley, William Douglas - #78435.”
The file of the Subject person reveals the following information:
STATUS
Subject is a member of the Doolittle Committee. Interim Top Secret clearance was granted Subject by the White House on 16 July 1954 on the basis of material already in the files of the federal Bureau of Investigation, pending the results of full FBI investigation. Cryptographic and Special Intelligence clearances have been granted.
BACKGROUND
Subject is fifty-eight years of age, married and native born. Subject completed his formal education at the Gordon Military Academy in 1917 and during the next eleven years, engaged in various speculative and promotional business schemes. In the late 1920s, Subject became interested in aviation and since that time, has participated in the development of that industry in Cuba, China and india where he has been organizer and president of aircraft firms. During World War II, Subject assisted in the formation of the American Volunteer Group (Flying Tigers) for the Chinese Air Force. Since 1954, Subject, in addition to his many business operations has been active in the Federal Service. In 1945, he was Ambassador to Peru and from 1946 to 1948, held the same post in Brazil. In 1948, he also served as Special Adviser to the Secretary of State at the United Nations General Assembly in Paris and during 1951, he was Special Assistant to the Secretary of State with the personal rank of Ambassador. He resigned from the above position in November, 1951 to become Special Representative to the Secretarry of Defense. Subject presently is the Chairman of the Board of the Intercontinent Corporation.
OTHER PERTINENT INFORMATION
Investigation was conducted in accordance with current prescribed procedures, National Agency check at HCUA was negative and at ONI, G-2 and Treasury revealed substantially the same information.
In 1945, the Department of Treasury initiated investigation of Subject in connection with his consideration for government position. During course of the investigation, information was developed indicating possible income tax evasion by Subject. Extended investigation by several investigative bodies of the Treasury Department and by CID of the U.S. Army in China-Burma-India theater disclosed considerable information reflecting upon Subject’s business reputation and ethics, including the opinion of General Claire Chennault who over a long period of years had been at odds with Subject. Chennault felt that, on the basis of past association with Subject, latter should not be given an important diplomatic post, since personal gain, to him, might be of paramount importance.
Regarding the income tax evasion issue, the Treasury Department determined that Subject had not violated the law, upholding his claim that, as a non-resident citizen, certain income could be excluded from taxation. It was this excluded income which served as the basis for the investigation.
In March, 1952, an investigation of Subject was conducted by CIC with regard to his being cleared for “Top Secret” information with Office of the Secretary of Defense. Three informants, consisting of two business executives and an Army officer, spoke highly of Subject. National Agency checks developed no pertinent information and nothing of a derogatory nature was developed.
35 7/26/1954 Letter “Re: Panel of Consultants on Covert Activities of the Central Intelligence Agency.” To: Lt. Gen. James H. Doolittle, USAFR.From: The White House, Washington.
Dear General Doolittle:
I have requested you, and you have agreed, to act as Chairman of a panel of consultants to conduct a study of the covert activities of the Central Intelligence Agency. With your concurrence I have invited Messrs. William B. Franke, Morris Hadley, and William Pawley to act with you as members of the panel. Mr. S. Paul Johnston has kindly agreed to serve as Executive Director of the panel.
It is my desire that the Panel of Consultants should undertake a comprehensive study of the covert activities of the Central Intelligence Agency, in particular those carried out under the terms of NSCID #5 of August 28, 1951, and NSC 5412 of March 15, 1954. You will consider the personnel factors, the security, the adequacy, the efficacy and the relative costs of these operations and, as far as possible, equate the cost of over-all efforts to the results achieved. You will make any recommendations calculated to improve the conduct of these operations. To the extent that agencies of the Government other than the Central Intelligence Agency, are engaged in covert operations which may parallel, duplicate, or supplement the operations of CIA, you may investigate such other operations conducted by any other department or agency of the Government in order to insure, insofar as practicable, that the field of foreign clandestine operations is adequately covered and that there is no unnecessary duplication of efforts or expense.
In view of the particularly sensitive nature of these covert operations, their relation to the conduct of foreign policy, and the fact that these sensitive operations are carried on pursuant to National Security Council action approved by me, I desire that your report be made to me personally and classified TOP SECRET. I will determine whether or not the report or any part thereof should have further dissemination. I should appreciate it if your report could be made available to me prior to October 1, 1954.
As you know, the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of Government, generally known as the Hoover Commission, is constituting a Task Force to study and make recommendations with respect to the organization and methods of operations of the CIA. General Mark W. Clark has been designated by Mr. Hoover to head this Task Force, which, I understand, will probably be organized and start its work sometime in September next. Under the law constituting the Hoover Commission, the Task Force shall study and investigate the present organization and methods of the Agency to determine what changes therein are necessary to accomplish the policy of Congress to promote economy, efficiency, and improved service by:
- recommending methods and procedures for reducing expenditures to the lowest amount consistent with the efficient performance of essential services, activities and functions;
- eliminating duplication and overlapping of services, activities and functions;
- consolidating services, activities, and functions of a similar nature;
- abolishing services, activities, and functions not necessary to the efficient conduct of Government;
- eliminating nonessential services, functions, and activities which are competitive with private
- enterprise;
- defining responsibilities of officials; and
- relocating agencies now responsible directly to the President in departments or other agencies.
As the work of the Hoover Task Force will get under way shortly, I suggest that you and General Clark confer in order to avoid any unnecessary duplication of work as between you. The distinction between the work of your Study Group and of the Hoover Task Force is this:
You will deal with the covert activities of the CIA as indicated in paragraph (2) above, and your report will be submitted to me. General Clark’s Task Force will deal largely with the organization and methods of operation of the CIA and other related agencies within limits prescribed in the law as outlined in paragraph (4) above. Reports of the Hoover Commission are made to the Congress.
The purpose of these studies, both that of the Hoover Task Force and that of your Group, is to insure that the United States Government develops an appropriate mechanism for carrying out its over-all intelligence responsibilities and the related covert operations. I consider these operations are essential to our national security in these days when international Communism is aggressively pressing its world-wide subversive program.
Sincerely,
/S/ Dwight D. Eisenhower
36 “Doolittle Panel of Consultants on Covert Activities of the Central Intelligence Agency, Programs and Procedures.” [Appendix and Daily Log - Declassified 8/20/2001]
2. Other Than CIA
Abbott, W. B. USN / Acker, F.C., Capt. USN / Armstrong, W. Park, Jr. State / Ayer, Frederick USAF / Baker, James Harvard / Belmont, A. H. FBI / Canine, Ralph J. Lt. Gen., USA NSA / Chandler, Fitzhugh, Col. USA / Cutler, Robert NSC / Drain, D. T. Cdr. USN / Drake, Thomas R., LCdr. USN / Espe, Carl F. Rear Adm. USN / Friedman, William F. NSA / Gibbs, Jack A., Col. USAF / Godel, William H. OSD / Gregg, G.W., Col. USAF / Hamilton, Lyman C. Budget / Harrold, F. J., Jr. Lt. Col. USAF / Harvey, Mose State / Hedden, Stuart Consultant / Holland, Henry F. State / Holtwick, J. S., Capt., USN NSA / Howe, Fisher State / Hulick, Charles State / Jernegan, John D. State / Jones, S. E., Capt. USN / Jones, J. Wesley State / Junghans, Earl A., Capt. USN / Koons, Tilghman B. NSC / Lay, James S., Jr. NSC / Lerette, Earl L. Col. USA / Lindbeck, J.A., Cdr. USN / Lydman, Jack State / McClure, Robert A., Brig. Gen., USA MAAG / McConaughy, Walter State / McFarlane, R.N., Capt. USN / Macy, Robert M. Budget / Matlack, Mrs. Dorothy USA / Montgomery, J. H., Jr. Col. USA / Mooney, J. T., Cdr. USN / Moore, H. G., Capt. USN / Murphy, Robert State / Nash, D. Capt. USN / Papich, Sam FBI / Perez, Ramon N., Cdr. USN / Reeder, H. G., Col. USAF / Samford, John A., Maj. Gen. USAF / Sammon, Richard State / Setchell, J. F. Col. USN / Siegmund, T. C., Cdr. USN / Spore, B. W., Cdr. USN / Stevens, Leslie C., Vice Adm., USN (Ret) Consultant / Stuart, C. J., Capt. USN / Sullivan, J. B. LCdr. USN / Thurston, Raymond State / Trudeau, Arthur G. Maj. Gen. USA / Weinbrenner, G. R. Col. USAF / Welden, Frank, Cdr. USN / Wiggin, Bruce E., Capt. USN /Young, Kenneth T. State
Among those interviewed are:
-
Lieutenant General Ralph J. Canine who had been a director of the Army Forces Security Agency became the National Security Agency’s first director and from 1952 to 1956 centralized cryptology among the Armed Services and developed the plan to move NSA to Fort Meade from Arlington Hall and Naval Security Station. Fort Meade opened in 1963, after he was gone from NSA but six years before he died.
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James Lay was appointed as Executive Secretary in 1949 of the National Security Council which was placed in the Executive Office of the President that year. He served in that position until 1961, then as Deputy Assistant to the Director of Central Intelligence, 1961-1964, and the executive secretary of the Intelligence Board through 1971. James S. Lay Jr., died in 1987.The President chairs the NSC which regularly includes the Vice President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Defense, and the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff served as the military advisor to the NSC, and the Director of Central Intelligence as the intelligence advisor.
Major General Robert Alexis McClure “most important legacy may have been the establishment of the Psychological Warfare Center. From its humble beginning, that institution grew, becoming the Special Warfare Center in 1956 and later evolving into the U.S. Army Special Warfare Center and School,” according to Dr. Alfred H. Paddock Jr.
“Major General Robert Alexis McClure, Forgotten Father Of US Army Special Warfare.” By Colonel Alfred H. Paddock, Jr. (USA Retired). http://www.Psywarrior.Com/Mcclure.html
37 “Obituary, Bronson Tweedy, CIA Agent.” The Washington Post, October 9, 2004.
38 Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, An Interim Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate, November 20, 1975. Pages 4 & 13-70.
39 “Dwight D. Eisenhower. Secret To James Harold Doolittle, 26 July 1954.” The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, ed. L. Galambos and D. van Ee, doc. 993. (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.) The Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission. http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/presidential-papers/first-term/documents/993.cfm
“'A Creditable Job' Is Verdict On C.I.A.; Doolittle Survey, However, Tells President of Areas That Need Improvement.” The New York Times, October 20, 1954.
40 Church Committee: Book IV—Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Foreign and Military Intelligence Current Section: D. Congressional Review. Pages 53-54
The prose was chilling:
It is now clear that we are facing an implacable enemy whose avowed objective is world domination by whatever means and at whatever cost. There are no rules in such a game. Hitherto acceptable norms of human conduct do not apply. If the United States is to survive, longstanding American concepts of “fair play” must be reconsidered. We must develop effective espionage and counter-espionage services and must learn to subvert, sabotage and destroy our enemies by more clever, more sophisticated and more effective methods than those used against us. It may become necessary that the American people be made acquainted with, understand and support this fundamentally repugnant philosophy.
41 ‘Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA.” By Tim Weiner. The New York Times, July 22, 2007.
42 Foreign and Military Intelligence. Book I, Final Report of the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities April 26, 1976. Pages 385-422.
“CIA Seeks Documents From Its Radiation Tests.” Tim Weiner, The New York Times, January 5, 1994.
“CIA Turns Up No Radiation Testing,” The New York Times, January 24, 1994.
43 E. Howard Hunt, Under-Cover: Memoirs of an American Secret Agent (New York: Berkley Publishing Corporation, Putnam Distributing, 1974). Page 66.
David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, The Invisible Government (New York: Vintage Books, A Division of Random House, February 1974). Pages 110-114 & 175-183.
44 Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Foreign and Military Intelligence, Book W, Final Report of the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities, April 23, 1976 Page 128.
45 Editorial, The New York Times, April 7, 1992.
46 Phone interview with Morris Hadley by David Price Cannon and Jack Haynes, March 5, 1976.
Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer, Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala. Page 162.
47 Phone interview with William Franke, Rutland, Vermont, by David Price Cannon from New York Public Library phone booth, November 18, 1977.
48 “Ex-Navy Secretary William B. Franke, Advocate of Modern Defense System,” The Washington Post, July 2, 1979.
49 Phone interview with William Franke, Rutland, Vermont, by David Cannon from New York Public Library phone booth, November 18, 1977.
50 “Bill Pawley and the Flying Tigers.” By Daniel Ford, The Warbirds Forum website.
"Pawley was socially charming, handsome, and ruthless," wrote Charles Barton in an article about another China aircraft salesman, A. L. "Pat" Patterson (Air Classics, September 1999). Patterson was a Chennault ally, which was probably the basis of the enmity between Chennault and Pawley. Patterson represented the Seversky company, whose P-35 fighter Chennault had favored in the 1935 fly-off to determine which plane would become the U.S. Army's first monoplane fighter; Pawley represented Curtiss, whose P-36 would eventually win the competition.
51 Pawley, Russia Is Winning. Pages 343, 344, 345 & 346.
52 4/9/1955 Personal and Confidential Letter. To: The Honorable William D. Pawley (“Dear Bill”) from President Eisenhower. Two pages.
53 “Dinner to Honor Richard E. Byrd, Polar Explorer to be Feted April 3 by International Rescue Committee,” The New York Times, March 19, 1956
54 “General Thomas Dresser White.” Library, Biographies, Air Force Link, Official Website of the United States Air
Force.
http://www.af.mil/bios/bio.asp?bioID=7576
General Thomas Dresser White, Retired June 30, 1961. Died Dec. 22, 1965.
General Thomas Dresser White is the fourth chief of staff of the U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
The general was born in Walker, Minn., in 1902. Upon graduation from the U.S. Military Academy July 2, 1920, he was commissioned a second lieutenant of Infantry and immediately promoted to first lieutenant.
Entering the Infantry School at Fort Benning, Ga., General White graduated in July 1921, and was assigned duty with the 14th Infantry at Fort Davis, Panama Canal Zone.
In September 1924, he entered Primary Flying School at Brooks Field, Texas. He graduated from Advanced Flying School at Kelly Field, Texas, in September 1925, and was assigned duty with the 99th Observation Squadron at Bolling Field, Washington, D.C.
In June 1927, General White was assigned to duty as a student of the Chinese language in Peking, China. Four years later, he returned to the United States for duty at Headquarters Air Corps, Washington, D.C.
General White was named assistant military attache for air to Russia in February 1934. A year later, he was appointed assistant military attache for air to Italy and Greece, with station at Rome, Italy.
General White graduated from the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field, Ala., in May 1938. He then entered Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kan. Upon completion of this training, he was assigned to the Office of the Chief of Air Corps, Washington, D.C.
In April 1940, General White became military attache to Brazil and the following August was named chief of the U.S. Military Air Mission to Brazil.
Returning to the United States in March 1942, General White was appointed assistant chief of staff for operations of the Third Air Force at Tampa, Fla., and subsequently named chief of staff.
Reassigned to Air Force Headquarters in January 1944, he became assistant chief of air staff for intelligence.
Proceeding to the Southwest Pacific in September 1944, General White assumed duty as the deputy commander of the 13th Air Force, taking part in the New Guinea, Southern Philippines and Borneo campaigns. The following June, he assumed command of the Seventh Air Force in the Marianas and immediately moved with it to Okinawa. In January 1946, he returned with the Seventh Air Force to Hawaii. That October, he was appointed chief of staff of the Pacific Air Command in Tokyo, Japan. One year later, in October 1947, General White took command of the Fifth Air Force in Japan.
Transferred to the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force in October 1948, General White became director of the Legislation and Liaison. He was appointed, in May 1950, Air Force Member of the Joint Strategic Survey Committee in the Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was assigned as director of Plans, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, in February 1951, and in July 1951, assumed duties of deputy chief of staff of operations for the Air Force.
General White was promoted to the rank of general June 30, 1953, and designated vice chief of staff at that time, becoming chief of staff for the U.S. Air Force July 1, 1957. He retired June 30, 1961.
His decorations include the Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster and Air Medal with oak leaf cluster.
>> White favored the XB70 bomber that President Kennedy cut funding to in 1960.
“History of Minuteman Missile Sites.” National Park Service,
http://www.nps.gov/archive/mimi/history/srs/history.htm
>> General White was also involved in the development of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles.
The Joint Chiefs of Staff during the Bay of Pigs planning included General Lyman Lemnitzer, Admiral Arleigh Burke, Chief of Naval Operations; General Thomas D. White, Chief of Staff of the Air Force; General George H. Decker, Army Chief of Staff; and General David M. Shoup, Commandant of the Marine Corps. Burke signed papers in the absence of Lemnitzer.
“Eugene M. Zuckert.” Biographies. Air Force website. https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/105407/eugene-m-zuckert/
EUGENE M. ZUCKERT
Served as Air Force secretary from Jan. 23, 1961 to Sept. 30, 1965.
Eugene M. Zuckert was the seventh secretary of the Air Force.
He was born in New York City in 1911. He attended public elementary and high schools of suburban New York, received preparatory education at the Salisbury School, Salisbury, Conn. and obtained his bachelor of arts degree from Yale University in 1933; and received a bachelor of laws degree from Yale with a certificate for completion of the combined law-business course at Harvard and Yale in 1937. At Yale he was a member of Beta Theta Pi Fraternity.
From 1937 to 1940, Zuckert was attorney for the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission at Washington and New York. From 1940 to 1944, he was instructor in relations of government and business at the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, advancing to assistant professor and later to assistant dean of the school. During this period, he also served as administrative head of the first advanced management course ever given at the Harvard Graduate School. In addition, while a member of the Harvard faculty, Zuckert served as a special consultant to the commanding general of the Army Air Forces in developing statistical controls. He was an instructor in the Army Air Forces Statistical Control School at Harvard, which trained more than 3,000 Air Force officers, and he served at various Army Air Force bases in the United States on special assignments for the commanding general, AAF.
In 1944, Zuckert entered the U.S. Navy on military duty and served in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations as a lieutenant (junior grade). He was assigned to the Navy's inventory control program and was released from service in September 1945, to become executive assistant to the administrator of the Surplus Property Administration, Stuart Symington.
Following Symington's appointment as assistant secretary of war for air on Jan. 31, 1946, Zuckert became his special assistant. When the National Security Act of 1947 became operative in September 1947, the Air Force became co-equal with the Army and Navy in the national military establishment. Symington was appointed the first Secretary of the Air Force, and Zuckert, on Sept. 26, 1947, took the oath as assistant secretary of the Air Force.
As assistant secretary of the Air Force (management), Zuckert assumed responsibility for the business management of the department. He instituted a program of "Management Control Through Cost Control" with a primary mission of placing the U.S. Air Force on a business-like basis using accepted industrial practices as a yardstick for establishing Air Force procedures. He participated for the Air Force in the formulation of the fiscal year 1950 budget, the first joint Army-Navy-Air Force budget in our history.
He instituted new methods of budgetary reporting and control which permitted division of Air Force appropriations into 12 major components representing the main functional elements of its programs. This major reform enabled the Air Force to approach closer to its goal of a true "performance" budget.
Zuckert directed the establishment of the Air Force Loyalty and Security program and, in July 1948, he served on a committee set up by Secretary of Defense James Forrestal to establish a unified court-martial code for the military services.
On Jan. 21, 1952, he was appointed a member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and served until June 30, 1954, when he returned to the private practice of law specializing as a consultant in the field of atomic energy. Zuckert received his appointment as secretary of the Air Force in 1961.
He was chairman of the board, Nuclear Science & Engineering Corporation, located in Pittsburgh, Penn., which has been a pioneer in the field of radiation chemistry. He helped organize and was associated with Information for Industry, Inc., which published a chemical patents index and an electronics patents index. He also served as director of AMF Atomics, Ltd. (Canada), the atomic energy subsidiary of American Machine & Foundry, Inc. He co-authored, with Arnold Kramish, the book, Atomic Energy for Your Business. He is a member of the Executive Council of the Yale Law School Association, and is a former trustee of Landon School, Bethesda, Md.
55 “Political Notes, Twin Planks.” Time, August 6, 1956
56 Pawley, Russia Is Winning. Page 279
57 Doolittle Report. See separate chapter at the end of this biography.
United States President’s Commission on CIA Activities within the United States, 1975. Rockefeller Commission.
Labels: CIA, Dulles, James Doolittle, Luce, Morris Hadley, Tweedy, William Franke, William Pawley
posted by David Price Cannon @ 2:46 PM
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